共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
We propose a system approach to the development of information technologies of control over the processes of consumption of
natural resources. On the basis of the method of system dynamics, we construct a dynamic economical model of an ecological
system relating the factor of economical profitability of consumption of the resources to the ecological state of the natural
environment. The model enables one to estimate the environmental deductions from the profit of factories and plants required
to compensate damage caused by their operation. As an example, we consider the process of control over the consumption of
biological resources in the water area of the Azov Sea suffering the action of a coastal industrial plant withdrawing sea
resources and polluting the water area with wastes. We also propose a procedure of assimilation of the data of observations
in the models of system dynamics by converting these data into the information technologies of control.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
2.
We consider the problem of stable development of natural economical complexes from the viewpoint of basic balances in an ecological
economical system. We construct a basic dynamical model of the complex capable of predicting various scenarios of the industrial
development, consumption of natural resources, and pollution of the environment and propose a mechanism of control over the
process of development by introducing rent payments for the use of natural resources and ecological fines for the pollution
of the environment. The efficiency of the applied model is demonstrated by analysing the process of control over the concentration
of biological resources in marine media as an example. We describe the results of numerical experiments performed to show
the possibility of creation of the information technology of control over marine bioresources.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
3.
We describe the hydrological structure of waters of the Persian Gulf and its seasonal variability according to the data of
CTD surveys carried out in February–June 1992 in the course of the cruises of the NOAA R/VMt. Mitchell aimed at the analysis of the consequences of the ecological catastrophe caused by the spread of oil spots formed as a result
of war operations in the Persian Gulf in 1991.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
4.
N. B. Shapiro 《Physical Oceanography》2000,10(6):513-531
We discuss the results of numerical experiments carried out within the framework of a new version of the quasiisopycnic model
of the Black Sea [1, 2]. We take into account the stochasticity of the wind stress, vertical shift of the flow velocity in
the upper quasihomogeneous layer, and diapycnic mixing. We generalize the procedure of “convective adjustment,” which enables
us to consider the propagation and transformation of waters of the Sea of Marmara. It is shown that the consideration of these
factors enables one to determine the structure and seasonal variability of hydrothermodynamic fields in the sea more correctly.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
5.
I. N. Okhotnikov 《Physical Oceanography》1999,10(2):169-174
We construct a numerical model of the evolution of the structure of an oceanic thermocline in the presence of “salt-finger”
convection. The model explains the formation of a piecewise homogeneous vertical structure of the temperature and salinity
fields in the ocean.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
6.
On the basis of the satellite and ship data of many-year observations, we parametrize the albedo of the ocean-atmosphere system
both for the conditions of “fair weather” and for the maximum and climatic optical thicknesses of oceanic clouds. These results
are used to develop a procedure of practically exact reconstruction of the monthly average fluxes of integral solar radiation
and the radiation budget over the ice-free surface of the oceans according to the data of satellite measurements of albedo
(Nimbus NOAA satellite, 1974–1983) for arbitrary conditions of transparency of the atmosphere and cloudiness. We determine the current
and climatic monthly average values and the characteristics of interannual variability of all components of the radiation
mode of the ocean-atmosphere system with a spatial resolution of 500×500 km.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
7.
A. A. Sizov 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(3):259-270
We study the interannual and seasonal variability of hydrometeorological fields in some regions of the Atlantic-European sector.
These low-frequency processes are analyzed depending on the index ΔP (an analog of the index of the North-Atlantic Oscillation). It is shown that the average value of the index ΔP over the winter natural synoptic season can be used for the determination of stable locations of the centre of the Azorean
maximum in 1971–1980 and 1981–1990, the typical state of cloudiness in the Atlantic-European sector, and the fields of precipitations
and atmospheric temperature in some regions of the Crimea. Typical anomalies of the fields of precipitations and atmospheric
temperature over the west and south coasts of the Crimea are described. The signs of the anomalies of precipitations in the
winter natural synoptic season are in good agreement with the signs of the corresponding anomalies of the field of cloudiness
in the Black-Sea region.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
8.
N. A. Panteleev 《Physical Oceanography》1999,9(6):405-416
We present an analytic survey of a series of works devoted to the direct methods for the investigation of turbulence in natural
basins originated under the guidance of A. G. Kolesnikov in the 50s. We describe the principal results of the early stage
which formed the basis for future investigations. The main scientific directions of the latest period are also considered
from the viewpoint of the development of Kolesnikov's ideas: investigation of the processes of generation and energy supply
of small-scale turbulence, relationship between turbulence and the fine vertical structure and internal waves, and the mechanisms
of vertical turbulent exchange in the ocean. A model of vertical exchange under the conditions of intermittent “source” turbulence
is distinguished. We also discuss the directions of development and prospects of the investigation of turbulence.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
9.
V. A. Blinkov 《Physical Oceanography》1999,10(2):183-192
We describe the characteristics of a towed complex used for measurements in the upper layer of the ocean under the conditions
of periodic deepening and lifting (scanning) of a carrier with sensors connected with the ship by a weight-carrying cable
of constant lengt. For a maximum scanning range of 0–200 m and a towing speed of up to 12 knots, the measurements were performed
every 1.5–2.0 km. The minimum vertical scale of recorded temperature and conductivity inhomogeneities is 0.05–0.08 m. We present
the results of measurements carried out by the towed complex in a section of the frontal zone in the north-east part of the
Tropical Atlantic.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
10.
V. I. Man’kovsky 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(5):491-494
We present the parameters of empirical relationships between the depth of visibility of Secchi disk and optical and biological
characteristics of the Black-Sea surface waters.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
11.
We discuss the results of analysis of published data and field and laboratory investigations aimed at the solution of the
problem of comparabilityof the results of detection of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea by spectrophotometric and iodometric
methods. We show that the reproducibility of the results of spectrophotometric analysis is higher than hat of the iodometric
method only in the case where the content of sulfide in a sample is less than 10–30 μMl−1. When larger concentrations are involved, the traditional iodometric analysis proves to be the most precise and reliable
method for the detection of hydrogen sulfide in the Black-Sea waters.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
12.
We study distinctive features of the oceanological conditions in the regions of underwater mountains. These conditions are
used as a basic for the selection of hydrological and biological subcomplexes (aqualandscapes) of these regions.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
13.
V. I. Man'kovsky 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(3):299-304
On the basis of the data of optical investigations performed in the Black Sea, we develop a method for the evaluation of the
spectral values of underwater quantum irradiance within the band of photosynthetically active radiation according to the depth
of visibility of a Secchi disk and the intensity of illumination of the sea in luxes. The method is based on the use of the
correlations between the following optical parameters: of the vertical daylight attenuation factor α with the depth of visibility
of a Secchi disk and of the spectral values of α(λ) within the band of photosynthetically active radiation with α(λmin) for sea waters. This method is applicable in the winter-spring period when the seasonal thermocline is absent, the upper
layers of the sea are mixed, and the vertical distribution of α is uniform.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
14.
S. I. Kondratev V. V. Dolotov Yu. G. Moiseev Yu. T. Shchetinin 《Physical Oceanography》2000,10(3):257-272
We performed a search for local coastal submarine springs of fresh water in the region from Cape Feolent to Cape Sarych (down
to an isobath of 40m). Stable submarine springs of brackish water with the minimum salinity of 5.5‰ and the minimum total
output of 30,000 m3/day were discovered only near the west wall of Cape Aiya. It is shown that brackish waters discharging from these springs
spread over the sea surface in the form of a thin layer (up to 1 m in thickness) characterized by lower salinity, higher transparency,
and an elevated content of silicic acid. We make a conjecture that the appearance of 2–3-m-thick layers of water with higher
transparency and lower salinity at depths of 5–8 m is explained by the discharge of unknown bottom springs of underground
fresh water.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
15.
In the coastal zone, as a result of mixing of waters, it is difficult to identify turbulent phenomena with a spatial scale
of 0.1–1 km accompanied by strong vertical flows according to the data of measuring temperature. On the basis of the data
of direct measurements, it is shown that turbulent structures are well pronounced in the field of breaking of wind waves.
We deduce empirical estimates of the response of the intensity of wave breaking to the magnitude of divergence of the current
and develop a theoretical model of the influence of inhomogeneities of currents on wave breaking capable of describing the
experimental data.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
16.
We analyse the time variability of the fields of Cs-137 concentration in the surface waters of the Black and Mediterranean
Seas in 1986–1998. It is shown that more contaminated Black-Sea waters affect the levels of concentration of this radionuclide
in the east part of the Mediterranean Sea. We also study the influence of atmospheric processes and water exchange through
Bosporus on the radioecological situation in the east part of the Mediterranean Sea and its coastal area.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
17.
S. A. Grodsky V. N. Kudryavtsev A. N. Bol'shakov V. E. Smolov 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(4):333-352
On the oceanographic platform of the Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, we performedin situ investigations of surface waves based on the analysis of the fluctuations of radar signals at a wavelength of 1.2 cm. We
analyzed both the traditional modulation transfer function used to describe variations of the scattering cross section for
the scales of surface waves and the correlation of mean variations of the level of radar signals with the group structure
of waving. This is of interest for applications in medium-resolution radar systems (−200–500m) recording the group structure
of waving in the process of its smoothing. The experimental estimations of the amplitude of variations of radar signals caused
by the group structure of waving are in good agreement with numerical results obtained with the help of a two-scale model
of scattering of radar signals by the sea surface.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
18.
O. I. Efremov 《Physical Oceanography》2000,10(3):193-204
A method of statistical separation of fine-structure fluctuations according to their origin is applied to the analysis of
the characteristics of mixing in a layer located below the summer temperature minimum in the Black Sea. The simplification
of the procedure of numerical evaluation of the coefficient of vertical wave exchange enabled us to perform the comprehensive
fine-structure processing of the data of regular surveys of the Black Sea with an aim to determine the spatial distribution
of the field intensity of small-scale internal waves and the intensity of mixing caused by these waves in the analyzed layer.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
19.
The evolution of an ensemble of intense vortices in the β-plane is numerically simulated. In the process of evolution, vortices
interact either directly or by means of the Rossby waves emitted by them. We show that the mean displacements of vortices
of the ensemble along the meridian and, as a result, their energy losses are lower than for the isolated vortices evolving
in the β-plane. This means that they are more stable than the isolated vortices. In addition, for vortices in the ensemble,
the theoretical dependence of the energy of a vortex on its displacement from the initial latitude obtained for the motion
of an intense isolated vortex in the β-plane is in good agreement with the experimental data.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
20.
We describe one of possible mechanisms of the formation of anomalies of the cloud field over the North Atlantic and Europe
by using, as an example, the processes developed in the Atlantic-European sector during the natural synoptic season in the
spring of 1996. It is shown that the anomalies of the cloud field can be classified with the use of the index of the North
Atlantic oscillation and the latitude of the center of the Azorean maximum.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献