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地下水中逸出气氡的研究：水化地震前兆新项目探索 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
本文通过对地下水中溶解氡和逸出氡的对比观测及其地震前兆的研究,阐明了地下水中逸出气氡对地壳岩石的变化具有较高的灵敏度,逸出气氡能够反映地壳岩石的潮汐变化。1989年大同阳高6.1级地震逸出气氡的变化突出、幅度大,表明它对地下应力微小变化能起到放大的作用。因此,逸出气氡作为新的地震前兆观测项目,具有广阔的发展前景。 相似文献
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本文根据氡在岩、水、气中分布特征和地震前后在某些活动断层上,地下水(气)的向外释放,提出了水氡、气氡的水(气)载衰变机理。指出水氡、气氡与地下水(气)的流速、岩—水中氡的不均匀分布有关,并从而使它成为映震比较灵敏的组分。在水、气两相流情况下,水氡、气氡浓度还与氡在水、气中的分配有关。同时观测水氡和气氡,可以获得更多的地壳应力应变及其伴生效应的信息。 相似文献
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汶川8.0级地震氡观测值震后效应特征初步分析 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
文中收集了2008年5月12日的四川汶川8.0级地震放射性同位素氡的观测资料, 初步分析了汶川地震氡观测值震后效应的特征。 结果表明, 氡震后效应的观测点大多沿着地震破裂带分布即在震源北侧的北东向与南侧的南北向, 变化以阶变上升型为主, 而且部分观测点发生了可能与氡射气浓度相关的水位或流量同步变化。 截止到2008年10月, 大部分产生震后效应的观测点已经恢复到原来测值状态, 但仍有少部分测点保持震后变化的的高值或低值, 甚至有的测点继续上升。 对氡震后效应的初步统计分析结果, 肯定了氡射气具有对地震波响应的特点, 也提出了研究地球化学组分变化与含水层动力过程的关系等问题, 这有利于氡的地震前兆机理的研究。 相似文献
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观测地下水中氡含量的变化,作为地震予报的一种前兆手 段,已得到地震学界越来越多的人重视.继一九六六年苏联塔什干地震发现震前地下水中氧含量有明显的升高后,我国近些年发生的强震,也证实了震前地下水中的氡含量,不但有趋势性异常,而且有短期的突跳异常.国内利用人工爆破的机会,观测爆破后短时间内地下水中氡含量的变化,得到明显的脉冲式的异常效应.岩石样品的加压实验,样品中若含铀钍矿物较多,样品破裂逸出较多的氡气,数值可达样品未破裂前的几倍.作抽水、注水、注浓度较高的含氡水试验,观测水中氡含量的变化,得到明显的对应关系.上述事实说明,地下水中氡含量的变化,可以敏感地反映介质应力状态的变化.同时地下水状态的变化,也可以影响其氡含量的变化. 相似文献
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水文地球化学地震前兆观测与新灵敏组分的探索 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
当前在地震前兆探索中,不少国家都开展了利用地下水或土壤中气体——化学组分变化预报地震的研究工作。中、苏、日、美等国开展了地下水中的常量组分、微量组分、气体组分、同位素组分及其它物理参量的观测和研究,观测项目可达数十种。 多年来,我国以观测地下水中氡含量为主,对氡的地震前兆机理、氡含量变化的影响因素,氡的地震观测点的环境条件、测试方法、预报效能等方面进行了较深入地研究,取得了不少有意义的科研成果。当前测氡仍是我国地震前兆观测中的主要项目,并将采取各种有效措施使其在地震监测预报中发挥更大的作用。 相似文献
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基于冰岛南部地区长达数世纪的地震活动模式,事先预测了该区转换型板块边界处的一个地震序列。该地震序列包括2000年6月的2个6．5级地震。从1999年开始的钻孔水中氡的监测表明氡的变化和这些事件具有明显、一致的相关性。在覆盖震中的50km×30kin范围内,总计有7个采样站。这些站点显示了一致的变化模式,可识别出4种变化类型：1）震前氡下降,震前的101～167天观测到异常低值。2）震前上升．6个台站的时间序列在震前40～144天出现峰值。3）同震阶跃,极可能和在整个区域内观测到的地下水压力的同震变化有关。4）震后回归,大约3个月后,氡的值恢复到震前水平,与地下水的压力变化同时发生。 相似文献
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“振动”作为水氡震兆异常机理已引起人们的关注,并进行了一些实验研究。超声振氡实验是在室内进行的;而低频振动实验则主要是通过大爆破水(气)氡观测在野外进行的并得到了令人鼓舞的结果。人工爆破产生的应力波确实能引起地下水(气)中氡浓度发生变化,但变化比较复杂,很难用一个模式进行解释。为了进一步研究在低频振动作用下氡浓度变化的特点和机理,首先开展了土壤气体中氡的振动实验。岩石破裂时声发射有极宽的频带。岩石标本的滑动产生约100赫的声发射,弯曲和拉伸产生100—1000赫的声发射;而岩石受压产生微破裂时的声发射为10~5—10~6赫,人工爆破和微震的体波频率相似,一般为几赫或十几赫,最高为几十赫、而地震时已记录到的声发射为50—70赫,有的为数百赫。因此,低频振动实验有极宽的频带可供选择。 相似文献
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冀中地区氟的水文地球化学特征及其与地震关系的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文研究了冀中地区氟的水文地球化学特征。结果表明,基岩地下水中氟的含量与地下水温度和二氟化碳含量呈正相关趋势,说明除高氟的火山岩地区外,它们是影响地下水中氟含量的主要因素。由于氟与钙能形成难溶化合物氟化钙,因此地下水中钙离子的含量能制约水中氟的增加,只有低钙高钠的地下水才有利于氟离子在水中的富集。最后指出地震孕育过程有可能引起地下水中氟含量的变化,并列举了在某些地震前浅牛_6等井氟出现的可能的前兆变化。 相似文献
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H. A. Wollenberg A. R. Smith D. F. Mosier S. Flexser M. Clark 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1984,122(2-4):327-339
In the Long Valley caldera, where seismicity has continued essentially uninterrupted since mid-1980 and uplift is documented, samples of water from hot, warm, and cold springs have been collected since September, 1982, and their222Rn concentrations analyzed. Concurrently, rocks encompassing the hydrologic systems feeding the springs were analyzed for their radioelement contents, because their uranium is the ultimate source of the222Rn in the water.The222Rn concentration in the springs varies inversely with their temperature and specific conductance. High concentrations (1500 to 2500 picocuries per liter) occur in dilute cold springs on the margins of the caldera, while low contents (12 to 25 pCi/l) occur in hot to boiling springs. Springwater radon concentrations also correlate slightly with the uranium content of the encompassing rocks.A continuous monitoring system was installed in August, 1983, at a spring issuing from basalt, to provide hourly records of radon concentration. A gamma detector is submerged in a natural pool, and we have observed that the radioactivity measured in this manner is due almost entirely to the222Rn concentration of the water. Initial operation shows diurnal and semidiurnal variations in the222Rn concentration of the springwater that are ascribed to earth tides, suggesting that those variations are responding to small changes in stress in the rocks encompassing the hydrologic system. 相似文献
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强地震前地震区域会出现卫星热红外增温异常现象,S A Pulinets提出了一种新的解释,认为是震前地表大量析出的222Rn衰变产生的高能α粒子使得空气电离,这些离子很容易吸附水蒸气分子,导致大气中潜热的释放,使得空气温度、湿度发生显著变化.本文分析了高能α粒子对空气辐射电离后的主要物理、化学作用,估算了放热和吸附水蒸气分子数量的极大值,结果表明空气温度、湿度的变化是微不足道的.由此认为,地震前出现的温度升高、湿度下降的现象可能与氡浓度变化无关. 相似文献
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Ground waters from fractured igneous and high-grade sialic metamorphic rocks frequently have elevated activity of dissolved radon (222Rn). A chemically based model is proposed whereby radium (226Ra) from the decay of uranium (238U) diffuses through the primary porosity of the rock to the water-transmitting fracture where it is sorbed on weathering products. Sorption of 226Ra on the fracture surface maintains an activity gradient in the rock matrix, ensuring a continuous supply of 226Ra to fracture surfaces. As a result of the relatively long half-life of 226Ra (1601 years), significant activity can accumulate on fracture surfaces. The proximity of this sorbed 226Ra to the active ground water flow system allows its decay progeny 222Rn to enter directly into the water. Laboratory analyses of primary porosity and diffusion coefficients of the rock matrix, radon emanation, and ion exchange at fracture surfaces are consistent with the requirements of a diffusion/ion-exchange model. A dipole-brine injection/withdrawal experiment conducted between bedrock boreholes in the high-grade metamorphic and granite rocks at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States (42 degrees 56'N, 71 degrees 43'W) shows a large activity of 226Ra exchanged from fracture surfaces by a magnesium brine. The 226Ra activity removed by the exchange process is 34 times greater than that of 238U activity. These observations are consistent with the diffusion/ion-exchange model. Elutriate isotopic ratios of 223Ra/226Ra and 238U/226Ra are also consistent with the proposed chemically based diffusion/ion-exchange model. 相似文献
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Data on the concentration of radioactive elements in mineral sediments and hydrothermally altered rocks of the long-lived Kikhpinych volcanic center are presented. High concentrations of uranium (up to 31 g/t) and thorium (up to 46 g/t) relative to the average values for the dacites of Kamchatka and the Uzon-Geyser depression are found in white kaolinite clays of mud pots and in dacites of the Yuzhnoe Kikhpinych thermal field transformed into kaolinite clays. In this field and in the Severnoe thermal field (in the crater of Staryi Kikhpinych Volcano) high values of volume radon activity (VA Rn > 1000 kBq/m3) were recorded in subsoil air. These high concentrations of uranium and thorium in fresh mineral sediments and anomalous values of VA Rn in subsoil air of hydrothermally altered rocks are considered to have resulted from the mass transfer of radioactive elements by fluid flows of the hydrothermal system. 相似文献
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Radon-222 Concentration and Aquifer Lithology in North Carolina 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Dana P. Loomis 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1987,7(2):33-39
The presence of the radioactive gas radon (Rn-222) in many ground water supplies is a potentially significant source of public exposure to ionizing radiation. A wide range of radon concentrations has been measured in ground water in North Carolina, including some far in excess of national average concentrations. North Carolina is, however, geologically complex and ground water radon concentrations vary considerably among the state's aquifers. The highest average radon concentrations occur in areas underlain by granites (geometric mean 5910 pCi/l), and the lowest occur in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region (48 pCi/l). Average radon levels intermediate between these extremes are characteristic of the large areas of North Carolina underlain by gneisses, schists and metavolcanic rocks. Relative average radon concentrations in ground water from the rock types surveyed are consistent with relative abundances of uranium, the parent element of radon, in these rocks. Although other geologic and hydrologic factors also have an effect, aquifer lithology is a useful predictor of the concentration of radon in ground water. The occurrence of high radon concentrations in certain aquifer types; such as granites, shows that geologic factors should be considered in estimates of population exposure to radon, and that knowledge of aquifer geology can help to predict ground water radon concentrations in areas where field sampling has not been done. 相似文献
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Piergiorgio Scarlato Paola Tuccimei Silvio Mollo Michele Soligo Mauro Castelluccio 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2013,75(9):1-8
To better understand the mechanisms leading to different radon background levels in volcanic settings, we have performed two long-term deformation experiments of 16 days using a real-time setup that enables us to monitor any variation of radon activity concentration during rock compression. Our measurements demonstrate that, in the case of highly porous volcanic rocks, the emanating power of the substrate changes as a function of the volcanic stress conditions. Constant magmatic pressures, such as those observed during dike intrusions and hydrothermal fluid injections, can result in pervasive pore collapse that is mirrored by a significant radon decrease until a constant emanation is achieved. Conversely, repeated cycles of stress due to, for example, volcano inflation/deflation cycles, cause a progressive radon increase a few days (but even weeks and months) before rupture. After rock failure, however, the formation of new emanation surfaces leads to a substantial increase of the radon signal. Our results suggest that surface deformation in tectonic and volcanic settings, such as inflation/deflation or constant magmatic pressures, have important repercussions on the emanating power of volcanic substrates. 相似文献
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K. -K. Liu T. -F. Yui Y. -H. Yeh Y. -B. Tsai T. -L. Teng 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1984,122(2-4):231-244
Radon (222Rn) concentration in geothermal waters and CO2-rich cold springwaters collected weekly in duplicate samples from four stations in northern Taiwan were measured from July 1980 to December 1983. Seven spike-like radon anomalies (increases of 2 to 3 times the standard deviation above the mean) were observed at three stations. Following every anomaly except one, an earthquake ofM
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above 4.6 occurred within 4 to 51 days, at an epicentral distance 14 to 45 km, and at a focal depth of less than 10 km. The distribution of the earthquakes preceded by radon anomalies is skewed in certain directions from the radon stations; the radon stations seem to be insensitive to earthquakes occurring in the other directions. At the fourth station, near a volcanic area, much gas (mainly CO2) is discharged from the well, together with hot water. A very high concentration of radon was detected in the discharged gas; therefore trapping of gas in the water can result in anomalously high radon contents. According to limited measurements, the radon concentration in water appears to be undersaturated with respect to that in gas. This suggests that hot water is very susceptible to radon loss, and monitoring of radon in gas is more desirable. 相似文献
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Separation of volatile components from rocks under mechanical loading as the source of hydrogeochemical anomalies preceding earthquakes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. M. Varshal G. A. Sobolev V. L. Barsukov A. V. Koltsov B. I. Kostin T. F. Kudinova Yu. I. Stakheyev S. P. Tretyakova 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1984,122(2-4):463-477
One of the most important problems for the theory and practice of earthquake prediction is that of the source of substances in the formation of precursory hydrogeochemical anomalies. Volatile components that are separated from rocks at mechanical loading present one of the sources. A large-scale model experiment is conducte with a 50 000-ton press; the results reveal the regularities of water, radon, mercury, and helium separation from large basalt and granite samples that are subjected to a cyclically increasing, uniaxial pressure to fracture (at 75 and 180 MPa for basalt and granite, respectively). Premonitory rock fracture is found to be accompanied by the separation of volatile components from rocks. Predictive properties of the components are associated with their chemical nature and the forms in which they exist in rocks. Water release during mechanical loading increases gradually with the increase in loading. Helium separation begins at the early stages of the cracking process. Comparison of the data on degassing with data on bulk strain and acoustic emission shows that the major part of radon is released at the stage of avalanche-type crack interaction and at the dynamic stage of the formation of an earthquake source, whereas mercury degasses mainly at the dynamic stage immediately before fracture of the sample. 相似文献