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1.
This study was prompted by the massive and unprecedented failure experienced within a very short time after construction of
“Ada-George Road” which had deltaic lateritic sub-base stabilised with undisclosed but most probably uncontrolled (scientifically) proportions
of cement and geosta (a relatively new chemical stabiliser). Samples of the deltaic laterite were taken from two of the borrow-pits
within Port Harcourt metropolis from which materials were quarried for the construction of the sub-base. The results showed
that although geosta addition to deltaic laterite mixed with cement gives considerable improvement on the strength of the
resulting mixture, this stabilisation is only effective at very low geosta content not exceeding 2% depending on the optimum geosta content (OGC) which in turn is a function of the percentage of fines of the soil. But the Ada George road project appeared to be politically
rather than scientifically motivated. Consequently, the OGC must have been grossly exceeded in the construction of this geosta
stabilised sub-base. As a result, the as-built CBR must have been much lower than expected hence the massive failure that
resulted. Even for 2% geosta content, this composite stabilisation was also found to be most effective at 4% cement content. 相似文献
2.
New data on the source of sands found in desert alluvia and adjacent dunes have led to a revival of the suggestion that the sand ridges of the Australian dunefields, and specifically those of the Great Victoria and Simpson Deserts, are predominantly of erosional origin. In this paper, geological and morphological evidence are cited against this wind rift hypothesis. In the Great Victoria Desert several arguments put for a local derivation of dune sand are incompatible with regional and local geology. In the Simpson Desert, the distribution, shape and colour of dunes, and the topographic relation of dunes to substrates argue against an erosional origin. Long‐distance transport of sand from numerous local depocentres and under a bidirectional wind regime better accounts for the field evidence. 相似文献
3.
E. M. Frempong 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1995,13(4):181-198
Summary The presence of mica in pavements can be detrimental due to the effects of high compressibility and low compacted density it imparts to the soils. Three residual micaceous compressible soils derived from granite, granitic gneiss and phyllite can neither be used as base nor sub-base course in their untreated form. In this study, these soils have been treated with a range of lime and sand contents to determine their effects on consistency, compactability, bearing and compressive strengths and volume stability against swell. With 6–8% lime, soils derived over phyllite and granitic gneiss were rendered suitable for use as sub-base course as their plasticity index, 96 hour soaked CBR values and unconfined compressive strengths (UCS) were improved to satisfy existing local criteria. Similarly, with 30% sand both soils became suitable for sub-base course construction. The use of both additives markedly improved the volume stability of all the soils against swell. 相似文献
4.
五十万年来毛乌素沙漠的变迁 总被引：27，自引：2，他引：27
对沙漠-黄土边界带的古风成砂-黄土-古土壤序列的研究表明，毛乌素沙漠至少在0.5MaB.P.就已出现，但也并非从其出现之初就持续至今。沙漠-黄土边界带的风成沉积所记录的沙丘活化和固定的多次转变是第四纪时期毛乌素沙漠对气候振荡响应的结果。五十万年来，沙漠-黄土边界带的石峁剖面记录了13层古风成砂，代表了13次沙漠大规模的南侵。沙漠的南侵不仅可以发生在冰期鼎盛之时，同样也可以发生在间冰期中的寒冷气候幕出现之时。此外，鉴于沙漠-黄土边界带具有气候敏感性的特点，石峁剖面的地层记录还表明了第四纪时期不仅有冷期与暖期的多次旋回，而且冷期和暖期发生时还有次一级的气候波动。 相似文献
5.
本研究利用石英光释光测年的单片再生法(Singlealiquot Regenerativedose Protocol,简称SAR)对毛乌素沙地内部西北－东南方向5个风成砂－砂质古土壤剖面进行了年代测定,结合年代框架和剖面沉积相、磁化率及粒度特征探讨了晚第四纪以来毛乌素沙地演化和气候变化。研究表明毛乌素沙地在晚第四纪以来经历了多次沙地固定与活化的交替演化： 距今91.0ka,71.0ka,48.0ka,22.0ka,11.6ka,5.0ka,1.1ka,1.0ka和0.4ka前后风成砂沉积,沙地活化,指示气候干旱,植被覆盖度低; 在距今65ka和全新世适宜期(8.5～5.0ka),沙地固定成壤,砂质古土壤发育,指示气候湿润。另外,剖面中风成砂层数变多、厚度增加、粒径变粗指示了晚第四纪以来毛乌素沙地干旱化趋势加强。 相似文献
6.
Wind is the primary control on the formation of aeolian geomorphology. In this study, we combined wind regime data from automated weather stations in the western and southwestern Tengger Desert of the Inner Mongolia region in China with remote‐sensing data to analyse the relationship between the wind energy environment and aeolian geomorphology. Tengger Desert is one of the main dust storm sources in northwestern China. Therefore, efforts aimed at controlling desertification and dust storm require a deeper understanding of the processes that govern the formation and subsequent evolution of dunes in this area. Wind speed was largest in the northwest (3.3 m/s in the Xiqu station) and smallest in the southeast (1.2 m/s in the Haizitan station). Potential sand transport was also largest in the northwest (195 in the Jiahe station) and smallest in the southeast (33 in the Tumen station). The sand‐driving wind (5.92 m/s) directions were from the NW and SE quadrant across the study area, at >76% of all sand‐driving wind, reaching 99% in the Tumen station. The sand‐driving wind in the NW quadrant reached >48%, and in the SE quadrant, >12% of all sand‐driving wind in all stations. In the study area, sand dunes included crescent, dune networks, transverse, and coppice dunes. Dune crest directions had similar trends from upwind to downwind, at 133° in the middle region, and 124° in the southwestern region. Mean dune spacing changed with dune patterns; the maximum spacing for crescent dunes was 147 m, for dune networks 118 m, and for transverse dunes it was 77 m. The mean crest length was 124 m (maximum) for crescent dunes in the northwest, 121 m for transverse dunes, and 84 m for dune networks. However, because of gullies in the southern region, the mean crest length was only 58 m (least) for the crescent dunes in that area. The defect density ranged from 0.007 to 0.014. The spatial differences in dune patterns reflected the evolution of the dune field, where older dunes had been formed upwind and younger downwind. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
8.
Juan Jos Kasper-Zubillaga Beatriz Acevedo-Vargas Ofelia Morton Bermea Glicinia Ortiz Zamora 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2008,68(1):45-59
Twenty-one surficial sand samples from the Altar Desert coastal and desert dune systems were analysed for rare earth elements (REE) content. This was done to observe the provenance signatures for four strategic dune localities near the Colorado River Delta, the El Pinacate dune fields, and the beaches of the north of the Gulf of California in the state of Sonora, Mexico. Our goals are to show which mechanisms (i.e., aeolian, marine) exert more influence on the composition of the Altar Desert dune sands. This study also shows the usefulness of REE spatial distribution to determine the relative mobility of the sand. Some sand samples from the dune systems in San Luis Río Colorado (SLRC), Golfo de Santa Clara (GSC), and Puerto Peñasco (PP) displayed dissimilar REE concentrations with respect to the rest of the sand samples from the same sites. These differences can be related to short aeolian transport distance in the sands with high REE concentrations and long aeolian transport distance in the sands with low REE concentrations. Besides, high REE concentration in the sands might be due to their closeness to the Colorado River Delta sediments and to recycled sands derived from granitic rocks. In contrast, all the sand samples from the El Pinacate (EP) site have similar REE concentration values, suggesting that the El Pinacate dune sands are influenced by more selective aeolian processes and less diverse heavy mineral content. The Altar Desert dune sands are derived from granitic sources eroded by the Colorado River. Our results also indicate that the Altar Desert dune sands are low in heavy mineral content (with the exception of Fe and Ti bearing minerals) and enriched in carbonates with phosphates (especially at the PP site) yielding poor correlations between REE and major element concentrations. The REE geographical distribution values in the Altar Desert dune sands indicate that light and heavy REE concentration values are related to aeolian transport, maturity of the sands, their low weathering rates, proximity of the source rocks, and the biogenic debris input from beach sands into the dune. 相似文献
9.
This paper deals with the types, distribution and origin, of recent sand dunes in the coastal sector extending between El Burullus Lake and the Damietta Nile River branch, Egypt. Sand samples were studied for grain size distribution and mineralogical composition. It has been found that most of the dunes in the study area have been subjected to deterioration and removal due to the construction of summer resort buildings and making the international coastal highway. The remnant constitutes a belt of foredunes on the shore of Baltium extending westward to Burg El Burullus village.The dunes origin is interpreted as the result of coastal drifting and the subsequent transport of the former Sebennitic Nile branch sediments eastward by the predominant longshore current and by Aeolian processes. The blown sand grains accumulated to form a belt of coastal sand dunes with longitudinal and crescentic forms. Urbanization of the coast has severely altered the landscape. Gaps and damaged dunes are included within the dune belt. The dunes natural cycle of advance and retreat is upset and attains its destruction phase. The consequences of its destruction are numerous and lead to hazardous impacts on the shoreline, coastal building and the nearby international highway. 相似文献
10.
Tahir Rafique Shahid Naseem Muhammad I. Bhanger Tanzil H. Usmani 《Environmental Geology》2008,56(2):317-326
Groundwater samples were collected from various localities of Mithi sub-district of the Thar Desert of Pakistan and analysed
for fluoride ion along with other chemical parameters. The area is mainly covered by sand dunes and kaolin/granite at variable
depths. Results showed that collected water samples were severely contaminated by the presence of fluoride ion and most of
the samples have higher concentration than prescribed WHO standards (1.5 mg/l) for drinking water. Fluoride ion concentrations
ranged between 0.09 and 11.63 mg/l with mean and median values of 3.64 and 3.44 mg/l, respectively, in this area whereas,
distribution pattern showed high concentrations in the vicinity of Islamkot and Mithi towns. The content of F− has also been correlated with other major ions found in the groundwater of the study area. The positive correlation of F− with Na+ and HCO3
− showed that the water with high Na+ and HCO3
− stabilizes F− ions in the groundwater of the Thar Desert. The pH versus F− plots signifies high fluoride concentration at higher pH values, implying that alkaline environment favours the replacement
of exchangeable OH− with F− in the groundwater of Mithi area. The saturation indices (SI) of fluorite (CaF2) and calcite (CaCO3) in the groundwater samples showed that most of the samples are oversaturated with respect to calcite whereas majority of
samples have been found under saturated with respect to fluorite. The log TDS and Na/Na+Ca ratio reflected supremacy of weathering
of rocks, which promotes the availability of fluoride ions in the groundwater. Piper diagram has been used to classify the
hydrofacies. In the cation triangle, all samples are Na-type, while the anion triangle reflects major dominance of Cl-type
with a minor influence of HCO3
− and SO4
−. 相似文献
11.
Although developed in predominantly arid environments, desert geomorphology sometimes bears information about past environmental
change. China’s Kumtagh Desert has only recently been studied by researchers. These investigations revealed the existence
of several unique features compared with other Chinese deserts, including gravel bodies distributed in the northern part of
the desert. This paper summarizes the results of previous research in the region, as well as information obtained from remote
sensing and field investigations, then discusses the geological background, underlying Quaternary geomorphology, and the types,
development stages, and geomorphological implications of the desert’s gravel bodies. Four main types of gravel bodies and
four developmental stages were identified. It is suggested that the great elevation difference between the Altyn Tagh Mountains
and the Kumtagh Desert caused by uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau constitutes the overall background for the development
of gravel bodies, but subsequent climatic events were the direct causes of their evolution. The gravel bodies resulted from
alluvial deposits on loose fine sediments mainly of aeolian origin that were subsequently subjected to wind erosion. Erosion
cycles then progressively scattered these gravels to form gravel sheets. The gravel bodies have three main geomorphological
implications: they record anomalous ancient climate events after the dune field formed and have little influence on the development
of nearby seif dunes in the northeast, demonstrate that the Altyn Tagh Mountains are the main sediment source for the Kumtagh
Desert, and suggest that the evolution of the environment and geomorphology of the Kumtagh Desert have been influenced by
neotectonic movements. 相似文献
12.
Radiocarbon‐dated palaeontological remains and bedding features suggests that climatic changes in the northern Taklimakan Desert since the beginning of the Holocene can be divided into four stages: (i) 12 000–10 000 BP, a cool–to temperate–dry climate resulting in apparent alluvial–fluvial and weak aeolian activities; (ii) 10 000–8000 BP, a dry cold climate, resulting in large‐scale sand dune activity under regional desert expansion; (iii) 8000–3000 BP dry, warm climate, with a decreased area of shifting sand and the fixation of many sand dunes; (iv) 3000 BP to present, rising aeolian activity resulting in sandstorms, under the combined influence of climatic warming and excessive exploitation of land and water resources. Holocene deposits from profiles in the Northern Taklimakan Desert consist mainly of fine‐grained aeolian sand and silty clay. The fine aeolian sand was formed from re‐sorting of aeolian sand during the cold period of the Holocene, while the silty clay was formed by flood deposition in the Holocene warm period. The desert and desert steppe arboreal species and high CaCO3 content of the warm period strata suggest that the Holocene climate in the area, although generally dry, varied between warm/dry and cold/dry, and, especially in recent times, has become increasingly dry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
新疆古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮的土壤理化性质分析 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
古尔班通古特沙漠是我国第二大沙漠,广泛发育着地衣、苔藓和藻类等生物结皮,其分布状况与其自身生理生态特点和所处沙丘部位的环境条件密切联系着.结合野外调查和实验室样品分析结果,讨论了沙丘不同部位土壤理化性质与生物结皮分布、发育的关系.结果表明:不同类型生物结皮在沙丘上的分布和发育状况是不同的,从沙丘顶部的流动或半流动沙面上到沙丘两坡的中部、下部以及丘间低地,生物结皮的分布依次为微生物种类、藻类结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮,从沙丘上部、中部至沙丘底部及丘间,生物结皮的类型、厚度及发育程度呈增强态势.生物结皮在沙丘不同部位的发育特点和分异变化与沙丘不同地貌部位的土壤理化性状、地表基质稳定性等生态条件有着密切的关系. 相似文献
14.
SteffenMischke 《古地理学报》2005,7(1):79-97
巴丹吉林沙漠位于中国内蒙古自治区的西部,是中国第三大沙漠。过去通常认为该沙漠中沙丘的可能沙源来自附近的各种沉积物和岩石,包括弱水河扇的沉积物,弱固结的二叠纪页岩、白垩纪砂岩和砾岩以及戈壁阿尔泰的古老岩石。根据对风成砂的粒度观测,有证据表明在沙漠内部的风成砂沉积朝东南方向具有较弱的但又确实的变细趋势。这与沙丘横脊线的SW-NE向排列以及坡面的南东指向是一致的。因此,可以认为西北部的弱水河冲积扇是巴丹吉林沙漠风成砂的最可能的沙源。在西北部风成床沙覆盖了较老弱水河扇起源的冲积物。这种沉积物的热发光测年范围在190～100 ka BP之间。由于测量中对沉积物漂白可能不完全以及对其中平均古水含量估算均存在不确定性,同时由于对沙漠该地区风成作用开始之前堆积的沉积物进行了测年,这一数据范围代表了最大的年龄。另外三个风成砂测年结果分别接近133.66和22 ka,代表有关巴丹吉林沙漠西北部风成作用开始的最小年龄。沙漠的沙丘高度平均为200～300m,但在东南部偶尔可达450m。一些学者曾提出风成床沙覆盖了一个陡峭岛山突起的假说,来解释这些异常的空间。本次研究发现,在研究区之下是一个产状水平的白垩纪扇砾岩和砂岩的台地,可以断定在沙漠东南部呈现台地地貌,但进一步向北该台地明显延伸到这些沙丘之下。因此现在可以认为巴丹吉林沙漠中高的沙丘是不同区域气候和地貌因素相互作用的结果,而不是覆盖一个陡峭的岛山突起。对弱水河冲积扇作为巴丹吉林沙漠的主要源区的证实强调区域环境的重要性。在全新世,沿河流的绿洲植被在某种程度上阻碍了冲积扇提供沙源。现在,河西走廊的农业用水量极大地危及沿河森林,因此沿着作为天然拦沙阱的弱水河,维持足够的河水流量来保护区域性密集的沙丘植被,一定会避免具有重大威胁的沙的活动性增加。 相似文献
15.
E. Rojas A. Zepeda M. L. Pérez-Rea J. Leal G. Gallegos 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2011,29(2):193-202
One of the most prevalent relationships for effective stresses on unsaturated soils was proposed by Bishop in the middle of
the last century. However, only recently Bishop’s effective stress equation has been implemented in various constitutive models
for unsaturated soils. These models have the advantage of naturally including the hydro-mechanical coupling that has been
experimentally observed on these materials. Unfortunately, the problem of properly evaluating Bishop’s parameter χ still remains unsolved. This paper presents the results of a solid-porous model used to determine the value of Bishop’s parameter
χ and evaluate the strength of unsaturated soils. These theoretical results are compared with a series of triaxial test performed
on a silty sand subjected to different suctions in wet and dry paths. These comparisons show that the porous model proposed
herein can be used to estimate the strength of unsaturated soils for both the wetting and the drying paths. 相似文献
16.
Geochemical Information Indicating the Water Recharge to Lakes and Immovable Megadunes in the Badain Jaran Desert 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
CHEN Jiansheng ZHAO Xi SHENG Xuefeng Wang Jiyang GU Weizu and CHEN Liang State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources Hydraulic Engineering Hohai University Nanjing Jiangsu E-mail: jschen@hhu.edu.cn Institute of Isotope Hydrology Research Hohai University Nanjing Jiangsu Institute of Geology Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 《《地质学报》英文版》2005,79(4):540-546
1 Introduction The Badain Jaran Desert, located in western Inner Mongolia, China, has a unique landscape containing 144 lakes (72 of which are still watery) with a total water area of about 23 km2, and the world’s highest stationary sand dunes with a height between 200 m and 500 m. Much attention has been paid to the water recharge of the desert in the past decade. Investigations on the resources of water system there have been performed continuously since the early 1990s, which lead to th… 相似文献
17.
绿洲演化与自然和人为因素的关系初探——以克里雅河下游地区为例 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
以位于塔里木盆地的克里雅河下游地区绿洲为例 ,论述了自然环境要素演变及人类活动对绿洲发育的重要作用。克里雅河下游地区的现代绿洲包括沿河岸分布的带状绿色走廊和河流终端干三角洲上的扇形牧业绿洲。依据对河流沉积物及古河道分析得出的结论是 ,在末次冰期晚期时 ,由于来自昆仑山的大量消融水的出现 ,克里雅河的绿色走廊横穿塔克拉玛干沙漠。类似的情况在距今约2 0 0 0年和小冰期时都出现过。这种大的变化是自然环境演变的结果。但是 ,近百年来特别是近 5 0年克里雅河下游牧业绿洲的严重退化是中游地区集中发展农业绿洲而增加引水量及下游地区过度砍伐所造成的。 相似文献
18.
Shulin Liu Tao Wang Guangting Chen Jian Guo Xian Xue Shaoxiu Ma 《Environmental Geology》2008,53(6):1225-1233
The characteristics of sand and dust movement over different sandy grasslands in China’s Otindag Sandy Land were explored
based on field observations and laboratory analyses. Threshold wind speeds (the speed required to initiate sand movement)
at a height of 2 m above the ground were estimated in the field for different surface types. Threshold wind speed above shifting
dunes in the study area is about 4.6 m s−1 at this height. This value was smaller than values observed above other surfaces, resulting in a greater risk of blowing
sand above these dunes. Differences in sand transport rates (STR) as a function of the severity of desertification resulted
primarily from differences in surface vegetation cover and secondarily from the soil’s grain-size distribution. STR increased
exponentially with increasing near-bed wind velocity. Under the same wind conditions, STR increased with increasing severity
of desertification: from 0.08 g cm−2 min−1 above semi-fixed dunes to 8 g cm−2 min−1 above semi-shifting dunes and 25 g cm−2 min−1 above shifting dunes. Vegetation’s affect on STR was clearly large. Different components of sand and dust were trapped over
different lands: mostly sand grains but little dust were trapped above shifting dunes, but much dust was collected over semi-shifting
and semi-fixed dunes. Human disturbance is likely to produce dust even from fixed dunes as a result of trampling by animals
and vehicle travel. In addition, spring rainfall decreased the risk of sand and dust movement by accelerating germination
of plants and the formation of a soil crust. 相似文献
19.
20.
Located in the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, the Gurbantonggut Desert is the second largest desert in China. Microbiotic crusts
consisting of animalcule, lichen, moss, and algae species develop extensively in the region. Their formation, species composition
and distribution pattern are closely related to the environmental conditions along the different parts of sand dune. Analysis
of microbiotic crust distribution and relationship to environmental factors shows that average microbiotic crust thickness
is 0.05–0.1 cm at the tops dunes, 0.2–1.5 cm in the upper part, 1.5–2.5 cm in middle and lower parts of dunes, and 1.5–5.0 cm
in interdune areas, while areal coverage is 30.5, 48.5, 55.5, and 75.5%, respectively. Microbiotic crust differentiation along
dune slopes is a result of the development stage and converse-succession resistance of the different microbiotic crusts. The
numbers of species, thickness and degree of development of microbiotic crusts increase from the upper part to the middle and
lower parts of dune slopes. The development and differentiation of microbiotic crusts at various dune slope positions are
a reflection of the ecological expression of the comprehensive adaptability and natural selection of different microbiotic
crust species to the local environmental conditions, and are closely related to such ecological conditions as the physiochemical
properties of soils and topsoil textural stability. 相似文献