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1.
The mechanisms controlling the interannual variability of sea surface salinity (SSS) in the Atlantic are investigated using a simulation with the ECHAM4/OPA8 coupled model and, for comparison, the NCEP reanalysis and an observed SSS climatology. Anomalous Ekman advection is found to be as important as the freshwater flux in generating SSS anomalies, in contrast to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies which are primarily caused by surface heat flux fluctuations. Since the surface heat flux feedback does not damp the SSS anomalies but generally damps existing SST anomalies, SSS anomalies have a larger characteristic time scale. As a result, they are more influenced by the mean currents and the geostrophic variability, which dominate the SSS changes at low frequency over much of the basin. The link between SSS anomalies and the dominant patterns of atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic sector is also discussed. It is shown that the North Atlantic Oscillation generates SSS anomalies much more by Ekman advection than by freshwater exchanges. At least in the coupled model, there is little one-to-one correspondence between the main atmospheric and SSS anomaly patterns, unlike what is found for SST anomalies. 相似文献
2.
A nine-member ensemble of simulations with a state-of-the-art atmospheric model forced only by the observed record of sea
surface temperature (SST) over 1930–2000 is shown to capture the dominant patterns of variability of boreal summer African
rainfall. One pattern represents variability along the Gulf of Guinea, between the equator and 10°N. It connects rainfall
over Africa to the Atlantic marine Intertropical Convergence Zone, is controlled by local, i.e., eastern equatorial Atlantic,
SSTs, and is interannual in time scale. The other represents variability in the semi-arid Sahel, between 10°N and 20°N. It
is a continental pattern, capturing the essence of the African summer monsoon, while at the same time displaying high sensitivity
to SSTs in the global tropics. A land–atmosphere feedback associated with this pattern translates precipitation anomalies
into coherent surface temperature and evaporation anomalies, as highlighted by a simulation where soil moisture is held fixed
to climatology. As a consequence of such feedback, it is shown that the recent positive trend in surface temperature is consistent
with the ocean-forced negative trend in precipitation, without the need to invoke the direct effect of the observed increase
in anthropogenic greenhouse gases. We advance plausible mechanisms by which the balance between land–ocean temperature contrast
and moisture availability that defines the monsoon could have been altered in recent decades, resulting in persistent drought.
This discussion also serves to illustrate ways in which the monsoon may be perturbed, or may already have been perturbed,
by anthropogenic climate change. 相似文献
3.
Henrick Berger Anne Marie Treguier Nicolas Perenne Claude Talandier 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(11):3105-3122
In this study, we analyse the seasonal variability of the sea surface salinity (SSS) for two coastal regions of the Gulf of Guinea from 1995 to 2006 using a high resolution model (1/12°) embedded in a Tropical Atlantic (1/4°) model. Compared with observations and climatologies, our model demonstrates a good capability to reproduce the seasonal and spatial variations of the SSS and mixed layer depth. Sensitivity experiments are carried out to assess the respective impacts of precipitations and river discharge on the spatial structure and seasonal variations of the SSS in the eastern part of the Gulf of Guinea. In the Bight of Biafra, both precipitations and river runoffs are necessary to observe permanent low SSS values but the river discharge has the strongest impact on the seasonal variations of the SSS. South of the equator, the Congo river discharge alone is sufficient to explain most of the SSS structure and its seasonal variability. However, mixed layer budgets for salinity reveal the necessity to take into account the horizontal and vertical dynamics to explain the seasonal evolution of the salinity in the mixed layer. Indeed evaporation, precipitations and runoffs represent a relatively small contribution to the budgets locally at intraseasonal to seasonal time scales. Horizontal advection always contribute to spread the low salinity coastal waters offshore and thus decrease the salinity in the eastern Gulf of Guinea. For the Bight of Biafra and the Congo plume region, the strong seasonal increase of the SSS observed from May/June to August/September, when the trade winds intensify, results from a decreasing offshore spread of freshwater associated with an intensification of the salt input from the subsurface. In the Congo plume region, the subsurface salt comes mainly from advection due to a strong upwelling but for the Bight of Biafra, entrainment and vertical mixing also play a role. The seasonal evolution of horizontal advection in the Bight of Biafra is mainly driven by eddy correlations between salinity and velocities, but it is not the case in the Congo plume. 相似文献
4.
Sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) time series from four ocean weather stations and data from an integration
of the GFDL coupled ocean-atmosphere model are analyzed to test the applicability of local linear stochastic theory to the
mixed-layer ocean. According to this theory, mixed-layer variability away from coasts and fronts can be explained as a ‘red
noise’ response to the ‘white noise’ forcing by atmospheric disturbances. At one weather station, Papa (northeast Pacific),
this stochastic theory can be applied to both salinity and temperature, explaining the relative redness of the SSS spectrum.
Similar results hold for a model grid point adjacent to Papa, where the relationships between atmospheric energy and water
fluxes and actual changes in SST and SSS are what is expected from local linear stochastic theory. At the other weather stations,
this theory cannot adequately explain mixed-layer variability. Two oceanic processes must be taken into account: at Panulirus
(near Bermuda), mososcale eddies enhance the observed variability at high frequencies. At Mike and India (North Atlantic),
variations in SST and SSS advection, indicated by the coherence and equal persistence of SST and SSS anomalies, contribute
to much of the low frequency variability in the model and observations. To achieve a global perspective, TOPEX altimeter data
and model results are used to identify regions of the ocean where these mechanisms of variability are important. Where mesoscale
eddies are as energetic as at Panulirus, indicated by the TOPEX global distribution of sea level variability, one would expect
enhanced variability on short time scales. In regions exhibiting signatures of variability similar to Mike and India, variations
in SST and SSS advection should dominate at low frequencies. According to the model, this mode of variability is found in
the circumpolar ocean and the northern North Atlantic, where it is associated with the irregular oscillations of the model’s
thermohaline circulation.
Received: 11 March 1996 / Accepted: 6 September 1996 相似文献
5.
Coupled ocean-atmosphere surface variability and its climate impacts in the tropical Atlantic region
This study examines time evolution and statistical relationships involving the two leading ocean-atmosphere coupled modes
of variability in the tropical Atlantic and some climate anomalies over the tropical 120 °W–60 °W region using selected historical
files (75-y near global SSTs and precipitation over land), more recent observed data (30-y SST and pseudo wind stress in the
tropical Atlantic) and reanalyses from the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis System
on the period 1968–1997: surface air temperature, sea level pressure, moist static energy content at 850 hPa, precipitable
water and precipitation. The first coupled mode detected through singular value decomposition of the SST and pseudo wind-stress
data over the tropical Atlantic (30 °N–20 °S) expresses a modulation in the thermal transequatorial gradient of SST anomalies
conducted by one month leading wind-stress anomalies mainly in the tropical north Atlantic during northern winter and fall.
It features a slight dipole structure in the meridional plane. Its time variability is dominated by a quasi-decadal signal
well observed in the last 20–30 ys and, when projected over longer-term SST data, in the 1920s and 1930s but with shorter
periods. The second coupled mode is more confined to the south-equatorial tropical Atlantic in the northern summer and explains
considerably less wind-stress/SST cross-covariance. Its time series features an interannual variability dominated by shorter
frequencies with increased variance in the 1960s and 1970s before 1977. Correlations between these modes and the ENSO-like
Nino3 index lead to decreasing amplitude of thermal anomalies in the tropical Atlantic during warm episodes in the Pacific.
This could explain the nonstationarity of meridional anomaly gradients on seasonal and interannual time scales. Overall the
relationships between the oceanic component of the coupled modes and the climate anomaly patterns denote thermodynamical processes
at the ocean/atmosphere interface that create anomaly gradients in the meridional plane in a way which tends to alter the
north–south movement of the seasonal cycle. This appears to be consistent with the intrinsic non-dipole character of the tropical
Atlantic surface variability at the interannual time step and over the recent period, but produces abnormal amplitude and/or
delayed excursions of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Connections with continental rainfall are approached through
three (NCEP/NCAR and observed) rainfall indexes over the Nordeste region in Brazil, and the Guinea and Sahel zones in West
Africa. These indices appear to be significantly linked to the SST component of the coupled modes only when the two Atlantic
modes+the ENSO-like Nino3 index are taken into account in the regressions. This suggests that thermal forcing of continental
rainfall is particularly sensitive to the linear combinations of some basic SST patterns, in particular to those that create
meridional thermal gradients. The first mode in the Atlantic is associated with transequatorial pressure, moist static energy
and precipitable water anomaly patterns which can explain abnormal location of the ITCZ particularly in northern winter, and
hence rainfall variations in Nordeste. The second mode is more associated with in-phase variations of the same variables near
the southern edge of the ITCZ, particularly in the Gulf of Guinea during the northern spring and winter. It is primarily linked
to the amplitude and annual phase of the ITCZ excursions and thus to rainfall variations in Guinea. Connections with Sahel
rainfall are less clear due to the difficulty for the model to correctly capture interannual variability over that region
but the second Atlantic mode and the ENSO-like Pacific variability are clearly involved in the Sahel climate interannual fluctuations:
anomalous dry (wet) situations tend to occur when warmer (cooler) waters are present in the eastern Pacific and the gulf of
Guinea in northern summer which contribute to create a northward (southward) transequatorial anomaly gradient in sea level
pressure over West Africa.
Received: 14 April 1998 / Accepted: 24 December 1998 相似文献
6.
Abstract Monthly mean sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies were computed for six 10°‐wide boxes stretching across the equatorial Atlantic Ocean for the period 1890–1979. These values were used to produce a time‐longitude section of the interannual SST variability along the equator. This section shows cycles of basin‐wide warming and cooling occurring with irregular periods that typically range between two and four years. The warming and cooling events in these cycles normally display some westward phase propagation. The peak magnitudes of the interannual SST anomalies are generally of the order of 1°C or less, except in the Gulf of Guinea where they can be somewhat larger. An estimate was made of the basin‐wide equatorial SST anomaly in each month (excluding the Gulf of Guinea). This was composited around the times of the warm and cold extremes of the Pacific Southern Oscillation. This analysis revealed a detectable, but rather weak, tendency for phase locking of the interannual SST variations in the equatorial Pacific and Atlantic oceans. 相似文献
7.
Naresh Neupane 《大气科学进展》2016,33(6):767-782
The Gulf of Guinea in the equatorial Atlantic is characterized by the presence of strong subsidence at certain times of the year. This subsidence appears in June and becomes well established from July to September. Since much of theWest African monsoon flow originates over the Gulf, Guinean subsidence is important for determining moisture sources for the monsoon. Using reanalysis products, I contribute to a physical understanding of what causes this seasonal subsidence, and how it relates to precipitation distributions across West Africa.There is a seasonal zonal overturning circulation above the Congo basin and the Gulf of Guinea in the ERA-Interim, ERA-40, NCEP2, and MERRA reanalyses. The up-branch is located in the Congo basin around 20°E. Mid-tropospheric easterly flows constitute the returning-branch and sinking over the Gulf of Guinea forms the down-branch, which diverges at 2°W near the surface, with winds to the east flowing eastward to complete the circulation. This circulation is driven by surface temperature differences between the eastern Gulf and Congo basin. Land temperatures remain almost uniform, around 298 K, throughout a year, but the Guinean temperatures cool rapidly from 294 K in May to about 290 K in August. These temperature changes increase the ocean/land temperature contrast, up to 8 K, and drive the circulation.I hypothesize that when the overturning circulation is anomalously strong, the northward moisture transport and Sahelian precipitation are also strong. This hypothesis is supported by ERA-Interim and PERSIANN-CDR (Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record) data. 相似文献
8.
Results from nine coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations have been used to investigate changes in the relationship between the
variability of monsoon precipitation over western Africa and tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) between the mid-Holocene
and the present day. Although the influence of tropical SSTs on the African monsoon is generally overestimated in the control
simulations, the models reproduce aspects of the observed modes of variability. Thus, most models reproduce the observed negative
correlation between western Sahelian precipitation and SST anomalies in the eastern tropical Pacific, and many of them capture
the positive correlation between SST anomalies in the eastern tropical Atlantic and precipitation over the Guinea coastal
region. Although the response of individual model to the change in orbital forcing between 6 ka and present differs somewhat,
eight of the models show that the strength of the teleconnection between SSTs in the eastern tropical Pacific and Sahelian
precipitation is weaker in the mid-Holocene. Some of the models imply that this weakening was associated with a shift towards
longer time periods (from 3–5 years in the control simulations toward 4–10 years in the mid-Holocene simulations). The simulated
reduction in the teleconnection between eastern tropical Pacific SSTs and Sahelian precipitation appears to be primarily related
to a reduction in the atmospheric circulation bridge between the Pacific and West Africa but, depending on the model, other
mechanisms such as increased importance of other modes of tropical ocean variability or increased local recycling of monsoonal
precipitation can also play a role. 相似文献
9.
Based on a novel design of coupled model simulations where sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the equatorial tropical Pacific was constrained to follow the observed El Niño—Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability, while rest of the global oceans were free to evolve, the ENSO response in SSTs over the other ocean basins was analyzed. Conceptually the experimental setup was similar to discerning the contribution of ENSO variability to interannual variations in atmospheric anomalies. A unique feature of the analysis was that it was not constrained by a priori assumptions on the nature of the teleconnected response in SSTs. The analysis demonstrated that the time lag between ENSO SST and SSTs in other ocean basins was about 6 months. A signal-to-noise analysis indicated that between 25 and 50 % of monthly mean SST variance over certain ocean basins can be attributed to SST variability over the equatorial tropical Pacific. The experimental setup provides a basis for (a) attribution of SST variability in global oceans to ENSO variability, (b) a method for separating the ENSO influence in SST variations, and (c) understanding the contribution from other external factors responsible for variations in SSTs, for example, changes in atmospheric composition, volcanic aerosols, etc. 相似文献
10.
Responses of global ocean circulation and temperature to freshwater runoff from major rivers were studied by blocking regional runoff in the global ocean general circulation model(OGCM)developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Runoff into the tropical Atlantic,the western North Pacific,and the Bay of Bengal and northern Arabian Sea were selectively blocked.The blocking of river runoff first resulted in a salinity increase near the river mouths(2 practical salinity units).The saltier and,therefore,denser water was then transported to higher latitudes in the North Atlantic,North Pacific,and southern Indian Ocean by the mean currents.The subsequent density contrasts between northern and southern hemispheric oceans resulted in changes in major ocean currents.These anomalous ocean currents lead to significant temperature changes(1°C-2°C)by the resulting anomalous heat transports.The current and temperature anomalies created by the blocked river runoff propagated from one ocean basin to others via coastal and equatorial Kelvin waves.This study suggests that river runoff may be playing an important role in oceanic salinity,temperature,and circulations;and that partially or fully blocking major rivers to divert freshwater for societal purposes might significantly change ocean salinity,circulations,temperature,and atmospheric climate.Further studies are necessary to assess the role of river runoff in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system. 相似文献
11.
A multi-model approach to the Atlantic Equatorial mode: impact on the West African monsoon 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
T. Losada B. Rodríguez-Fonseca S. Janicot S. Gervois F. Chauvin P. Ruti 《Climate Dynamics》2010,35(1):29-43
This paper is focused on the West African anomalous precipitation response to an Atlantic Equatorial mode whose origin, development and damping resembles the observed one during the last decades of the XXth century. In the framework of the AMMA-EU project, this paper analyses the atmospheric response to the Equatorial mode using a multimodel approach with an ensemble of integrations from 4 AGCMs under a time varying Equatorial SST mode. The Guinean Gulf precipitation, which together with the Sahelian mode accounts for most of the summer West African rainfall variability, is highly coupled to this Equatorial Atlantic SST mode or Atlantic Niño. In a previous study, done with the same models under 1958–1997 observed prescribed SSTs, most of the models identify the Equatorial Atlantic SST mode as the one most related to the Guinean Gulf precipitation. The models response to the positive phase of equatorial Atlantic mode (warm SSTs) depicts a direct impact in the equatorial Atlantic, leading to a decrease of the local surface temperature gradient, weakening the West African Monsoon flow and the surface convergence over the Sahel. 相似文献
12.
Interannual variability of the Guinea Dome and its possible link with the Atlantic Meridional Mode 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Using a high-resolution ocean general circulation model forced by NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the interannual variability of the Guinea Dome is studied from a new viewpoint of its possible link with the Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM), which is related to the meridional migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The dome develops off Dakar seasonally from late spring to late fall owing to the wind-induced Ekman upwelling; its seasonal evolution is associated with the northward migration of the ITCZ. When the ITCZ is located anomalously northward (southward) from late spring to early summer, as a result of the wind-evaporation-sea surface temperature (SST) positive feedback with positive (negative) SST anomaly over the Northern Hemisphere, the dome becomes unusually strong (weak) in fall as a result of stronger (weaker) Ekman upwelling. This may contribute to the decay of the AMM. Thus, the coupled nature between the AMM and the Guinea Dome could be important in understanding, modeling, and predicting the tropical Atlantic variability. 相似文献
13.
Indian Ocean sea surface salinity variations in a coupled model 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The variability of the sea surface salinity (SSS) in the Indian Ocean is studied using a 100-year control simulation of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM 2.0). The monsoon-driven seasonal SSS pattern in the Indian Ocean, marked by low salinity in the east and high salinity in the west, is captured by the model. The model overestimates runoff into the Bay of Bengal due to higher rainfall over the Himalayan–Tibetan regions which drain into the Bay of Bengal through Ganga–Brahmaputra rivers. The outflow of low-salinity water from the Bay of Bengal is too strong in the model. Consequently, the model Indian Ocean SSS is about 1 less than that seen in the climatology. The seasonal Indian Ocean salt balance obtained from the model is consistent with the analysis from climatological data sets. During summer, the large freshwater input into the Bay of Bengal and its redistribution decide the spatial pattern of salinity tendency. During winter, horizontal advection is the dominant contributor to the tendency term. The interannual variability of the SSS in the Indian Ocean is about five times larger than that in coupled model simulations of the North Atlantic Ocean. Regions of large interannual standard deviations are located near river mouths in the Bay of Bengal and in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. Both freshwater input into the ocean and advection of this anomalous flux are responsible for the generation of these anomalies. The model simulates 20 significant Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and during IOD years large salinity anomalies appear in the equatorial Indian Ocean. The anomalies exist as two zonal bands: negative salinity anomalies to the north of the equator and positive to the south. The SSS anomalies for the years in which IOD is not present and for ENSO years are much weaker than during IOD years. Significant interannual SSS anomalies appear in the Indian Ocean only during IOD years. 相似文献
14.
《Atmospheric Science Letters》2000,1(1):14-25
Summary:Diagnosing a coupled system with linear inverse modelling (LIM) can provide insight into the nature and strength of the coupling. This technique is applied to the cold season output of the GFDL GCM, forced by observed tropical Pacific SSTs and including a slab mixed layer ocean model elsewhere. It is found that extratropical SST anomalies act to enhance atmospheric thermal variability and diminish barotropic variability over the east Pacific in these GCM runs, in agreement with other theoretical and modelling studies. North-west Atlantic barotropic variability is also enhanced. However, all these feedbacks are very weak. LIM results also suggest that North Pacific extratropical SST anomalies in this model would rapidly decay without atmospheric forcing induced by tropical SST anomalies. 相似文献
15.
We assess the responses of North Atlantic, North Pacific, and tropical Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) to natural forcing and their linkage to simulated global surface temperature (GST) variability in the MPI-Earth System Model simulation ensemble for the last millennium. In the simulations, North Atlantic and tropical Indian Ocean SSTs show a strong sensitivity to external forcing and a strong connection to GST. The leading mode of extra-tropical North Pacific SSTs is, on the other hand, rather resilient to natural external perturbations. Strong tropical volcanic eruptions and, to a lesser extent, variability in solar activity emerge as potentially relevant sources for multidecadal SST modes’ phase modulations, possibly through induced changes in the atmospheric teleconnection between North Atlantic and North Pacific that can persist over decadal and multidecadal timescales. Linkages among low-frequency regional modes of SST variability, and among them and GST, can remarkably vary over the integration time. No coherent or constant phasing is found between North Pacific and North Atlantic SST modes over time and among the ensemble members. Based on our assessments of how multidecadal transitions in simulated North Atlantic SSTs compare to reconstructions and of how they contribute characterizing simulated multidecadal regional climate anomalies, past regional climate multidecadal fluctuations seem to be reproducible as simulated ensemble-mean responses only for temporal intervals dominated by major external forcings. 相似文献
16.
In the 1960s North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SST) cooled rapidly. The magnitude of the cooling was largest in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG), and was coincident with a rapid freshening of the SPG. Here we analyze hindcasts of the 1960s North Atlantic cooling made with the UK Met Office’s decadal prediction system (DePreSys), which is initialised using observations. It is shown that DePreSys captures—with a lead time of several years—the observed cooling and freshening of the North Atlantic SPG. DePreSys also captures changes in SST over the wider North Atlantic and surface climate impacts over the wider region, such as changes in atmospheric circulation in winter and sea ice extent. We show that initialisation of an anomalously weak Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and hence weak northward heat transport, is crucial for DePreSys to predict the magnitude of the observed cooling. Such an anomalously weak AMOC is not captured when ocean observations are not assimilated (i.e. it is not a forced response in this model). The freshening of the SPG is also dominated by ocean salt transport changes in DePreSys; in particular, the simulation of advective freshwater anomalies analogous to the Great Salinity Anomaly were key. Therefore, DePreSys suggests that ocean dynamics played an important role in the cooling of the North Atlantic in the 1960s, and that this event was predictable. 相似文献
17.
基于美国大气研究中心的CCSM3（Community Climate System Model version3）模式,对淡水扰动试验中不同热盐环流（thermohline circulation,THC）平均强度下,北大西洋气候响应的差异进行研究。结果表明：1）在不同平均强度下,北大西洋海洋、大气要素的气候态差异显著。相对于高平均强度,在低平均强度下,北大西洋地区海表温度（sea surface temperature,SST）、海表盐度（sea surface salinity,SSS）、海表密度（sea surface density,SSD）、表面气温（surface air temperature）异常减弱,最大负异常位于GIN（Greenland sea--Iceland sea--Norwegiansea）海域;海平面气压（sealev—elpressure,SLP）异常升高,相应于北大西洋海域降温,表现为异常冷性高压的响应特征;海冰分布区域向南扩大;北大西洋西部热带海域降水减少,导致热带辐合带（intertropical convergence zone,ITCZ）南移。2）在不同THC平均强度下,SST、SSS和SSD年际异常最显著的区域不同;在高平均强度下,最显著区域位于GIN海域,而在低平均强度下则位于拉布拉多海海域。3）在高平均强度下,北大西洋SST主导变率模态的变率极大区域位于GIN海,而在低平均强度下该极大区域不存在;北大西洋SLP的主导变率模态表现为类NAO型,但在高平均强度下,类NAO型表现得更明显。 相似文献
18.
Chunzai Wang 《Climate Dynamics》2007,29(4):411-422
A maximum of easterly zonal wind at 925 hPa in the Caribbean region is called the Caribbean Low-Level Jet (CLLJ). Observations
show that the easterly CLLJ varies semi-annually, with two maxima in the summer and winter and two minima in the fall and
spring. Associated with the summertime strong CLLJ are a maximum of sea level pressure (SLP), a relative minimum of rainfall
(the mid-summer drought), and a minimum of tropical cyclogenesis in July in the Caribbean Sea. It is found that both the meridional
gradients of sea surface temperature (SST) and SLP show a semi-annual feature, consistent with the semi-annual variation of
the CLLJ. The CLLJ anomalies vary with the Caribbean SLP anomalies that are connected to the variation of the North Atlantic
Subtropical High (NASH). In association with the cold (warm) Caribbean SST anomalies, the atmosphere shows the high (low)
SLP anomalies near the Caribbean region that are consistent with the anomalously strong (weak) easterly CLLJ. The CLLJ is
also remotely related to the SST anomalies in the Pacific and Atlantic, reflecting that these SST variations affect the NASH.
During the winter, warm (cold) SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific correspond to a weak (strong) easterly CLLJ. However,
this relationship is reversed during the summer. This is because the effects of ENSO on the NASH are opposite during the winter
and summer. The CLLJ varies in phase with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) since a strong (weak) NASH is associated with
a strengthening (weakening) of both the CLLJ and the NAO. The CLLJ is positively correlated with the 925-hPa meridional wind
anomalies from the ocean to the United States via the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, the CLLJ and the meridional wind carry moisture
from the ocean to the central United States, usually resulting in an opposite (or dipole) rainfall pattern in the tropical
North Atlantic Ocean and Atlantic warm pool versus the central United States. 相似文献
19.
The Atlantic Warm Pool (AWP) region, which is comprised of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and parts of the northwestern tropical Atlantic Ocean, is one of the most poorly observed parts of the global oceans. This study compares three ocean reanalyses, namely the Global Ocean Data Assimilation System of National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) of NCEP, and the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) for its AWP variation. The surface temperature in these ocean reanalyses is also compared with that from the Extended Range SST version 3 and Optimally Interpolated SST version 2 SST analyses. In addition we also compare three atmospheric reanalyses: NCEP-NCAR (R1), NCEP-DOE (R2), and CFSR for the associated atmospheric variability with the AWP. The comparison shows that there are important differences in the climatology of the AWP and its interannual variations. There are considerable differences in the subsurface ocean manifestation of the AWP with SODA (CFSR) showing the least (largest) modulation of the subsurface ocean temperatures. The remote teleconnections with the tropical Indian Ocean are also different across the reanalyses. However, all three oceanic reanalyses consistently show the absence of any teleconnection with the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. The influence of the AWP on the tropospheric temperature anomalies last for up to a one season lead and it is found to be relatively weak in R1 reanalyses. A simplified SST anomaly equation initially derived for diagnosing El Niño Southern Oscillation variability is adapted for the AWP variations in this study. The analysis of this equation reveals that the main contribution of the SST variation in the AWP region is from the variability of the net heat flux. All three reanalyses consistently show that the role of the ocean advective terms, including that associated with upwelling in the AWP region, is comparatively much smaller. The covariance of the SST tendency in the AWP with the net heat flux is large, with significant contributions from the variations of the surface shortwave and longwave fluxes. 相似文献
20.
Seasonality and time scales in the relationship between global SST and African rainfall 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The main goal of this study is to determine the oceanic regions corresponding to variability in African rainfall and seasonal differences in the atmospheric teleconnections. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) has been applied in order to extract the dominant patterns of linear covariability. An ensemble of six simulations with the global atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM4, forced with observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea ice boundary variability, is used in order to focus on the SST-related part of African rainfall variability. Our main finding is that the boreal summer rainfall (June–September mean) over Africa is more affected by SST changes than in boreal winter (December–March mean). In winter, there is a highly significant link between tropical African rainfall and Indian Ocean and eastern tropical Pacific SST anomalies, which is closely related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, long-term changes are found to be associated with SST changes in the Indian and tropical Atlantic Oceans, thus, showing that the tropical Atlantic plays a critical role in determining the position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Since ENSO is less in summer, the tropical Pacific and the Indian Oceans are less important for African rainfall. The African summer monsoon is strongly influenced by SST variations in the Gulf of Guinea, with a response of opposite sign over the Sahelian zone and the Guinean coast region. SST changes in the subtropical and extratropical oceans mostly take place on decadal time scales and are responsible for low-frequency rainfall fluctuations over West Africa. The modelled teleconnections are highly consistent with the observations. The agreement for most of the teleconnection patterns is remarkable and suggests that the modelled rainfall anomalies serve as suitable predictors for the observed changes. 相似文献