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1.
光学观测表明,致密星系群ＳＣＧＧ２２３中成员星系的速度弥散高达１１０６ｋｍ／ｓ,并且整个星系群处于平衡状态,星系群的数值模拟也显示,ＳＣＧＧ２２３是维里化的,这些光学波段上的研究结果暗示,ＳＣＧＧ２２３可能具有星系团量级的大引力质量,其星系际气体则很可能处在极高温的状态,为了证实这些推测,作在１９９９年２月利用ＡＳＣＡ卫星对ＳＣＧＧ２２３了Ｘ射线观测。通过光谱分析,获得了它的气体温度和０．５～ 相似文献
2.
对中小红移不同光度ＡＧＮ的大蓝包位置进行了统计检验,主要统计方法是对比软Ｘ射线波段谱指数（αｓｘ）分布与“直线”连接紫外１０５０Ａ和软Ｘ射线０．５ｋｅＶ的幂指数（αｕｖ－ｓｚ）分布,经过平均值统计和Ｋ－Ｓ检验,表明二分布是类似的。因此,在１０５０Ａ至０．５ｋｅＶ中可能是幂律谱,统计预言大蓝包峰值在１０５０Ａ附近,这个统计结果在软Ｘ选低光度ＡＧＮ样本（ＷＦ９３）上亦能得到,这表明ＷＦ９３样品尽管普 相似文献
3.
对光学选类星体在更高精度和更宽波段ＡＳＣＡＳＩＳ探测器观测谱中进行了分析．在所使用的X2拟合统计中,有单幂律、双幂律和有能量截止幂律三种形式．发现在８个源的样本中,其中四个源的０．４－１０ｋｅＶ能谱,具有软Ｘ过剩特征．初步发现,软Ｘ过剩的流量随类星体光度的增加,在相应波段中占总流量的比例逐渐降低．同时也注意到,类星体有无软Ｘ过剩与它的射电性质和光度高低无关． 相似文献
4.
对光学选类星体在更高精度和更宽波段ＡＳＣＡ ＳＩＳ探测器观测谱中进行了分析。在所使用的χ＾２拟合统计中,有单幂律、双幂律和有能量截止幂律三种形式。发现在８个源的样本中,其中四个源的０．４－１０ｋｅＶ能谱,具有软Ｘ过剩特征。初步发现,软Ｘ过剩的流量随类星体光度的中,在相应波段中占总流量的比例逐渐降低。同时也注意到,类星体有无软Ｘ过剩与它的射电性质和光度高低无关。 相似文献
5.
赵永恒 《中国天文和天体物理学报》1997,(4)
本文给出了ＲＯＳＡＴＰＳＰＣ对ＮＧＣ５５４８定点观测的分析结果．在ＲＯＳＡＴ观测期间，ＮＧＣ５５４８的计数率显示出大振幅的变化，变化高达１４倍．硬度比与计数率呈负相关，这是由于ＮＧＣ５５４８的软Ｘ射线辐射除幂律分量外还有一个“软超”分量，分别用黑体辐射和热韧致辐射来拟合这个“软超”辐射，得出“软超”的热温度分别为：黑体辐射模型是０．０８ｋｅＶ，热韧致辐射模型是０．２３ｋｅＶ． 相似文献
6.
通常将太阳高能观测划分为三个能段,软Ｘ 射线能段（０ ．１ｋｅＶ～１０ｋｅＶ） ,Ｘ 射线及软γ射线能段（０ ．１ ＭｅＶ～１０ ＭｅＶ） ,γ射线能段（１ ＭｅＶ 以上） 。本文就各个能段的探测技术,包括成像系统和探测器,作了全面的调研,重点在新技术的应用。 相似文献
7.
在１９９１—１９９３年期间,Ｃｏｍｐｔｏｎγ射线天文台（ＣＧＲＯ）在射电源ＰＫＳ０５２８＋１３４中观测到两次很强的射线爆发,都伴随有毫米波射电大爆发．本文详细分析了高能γ－Ｘ射线波段和红外－光学波段的辐射能量分布（ＳＥＤ）．结果表明,高能γ射线辐射可能主要是由喷流相对论电子对周围ＵＶ－软Ｘ射线光子的逆康普顿散射所产生的．同时,通过毫米波射电大爆发的频谱演化特性与γ射线源的同步辐射频谱特性的比较,对γ辐射等离子团和射电等离子团之间可能的演化联系作了讨论． 相似文献
8.
本给出了ＲＯＳＡＴ ＰＳＰＣ对ＮＧＣ５４８定点观测的分析结果，在ＲＯＳＡＴ观测期间，ＮＧＣ５５４８的计数率显示出大振幅的变化，变化高达１４倍，硬度比与计数率呈负相关，这是由于ＮＣＧ５５４的软Ｘ射线辐射除幂律分量外还有一个“软超”分量，分别用黑体辐射和热韧致辐射来拟合这个“软超”辐射，得出“软超”的热温度分别为：黑体辐射模型是０．０８ｋｅＶ，热韧致辐射模型是０．２３ｋｅＶ。 相似文献
9.
10.
在中央中子星吸积模型较好的解释了超新星ＳＮ１９８７Ａ晚期光度演化的基础上,本提出了ＳＮ１９８７Ａ晚期Ｘ射线辐射的一种新的解释。利用模型计算邮的吸积光度以及ＳＮ１９８７Ａ膨胀气体包层的化学组分及分布,计算了出射的软Ｘ射线（０．５－２ｋｅＶ）光度的演化,并与观测作了比较,我们认为ＳＮ１９８７Ａ晚期由中央中子星吸积产生的软Ｘ射线光度经过一段时间的增长后,将在４１００天左右开始下降。 相似文献
11.
T. F. Laganá R. A. Dupke L. Sodré Jr G. B. Lima Neto F. Durret 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,394(1):357-366
X-ray observations of galaxy clusters have shown that the intra-cluster gas has iron abundances of about one-third of the solar value. These observations also show that part (if not all) of the intra-cluster gas metals was produced within the member galaxies. We present a systematic analysis of 20 galaxy clusters to explore the connection between the iron mass and the total luminosity of early- and late-type galaxies, and of the brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). From our results, the intra-cluster medium (ICM) iron mass seems to correlate better with the luminosity of the BCGs than with that of the red and blue galaxy populations. As the BCGs cannot produce alone the observed amount of iron, we suggest that ram-pressure plus tidal stripping acts together to enhance, at the same time, the BCG luminosities and the iron mass in the ICM. Through the analysis of the iron yield, we have also estimated that SN Ia are responsible for more than 50 per cent of the total iron in the ICM. This result corroborates the fact that ram-pressure contributes to the gas removal from galaxies to the ICM, being very efficient for clusters in the temperature range 2 < kT (keV) < 10 . 相似文献
12.
Zhi-Jian Luo Cheng-Gang Shu 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2007,7(4):590-594
According to the new preheating mechanism of galaxy formation suggested by Mo et al., we construct a simple model of formation of disk galaxies within the current paradigm of galaxy formation. It incorporates preheating, gas cooling, bulge formation and star for-mation. The predicted stellar and HI mass functions of galaxies are discussed and compared with the observations. It is found that our model can roughly match both the observed galaxy luminosity function and the observed HI-mass function. 相似文献
13.
Andrew M. Read Ian R. Stevens 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,335(1):L36-L40
We present results from XMM–Newton Reflection Grating Spectrometer observations of the prototypical starburst galaxy M82. These high-resolution spectra represent the best X-ray spectra to date of a starburst galaxy. A complex array of lines from species over a wide range of temperatures is seen, the most prominent being due to Lyman α emission from abundant low- Z elements such as N, O, Ne, Mg and Si. Emission lines from helium-like charge states of the same elements are also seen in emission, as are strong lines from the entire Fe L series. Further, the O vii line complex is resolved and is seen to be consistent with gas in collisional ionization equilibrium.
Spectral fitting indicates emission from a large mass of gas with a differential emission measure over a range of temperatures (from ∼ 0.2 to ∼ 1.6 keV, peaking at ∼ 0.7 keV), and evidence for super-solar abundances of several elements is indicated. Spatial analysis of the data indicates that low-energy emission is more extended to the south and east of the nucleus than to the north and west. Higher energy emission is far more centrally concentrated. 相似文献
Spectral fitting indicates emission from a large mass of gas with a differential emission measure over a range of temperatures (from ∼ 0.2 to ∼ 1.6 keV, peaking at ∼ 0.7 keV), and evidence for super-solar abundances of several elements is indicated. Spatial analysis of the data indicates that low-energy emission is more extended to the south and east of the nucleus than to the north and west. Higher energy emission is far more centrally concentrated. 相似文献
14.
Cheng-Gang Shu Hou-Jun Mo Shu-De Mao Joint Center for Astrophysics Shanghai Normal University Shanghai cgshu@center. shao. ac. cn Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Max-Planck-Institut fur Astrophysik Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse Postfach D- Garching Germany Astronomy Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA Jodrell Bank Observatory Univ. of Manchester Macclesfield Cheshire SK DL UK 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2005,5(4):327-346
Galactic winds and mass outflows are observed both in nearby starburst galaxies and in high-redshift star-forming galaxies. We develop a simple analytic model to understand the observed superwind phenomenon with a discussion of the model uncertainties. Our model is built upon the model of McKee & Ostriker for the interstellar medium. It allows one to predict how properties of a superwind, such as wind velocity and mass outflow rate, are related to properties of its starforming host galaxy, such as size, gas density and star formation rate. The model predicts a threshold of star formation rate density for the generation of observable galactic winds. Galaxies with more concentrated star formation activities produce superwinds with higher velocities. The predicted mass outflow rates are comparable to (or slightly larger than) the corresponding star formation rates. We apply our model to both local starburst galaxies and high-redshift Lyman break galaxies, and find its predictions to be in good agreement with current observations. Our model is simple and so can be easily incorporated into numerical simulations and semi-analytical models of galaxy formation. 相似文献
15.
E. O'Sullivan J. M. Vrtilek A. M. Read L. P. David T. J. Ponman 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,346(2):525-539
We present an X-ray study of the galaxy group or poor cluster MKW 4. Working with XMM–Newton data we examine the distribution and properties of the hot gas which makes up the group halo. The inner halo shows some signs of structure, with circular or elliptical beta models providing a poor fit to the surface brightness profile. This may be evidence of large-scale motion in the inner halo, but we do not find evidence of sharp fronts or edges in the emission. The temperature of the halo declines in the core, with deprojected spectral fits showing a central temperature of ∼1.3 keV compared to ∼3 keV at 100 kpc. In the central ∼30 kpc of the group, multitemperature spectral models are required to fit the data, but they indicate a lack of gas at low temperatures. Steady-state cooling flow models provide poor fits to the inner regions of the group and the estimated cooling time of the gas is long except within the central dominant galaxy, NGC 4073. Abundance profiles show a sharp increase in the core of the group, with mean abundance rising by a factor of 2 in the centre of NGC 4073. Fitting individual elements shows the same trend, with high values of Fe, Si and S in the core. We estimate that ∼50 per cent of the Fe in the central 40 kpc was injected by Type Ia supernovae, in agreement with previous ASCA studies. Using our best-fitting surface brightness and temperature models, we calculate the mass, gas fraction, entropy and mass-to-light ratio of the group. At 100 kpc (∼0.1 virial radius) the total mass and gas entropy of the system ( ∼2 × 1013 M⊙ and ∼300 keV cm2 ) are quite comparable to those of other systems of similar temperature, but the gas fraction is rather low (∼1 per cent). We conclude that MKW 4 is a fairly relaxed group, which has developed a strong central temperature gradient but not a large-scale cooling flow. 相似文献
16.
High-resolution H i imaging observations of a heterogeneous sample of small galaxy groups are presented. The five galaxy groups studied show a broad range of individual H i properties: e.g. loose groups surrounding LGG 138 and the genuinely compact LGG 455 are identified; a massive ring of neutral gas is discovered encircling two luminous galaxies in the LGG 138 group; a galaxy-sized mass of H i is found in LGG 455 confined to an extragalactic cloud which exceeds the threshold density for star formation, yet is optically invisible; and the CCG 1 group is argued to be a chance alignment of Centaurus cluster galaxies. Global results of the study are that the deficit of H i flux in synthesis imaging data compared with single-dish data is put forward as a quantitative measure of the diffuseness of neutral gas in galaxy groups; several groups contain gas-poor galaxies that ordinarily would contain detectable quantities of H i – this is interpreted as being caused by an increased chance of gas-sweeping collisions in the group environment; and some evidence is found to support previous findings that compact groups preferentially occur in loose systems. 相似文献
17.
J. Trevor Mendel Robert N. Proctor Jesper Rasmussen Sarah Brough Duncan A. Forbes 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,396(4):2103-2123
The distribution of galaxy properties in groups and clusters holds important information on galaxy evolution and growth of structure in the Universe. While clusters have received appreciable attention in this regard, the role of groups as fundamental to formation of the present-day galaxy population has remained relatively unaddressed. Here, we present stellar ages, metallicities and α-element abundances derived using Lick indices for 67 spectroscopically confirmed members of the NGC 5044 galaxy group with the aim of shedding light on galaxy evolution in the context of the group environment.
We find that galaxies in the NGC 5044 group show evidence for a strong relationship between stellar mass and metallicity, consistent with their counterparts in both higher and lower mass groups and clusters. Galaxies show no clear trend of age or α-element abundance with mass, but these data form a tight sequence when fitted simultaneously in age, metallicity and stellar mass. In the context of the group environment, our data support the tidal disruption of low-mass galaxies at small group-centric radii, as evident from an apparent lack of galaxies below ∼109 M⊙ within ∼100 kpc of the brightest group galaxy. Using a joint analysis of absorption- and emission-line metallicities, we are able to show that the star-forming galaxy population in the NGC 5044 group appears to require gas removal to explain the ∼1.5 dex offset between absorption- and emission-line metallicities observed in some cases. A comparison with other stellar population properties suggests that this gas removal is dominated by galaxy interactions with the hot intragroup medium. 相似文献
We find that galaxies in the NGC 5044 group show evidence for a strong relationship between stellar mass and metallicity, consistent with their counterparts in both higher and lower mass groups and clusters. Galaxies show no clear trend of age or α-element abundance with mass, but these data form a tight sequence when fitted simultaneously in age, metallicity and stellar mass. In the context of the group environment, our data support the tidal disruption of low-mass galaxies at small group-centric radii, as evident from an apparent lack of galaxies below ∼10
18.
R.W. Schmidt S.W. Allen A.C. Fabian 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,327(4):1057-1070
We present the analysis of 30 ks of Chandra observations of the galaxy cluster Abell 1835. Overall, the X-ray image shows a relaxed morphology, although we detect substructure in the inner 30-kpc radius. Spectral analysis shows a steep drop in the X-ray gas temperature from ∼12 keV in the outer regions of the cluster to ∼4 keV in the core. The Chandra data provide tight constraints on the gravitational potential of the cluster which can be parametrized by a Navarro, Frenk & White model. The X-ray data allow us to measure the X-ray gas mass fraction as a function of radius, leading to a determination of the cosmic matter density of
. The projected mass within a radius of ∼150 kpc implied by the presence of gravitationally lensed arcs in the cluster is in good agreement with the mass models preferred by the Chandra data. We find a radiative cooling time of the X-ray gas in the centre of Abell 1835 of about
. Cooling-flow model fits to the Chandra spectrum and a deprojection analysis of the Chandra image both indicate the presence of a young cooling flow (∼ with an integrated mass deposition rate of within a radius of 30 kpc. We discuss the implications of our results in the light of recent Reflection Grating Spectrograph (RGS) observations of Abell 1835 with XMM-Newton . 相似文献
. The projected mass within a radius of ∼150 kpc implied by the presence of gravitationally lensed arcs in the cluster is in good agreement with the mass models preferred by the Chandra data. We find a radiative cooling time of the X-ray gas in the centre of Abell 1835 of about
. Cooling-flow model fits to the Chandra spectrum and a deprojection analysis of the Chandra image both indicate the presence of a young cooling flow (∼ with an integrated mass deposition rate of within a radius of 30 kpc. We discuss the implications of our results in the light of recent Reflection Grating Spectrograph (RGS) observations of Abell 1835 with XMM-Newton . 相似文献
19.
V. A. Hagen-Thorn L. V. Shalyapina G. M. Karataeva V. A. Yakovleva 《Astronomy Letters》2003,29(3):133-141
We present the results of photometric and spectroscopic observations of UGC 4892—a candidate for polar-ring galaxies. We show that the feature in the brightness distribution described by Whitmore et al. (1990) as a possible polar ring is actually a companion galaxy that interacts with the giant main galaxy. The velocity fields of the gas and stellar components can be explained by assuming that the gas lost by the companion galaxy and captured by the main galaxy forms a gaseous stream rotating around the latter in a plane almost perpendicular to its principal plane. 相似文献
20.
S. Ettori S. W. Allen A. C. Fabian 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,322(1):187-194
We present an analysis of BeppoSAX observations of three clusters of galaxies that are amongst the most luminous in the Universe: RXJ1347−1145, Zwicky 3146 and Abell 2390. Using data from both the Low Energy (LECS) and Medium Energy (MECS) Concentrator Spectrometers, and a joint analysis with the Phoswich Detection System (PDS) data above 10 keV, we constrain, with a relative uncertainty of between 7 and 42 per cent (90 per cent confidence level), the mean gas temperature in the three clusters. These measurements are checked against any possible non-thermal contribution to the plasma emission and are shown to be robust.
We confirm that RXJ1347−1145 has a gas temperature that lies in the range between 13.2 and 22.3 keV at the 90 per cent confidence level, and is larger than 12.1 keV at 3 σ level. The existence of such a hot galaxy cluster at redshift of about 0.45 implies an upper limit on the mean mass density in the Universe, Ωm , of 0.5.
Combining the BeppoSAX estimates for gas temperature and luminosity of the three clusters presented in this work with ASCA measurements available in the literature, we obtain a slope of 2.7 in the L – T relation once the physical properties are corrected from the contamination from the central cooling flows. 相似文献
We confirm that RXJ1347−1145 has a gas temperature that lies in the range between 13.2 and 22.3 keV at the 90 per cent confidence level, and is larger than 12.1 keV at 3 σ level. The existence of such a hot galaxy cluster at redshift of about 0.45 implies an upper limit on the mean mass density in the Universe, Ω
Combining the BeppoSAX estimates for gas temperature and luminosity of the three clusters presented in this work with ASCA measurements available in the literature, we obtain a slope of 2.7 in the L – T relation once the physical properties are corrected from the contamination from the central cooling flows. 相似文献