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1.
Banded iron formation (BIF) comprising high grade iron ore are exposed in Gorumahisani‐Sulaipat‐Badampahar belt in the east of North Orissa Craton, India. The ores are multiply deformed and metamorphosed to amphibolite facies. The mineral assemblage in the BIF comprises grunerite, magnetite/martite/goethite and quartz. Relict carbonate phases are sometimes noticed within thick iron mesobands. Grunerite crystals exhibit needles to fibrous lamellae and platy form or often sheaf‐like aggregates in linear and radial arrangement. Accicular grunerite also occur within intergranular space of magnetite/martite. Grunerite needles/accicules show higher reflectivity in chert mesoband and matching reflectance with that of adjacent magnetite/martite in iron mesoband. Some grunerite lamellae sinter into micron size magnetite platelets. This grunerite has high ferrous oxide and cobalt oxide content but is low in Mg‐ and Mn‐oxide compared to the ones, reported from BIFs, of Western Australia, Nigeria, France, USA and Quebec. The protolith of this BIF is considered to be carbonate containing sediments, with high concentrations of Fe and Si but lower contents of cobalt and chromium ± Mg, Mn and Ni. During submarine weathering quartz, sheet silicate (greenalite) and Fe‐Co‐Cr (Mg‐Mn‐Ni)‐carbonate solid solution were formed. At the outset of the regional metamorphic episode grunerite, euhedral magnetite and recrystalized quartz were developed. Magnetite was grown at the expense of carbonate and later martitized under post‐metamorphic conditions. With the increasing grade of metamorphism greenalite transformed to grunerite.  相似文献   

2.
Field relationships as well as petrographical and geochemical considerations form the basis of a model for the origin of the protoliths of the iron-formations and the associated phyllitic host rock of the Palaeoproterozoic schist belts of northern Nigeria. The iron-formations which consist of both the magnetite-subfacies and silicatefacies occur as relatively small, sporadic tabular bodies throughout the belts. They are concordantly interbanded with metasedimentary phyllites with which they share common metamorphic and deformational imprints. The iron-formations have high contents of Mn, Ca, Fe and P2O5 and low concentrations of alkalis (Na,K, Rb) Ba and Sr, Ti, Al and Si, whereas the phyllite exhibits exactly the opposite character. These results and other features (e.g. the composition of tourmaline in the phyllite and the occurrence of hydroclastic Cr-Mn-spinel and sulphides in the iron-formation) indicate a supply of materials from two different sources to the marine basin of Nigeria probably during Birimian time: slow but continuous deposition of continentally derived material of pelitic to psammitic composition; and rapid, sometimes intermittent, sporadic pulses of submarine-volcanic exhalations. During regional metamorphism (probably of Eburnian age) at greenschist to lower amphibolite fades conditions, the continental materials were transformed into phyllites and the mudstone-like sediments derived from volcanic exhalations into iron-formations. In the northern Nigerian schist belts two types of metamorphic parageneses in the iron-formations are recognized, both with various subtypes and without transitions between these two facies: (1) silicate-rich parageneses without magnetite (silicatefacies) and (2) magnetite-rich parageneses (magnetite-subfacies). In contrast to these parageneses, the iron-formations in the higher-grade metamorphic terrains of central Nigeria turn out to be hematitic (hematite-subfacies), and are derived from magnetite-bearing iron-formations by a second tectono-metamorphic event of Pan-African age (Mücke and Annor 1993). Whole-rock analyses of the Nigerian iron-formations explain the abundance of garnet (mainly spessartine) and clearly show that the formation of metamorphic minerals depended not only on temperature and pressure but also on the existing redox conditions. These environmental conditions controlled the formation of either magnetite parageneses (low redox conditions) or silicate parageneses without magnetite (high redox conditions). The environmental conditions are also an indication that magnetite (and hematite) could not have been constituents of the original sedimentary protolith of the Nigerian schist belts, but are exclusively of metamorphic origin.  相似文献   

3.
This investigation deals with the Nigerian iron-formations and their host rocks and is based on about 560 mineral analyses (electron-microprobe) and 93 whole-rock analyses (64 iron-formations and 29 host rocks). The manganese-rich and Al-bearing iron-formations occurring in various schist belts of the northern and southern part of West-Nigeria consist of the magnetite-free silicate, the magnetite–silicate and the quartz-rich hematite facies.Iron-formations and host rocks originated from submarine-volcanogenic exhalations enriched in Fe, Mn and CO2 and from Al2O3, SiO2 and alkali (K2O and Na2O)-rich continental-derived pelitic to psammitic material. From these sources and their interaction and controlled by the volcanogenic activity, differently composed protoliths were deposited in the marine basin during the Birimian time. Subsequent metamorphism of greenschist to low amphibolite facies conditions during the Eburnian time led to the formation of the metaprotoliths of the magnetite–silicate (consisting of predominantly magnetite and quartz and subordinate of garnet and amphibole), the silicate facies (consisting of garnet, amphibole and rarely Mn-bearing ilmenite and quartz) and the metasediment phyllite. Garnets are predominantly almandine–spessartine solid solutions, whereas amphiboles are Mn and Ca-bearing grunerite–cummingtonite solid solutions. In the course of a second tectono-metamorphic event of Pan-African age, the magnetite–silicate facies iron-formation/phyllite association was transformed into the hematite facies and muscovite/biotite schists, whereas the silicate facies is characterized by extensive silicification features. The hematite facies and the silicified silicate facies are restricted to southern Nigeria where the second and heterogeneous tectono-metamorphic event is more pronounced (amphibolite facies conditions) than in northern Nigeria.The genesis, summarized as the metamorphic model, shows that the carbonate-rich (siderite, rhodochrosite and subordinate magnesite and calcite) protoliths were metamorphically transformed into the silicate and magnetite–silicate facies. The separation of Mn and Fe, leading to manganese-bearing iron-formations and iron-bearing manganese-formations was explained by varying pH-conditions, under which siderite (pH: 6.8–9.4) and rhodochrosite (pH: 9–11) precipitated.Similar to the Gunfit and Biwabik iron-formations of Minnesota, USA, the iron-formation of Bingi (Maru schist belt), now present in the form of the fayalite bearing silicate facies, was overprinted by contact metamorphism caused by a gabbro intrusion.  相似文献   

4.
The oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of minerals from banded iron formations (BIFs) and high-grade ore in the region of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) were determined in order to estimate the temperature of regional metamorphism and the nature of rock-and ore-forming solutions. Magnetite and hematite of primary sedimentary or diagenetic origin have δ18O within the range from +2 to 6‰. During metamorphism, primary iron oxides, silicates, and carbonates were involved in thermal dissociation and other reactions to form magnetite with δ18O = +6 to +11‰. As follows from a low δ18Oav = ?3.5‰ of mushketovite (magnetite pseudomorphs after hematite) in high-grade ore, this mineral was formed as a product of hematite reduction by organic matter. The comparison of δ18O of iron oxides, siderite, and quartz from BIFs formed at different stages of the evolution of the Kursk protogeosyncline revealed specific sedimentation (diagenesis) conditions and metamorphism of the BIFs belonging to the Kursk and Oskol groups. BIF of the Oskol Group is distinguished by a high δ18O of magnetite compared to other Proterozoic BIFs. Martite ore differs from host BIF by a low δ18O = ?0.2 to ?5.9‰. This implies that oxygen from infiltration water was incorporated into the magnetite lattice during the martite formation. Surface water penetrated to a significant depth through tectonic faults and fractures.  相似文献   

5.
川西丹巴地区变质岩的Rb—Sr年代学研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
丹巴地区自中生代以来经历了多期的变形、变质和岩浆作用。根据变质程度差异划分出6个变质带：矽线石带、蓝晶石带、十字石带、石榴子石带、黒云母带和绢云母－绿泥石带。蓝晶石带十字石片岩和石榴石带斜长角闪岩与变玄武岩的矿物Rb－Sr等时线年龄分别为149.0±7.1Ma，160.0±13.0Ma和150.2±2.4Ma，它们代表该区最主要的一次区域动热变质事件年龄。本文还结合已有的年代学资料，讨论了丹巴地区变质作用演化史  相似文献   

6.
Oxide–sulphide–Fe–Mg–silicate and titanite–ilmenite textures as well as their mineral compositions have been studied in felsic and intermediate orthogneisses across an amphibolite (north) to granulite facies (south) traverse of lower Archean crust, Tamil Nadu, south India. Titanite is limited to the amphibolite facies terrane where it rims ilmenite or occurs as independent grains. Pyrite is widespread throughout the traverse increasing in abundance with increasing metamorphic grade. Pyrrhotite is confined to the high‐grade granulites. Ilmenite is widespread throughout the traverse increasing in abundance with increasing metamorphic grade and occurring primarily as hemo‐ilmenite in the high‐grade granulite facies rocks. Magnetite is widespread throughout the traverse and is commonly associated with ilmenite. It decreases in abundance with increasing metamorphic grade. In the granulite facies zone, reaction rims of magnetite + quartz occur along Fe–Mg silicate grain boundaries. Magnetite also commonly rims or is associated with pyrite. Both types of reaction rims represent an oxidation effect resulting from the partial subsolidus reduction of the hematite component in ilmenite to magnetite. This is confirmed by the presence of composite three oxide grains consisting of hematite, magnetite and ilmenite. Magnetite and magnetite–pyrite micro‐veins along silicate grain boundaries formed over a wide range of post‐peak metamorphic temperatures and pressures ranging from high‐grade SO2 to low‐grade H2S‐dominated conditions. Oxygen fugacities estimated from the orthopyroxene–magnetite–quartz, orthopyroxene–hematite–quartz, and magnetite–hematite buffers average 2.5 log units above QFM. It is proposed that the trends in mineral assemblages, textures and composition are the result of an external, infiltrating concentrated brine containing an oxidizing component such as CaSO4 during high‐grade metamorphism later acted upon by prograde and retrograde mineral reactions that do not involve an externally derived fluid phase.  相似文献   

7.
Banded iron formation (BIF) of the Gorumahisani–Sulaipat–Badampahar (GSB) belt in Singhbhum Craton, India, consists predominantly of magnetite. This BIF is intruded by a magnetite dyke. The magnetite dyke is massive and compact with minor sulphide minerals while the host banded magnetite ore, a component of the BIF, shows thin lamination. The magnetite ore of the dyke is fine to medium grained and exhibits interlocking texture with sharp grain boundaries, which is different from the banded magnetite that is medium to coarse grained and show irregular martitised and goethitised grain boundaries. Relics of Fe–Ca–Mn–Mg‐carbonate and iron silicates (grunerite and cummingtonite) are observed in the banded magnetite. The intrusive magnetite is distinctly different in minor, trace and REE geochemistry from the banded magnetite. The banded magnetite contains higher amounts of Si, Al, Mn, Ca, Mg, Sc, Ga, Nb, Zr, Hf, Co, Rb and Cu. In contrast, the massive magnetite is enriched in Cr, Zn, V, Ni, Sr, Pb, Y, Ta, Cs and U with higher abundance of HREE. In the chondrite normalized plot, the massive magnetite shows a slight positive Eu anomaly while the banded ore does not show any Eu anomaly. Field disposition, morphology, mineralogy and chemistry show that the intrusive magnetite dyke is of igneous origin, while magnetite in BIF formed from a carbonate protolith through the process of sedimentation.  相似文献   

8.
山西五台金岗库矿床成矿作用研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
赵娜  王忠梅  王浩  韩春明 《地质科学》2019,54(2):608-641
金岗库矿床位于华北克拉通中部造山带,具有典型的VMS与BIF共生特征。本文对金岗库矿床的地质与地球化学特征进行系统研究,探讨金岗库硫化物矿石与磁铁石英岩的共生特点与成矿动力学模式。研究表明,硫化物矿体受地层及岩性控制,多呈扁豆、层状—似层状赋存于五台绿岩带金岗库组的磁铁石英岩、斜长角闪岩、斜长片岩和云母石英片岩中。矿石中金属矿物组合为黄铁矿—黄铜矿—磁黄铁矿—磁铁矿,矿石主要呈半自形—他形粒状结构和块状、条带状构造,围岩蚀变为绿泥石化和绢云母化。斜长角闪岩的原岩恢复,表明斜长角闪岩的原岩为拉斑玄武岩,可能形成于岛弧环境。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年显示变基性火山岩的原岩形成于2 500 Ma,代表了金岗库矿床的成矿年龄。变质流体体系的成分模式为H2O-NaCl-CO2-CH4±N2±H2,变质峰期为中高温(322℃~473℃)、低盐度(2.2%~6.74%)的热液流体,并叠加少量中高温(290℃~470℃)、高盐度(37.4%~55.79%)的岩浆热液流体;峰后阶段为中低温(225℃~302℃)、中低盐度(4.03%~11.81%)的热液流体。金岗库矿床赋存的磁铁石英岩和硫化物矿体紧密共生,具有相同的成矿时代、物质来源和变质变形历史。综合以上研究认为金岗库矿床的成因类型为海相火山喷流沉积—变质热液流体叠加改造型。  相似文献   

9.
A largely undocumented region of eclogite associated with a thick blueschist unit occurs in the Kotsu area of the Sanbagawa belt. The composition of coexisting garnet and omphacite suggests that the Kotsu eclogite formed at peak temperatures of around 600 °C synchronous with a penetrative deformation (D1). There are local significant differences in oxygen fugacity of the eclogite reflected in mineral chemistries. The peak pressure is constrained to lie between 14 and 25 kbar by microstructural evidence for the stability of paragonite throughout the history recorded by the eclogite, and the composition of omphacite in associated eclogite facies pelitic schist. Application of garnet‐phengite‐omphacite geobarometry gives metamorphic pressures around 20 kbar. Retrograde metamorphism associated with penetrative deformation (D2) is in the greenschist facies. The composition of syn‐D2 amphibole in hematite‐bearing basic schist and the nature of the calcium carbonate phase suggest that the retrograde P–T path was not associated with a significant increase or decrease in the ratio of P–T conditions following the peak of metamorphism. This P–T path contrasts with the open clockwise path derived from eclogite of the Besshi area. The development of distinct P–T paths in different parts of the Sanbagawa belt shows the shape of the P–T path is not primarily controlled by tectonic setting, but by internal factors such as geometry of metamorphic units and exhumation rates.  相似文献   

10.
桐柏山地区信阳-舒城断裂带西段石榴云母片岩中石榴石变斑晶保留了较多岩石形成过程中的变形-变质信息,它真实地反映了中国南北两大板块缝合带的形成条件和演化历史.石榴石探针成分分析结果表明其属于铁铝榴石,反映出经受中级区域变质作用的特征.在Nadi石榴石成分与变质带的关系图上主要投影在略偏石榴石带的蓝晶石带内,显示岩石遭受了...  相似文献   

11.
羌塘中部的高压变质带位于龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带之上,由榴辉岩、蓝片岩和石榴石白云母片岩组成。其形成过程对探讨板块缝合带的构造演化具有重要意义。2008年笔者在果干加年山地区的展金岩群湖南山岩组中发现了硬玉石榴石二云母片岩这种新的高压变质岩石类型,文中以其为研究对象,做了较为详细的岩石学、矿物学以及变质作用的研究,认为硬玉石榴石二云母片岩至少经历了二期的变质作用:第一期早期绿片岩相,形成了片理S1,其pT条件为T=425～434℃,p=300～500MPa;第二期主期蓝片岩相高压变质作用,形成岩石主期片理S2,其pT条件为T=472～481℃,p=1200～1700MPa。硬玉石榴石二云母片岩是榴辉岩折返过程中构造事件的产物,这期折返事件形成了218～220Ma的一期蓝片岩相变形-变质作用。  相似文献   

12.
Banded iron-formations are main resources of global iron ore in which high-grade ore is mainly composed of martite–goethite and hematite. They are also the major resource of iron ore in China, mainly distributing in Liaoning and Hebei Province. In China, the iron ore with Fe greater than 50% is classified as high-grade iron ore. The high-grade iron ore mainly consists of magnetite and displays its unique characteristics. Gongchangling iron deposit is one typical BIF-iron deposit which contains 150 Mt of high-grade iron ore in China. The high-grade magnetite ore bodies mainly occur around magnetite quartzite, faults and the cores of folds and show positive relation to the development of the “altered rocks” in this deposit. This research shows that high-grade magnetite comes from magnetite quartzite and they are both formed, with little or no addition of aluminum-containing detrital material, by marine chemical deposition in reduced environment and they are closely related to seafloor hydrothermal activity.Muddy–silty rocks are original rocks of “altered rocks”, of which the primitive mantle normalized REE pattern, except Eu, is consistent with that of iron ore, reflecting that their formation is related to the formation of high-grade magnetite ore. Therefore, the formation mechanism of high-grade iron ore is proposed as following: the regional metamorphism provides storage space for the formation of high-grade magnetite ore and required temperature and pressure conditions for the mineral transformation; the regional metamorphic hydrothermal fluid leaches FeO out of magnetite quartzite when it passes by; and the FeO that leached out moves near faults or cores of folds together with the metamorphic hydrothermal fluid and aluminum-containing rocks, of which the original rocks are muddy–silty; in the formation of high-grade iron ore, aluminum-containing rock appears in the intervals of sedimentation of iron-containing rock series and consumes the silicon leached out of magnetite quartzite and forms garnet, chlorite, and biotite.  相似文献   

13.
凯勒克赛依铁矿床是新疆阿尔泰唯一的小型镜铁矿床,赋存于一套变质火山-沉积岩系中,近矿围岩为白云母石英片岩,矿体呈层状,与地层产状一致,矿石具有块状、条带状、条纹状构造,矿石中金属矿物主要为镜铁矿(TFeO=87349%~88988%,TiO2=0~1042%,Al2O3=0036%~0256%),矿化具有沉积特征。近矿围岩镜铁矿白云母石英片岩锆石LA MC ICP MS U Pb谐和年龄为(3756 ± 06)Ma,限定成矿时代在376 Ma左右,即中泥盆世成矿,是阿尔泰为数不多的中泥盆世成矿作用的产物。同时也厘定含矿的变质火山-沉积岩系属中—晚泥盆世阿勒泰镇组,不是前人认为的早泥盆世康布铁堡组。  相似文献   

14.
Near the Ontario—Minnesota boundary, the middle Precambriansedimentary Gunflint Iron Formation has been contact metamorphosedby the Duluth Complex to the pyroxene hornfels facies. Threemetamorphic zones have been recognized based on mineralogicalchanges observed within the aureole; a fourth zone correspondsto essentially unmetamorphosed iron formation. Each zone maybe recognized by the dominant iron silicate present: zone 1—greenalitezone (unmetamorphosed), zone 2—minnesotaite zone (slightlymetamorphosed), zone 3—grunerite zone (moderately metamorphosed),zone4—ferrohypersthene zone (highly metamorphosed). Granule bearing cherty rocks of zone 2 are characterized bythe reduction of hematite to magnetite and reaction of greenaliteand siderite to minnesotaite ± magnetite. Relict texturesare well preserved in zone 2 and retrograde reactions are minimal.Grunerite first appears in banded slaty rocks of zone 3. ‘Slaty’grunerite formed principally by reaction between carbonate andstilpnomelane, while in cherty rocks grunerite formed by reactionbetween greenalite and silica. Original bulk chemical differencesbetween cherty and slaty iron formation is reflected by amphibolechemistry as shown by the higher Al content and lower Fe/Fe+ Mg ratio of slaty grunerite, and by the greater ahundanceof Na, Al-bearing amphiboles such as ferrotschermakite in slatyrocks. Hedenbergite and fayalite appear in the upper part ofzone 3; both formed by silication of carbonates and both arepartially retrograded to amphibole. Prograde grunerite-cummingtoniteis partially replaced by minnesotaite in cherty rocks of zones3 and 4. In zone 4, greenalite and siderite-bearing assemblagesreacted to ferrohypersthene, fayalite (±quartz), pigeoniteand grunerite-cummingtonite. Retrogradation is widespread andresulted mainly in the formation of grunerite. Primary textureswere destroyed in slaty rocks but are still recognizable incherty rocks. Preservation of sedimentary textures within the contact aureoleis a characteristic feature of cherty rocks. In zone l theserocks typically consist of the following textural-mineralogicalassociation: granules (greenalite, quartz, hematite), cement(quartz, siderite, ankerite, calcite) and mottles (various carbonates).Retention of these textural elements, combined with compositionaldata for assemblages in the low to moderate grade rocks, enablesidentification of numerous metamorphic reactions. In the absenceof relict phases or relict textures sedimentary assemblagescan sometimes be inferred from abundances of minor elementssuch as Al and Mn. In some slaty rocks the presence of carbonaceous or graphiticmaterial has preserved perfectly premetamorphic structures suchas siderite spherules and ankerite rhombs, enabling the recognitionof several amphibole-forming reactions. Chemographic analysis of simplified subsystems for cherty rocksof zone 1, zone 2, and the lower part of zone 3, are consistentwith observed assemblages and reactions.  相似文献   

15.
相山地区变质岩划分为４个变质岩带，由南往北依次分布，构成典型的递增变质带。十字石的出现表明变质作用已达到低角闪岩相。获得十字石云母片岩及斜长角闪片岩ＲｂＳｒ等时年龄分别为７１９．７、７２７．６Ｍａ。首次厘定相山变质岩形成于新元古代，而非加里东期变质。其原岩的成岩时代应为前震旦纪  相似文献   

16.
Chromite compositions in komatiites are influenced by metamorphicprocesses, particularly above 500°C. Metamorphosed chromiteis substantially more iron rich than igneous precursors, asa result of Mg–Fe exchange with silicates and carbonates.Chromite metamorphosed to amphibolite facies is enriched inZn and Fe, and depleted in Ni, relative to lower metamorphicgrades. Relative proportions of the trivalent ions Cr3+, Al3+and Fe3+ are not greatly modified by metamorphism up to loweramphibolite facies, although minor Fe3+ depletion occurs duringtalc–carbonate alteration at low temperature. SignificantAl is lost from chromite cores above 550°C, as a resultof equilibration with fluids in equilibrium with chlorite. ElevatedZn content in chromite is restricted to rocks with low (metamorphic)Mg/Fe ratios, and is the result of introduction of Zn duringlow-temperature alteration, with further concentration and homogenizationduring prograde metamorphism. Cobalt and Mn also behave similarly,except where carbonate minerals are predominant in the metamorphicassemblage. Chromite at amphibolite facies is typically extensivelyreplaced by magnetite. This is the result of incomplete metamorphicreaction between chromite and chlorite-bearing silicate assemblages.Magnetite compositions at the inner chromite–magnetiteboundary are indicators of metamorphic grade. KEY WORDS: chromite; komatiite; spinel; metamorphism; Zn  相似文献   

17.
This study describes textures and mineral chemistry of magnetite-ilmenite-bearing pods/pockets in mineralogically diverse feldspathic schist near Pathargora in the Singhbhum Shear Zone, eastern India. The textural and geochemical characteristics of the magnetite-ilmenite assemblage are the results of a protracted geological history involving magmatic crystallization and oxidation-exsolution of titanomagnetite, deformation-induced recrystallization and textural re-equilibration and hydrothermal fluid-induced hematitization of magmatic magnetite. The magnetite grains contain characteristic trellis and sandwich ilmenite lamella, which are interpreted to be the products of oxidation-exsolution of ulvöspinel component of magnetite-ulvöspinel solid solution. The exsolution process was accompanied by preferential partitioning of spinel elements such as Cr, Al and V in magnetite and Ti, Mn, Mg, HFS elements (Nb, Ta), transition elements (Sc, Co, Cu and Zn) and granitophile elements (Mo, Sn and W) in ilmenite. The deformed sandwich lamella is locally recrystallized and transformed into granular ilmenite close to fractures, micro-shear planes and magnetite grain boundaries. Coarse granules of ilmenite, within or associated with magnetite, are of two textural types: one invariably contains Fe-rich exsolved phase and may be of magmatic origin, while the other mostly formed by strain-induced, fluid-mediated expulsion (from the interior of magnetite to its boundary) and dynamic recrystallization of existing ilmenite lamella in magnetite, and dynamic recrystallization of primary ilmenite containing Fe-rich exsolved phases. Magnetite is variably hematitized. The highly porous nature and trace element geochemistry of hematite and mass-balance calculations suggest the hematitization was mostly redox-independent and was caused by infiltration of metal-rich, reduced and acidic fluid. The hematitization process was associated with significant enrichment and immobilization of U, Th, Pb, REEs, Cu, Mo and W and depletion of Ni, Cr, V in hematite.  相似文献   

18.
苏鲁褶皱带形成于元古宙 (2 2 33～ 185 5Ma)典型优地槽构造环境 ,主要由石榴橄榄岩、石榴辉石岩、榴辉岩等侵入岩 (柯石英深度相地幔岩浆房中形成 )和它们的火山沉积建造围岩一起经褶皱、变质而形成。变质作用经历了先蓝片岩相 (前花岗岩 )后片麻岩混合岩相过程。由于变质作用的不规律性 ,苏鲁褶皱带可分为 2个构造带 :(1)东部构造带 (蓝片岩 )和 (2 )西部构造带 (片麻岩混合岩 )。根据A·都城秋穗所识别的变质带系统 ,可将其作为一个双变质带。东部构造带以出现许多块状、条带状榴辉岩辉石岩橄榄岩组合的残余岩块为特征 ,其中还残留着高压的矿物 (石榴石、绿辉石、柯石英 ) ,而且有被混合岩和各种交代岩替代的显著标志。在中生代 ,苏鲁元古褶皱带受造山作用的影响活化 ,导致许多花岗岩体的侵入 ,使交代岩广泛发育。  相似文献   

19.
The Biwabik Iron Formation of Minnesota (1.9 Ga) underwent contact metamorphism by intrusion of the Duluth Complex (1.1 Ga). Apparent quartz–magnetite oxygen isotope temperatures decrease from ∼700°C at the contact to ∼375°C at 2.6 km distance (normal to the contact in 3D). Metamorphic pigeonite at the contact, however, indicates that peak temperatures were greater than 825°C. The apparent O isotope temperatures, therefore, reflect cooling, and not peak metamorphic conditions. Magnetite was reset in δ18O as a function of grain size, indicating that isotopic exchange was controlled by diffusion of oxygen in magnetite for samples from above the grunerite isograd. Apparent quartz–magnetite O isotope temperatures are similar to calculated closure temperatures for oxygen diffusion in magnetite at a cooling rate of ∼5.6°C/kyr, which suggests that the Biwabik Iron Formation cooled from ∼825 to 400°C in ∼75 kyr at the contact with the Duluth Complex. Isotopic exchange during metamorphism also occurred for Fe, where magnetite–Fe silicate fractionations decrease with increasing metamorphic grade. Correlations between quartz–magnetite O isotope fractionations and magnetite–iron silicate Fe isotope fractionations suggest that both reflect cooling, where the closure temperature for Fe was higher than for O. The net effect of metamorphism on δ18O–δ56Fe variations in magnetite is a strong increase in δ18OMt and a mild decrease in δ56Fe with increasing metamorphic grade, relative to the isotopic compositions that are expected at the low temperatures of initial magnetite formation. If metamorphism of Iron Formations occurs in a closed system, bulk O and Fe isotope compositions may be preserved, although re-equilibration among the minerals may occur for both O and Fe isotopes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

20.
The metamorphic rocks of the Aligudarz-Khonsar region can be divided into nine groups: slate, phyllite, sericite schist, biotite-muscovite schist, garnet schist, garnet-staurolite schist, staurolite schist, mylonitic granite, and marble. In this metamorphic region, four phases of metamorphism can be identified (dynamothermal, thermal, dynamic and retrograde metamorphism) and there are three deformation phases (D1, D2 and D3). Paleozoic pelagic shales experienced prograde metamorphism and polymetamorphism from the greenschist to amphibolite facies along the kyanite geotherm. The metapelites show prograde dynamothermal metamorphism from the greenschist to amphibolite facies. Maximum degree of dynamothermal metamorphism is seen in the Nughan bridge area. Also development of the mylonitic granites in the Nughan bridge area shows that dynamic metamorphism in this area was more intense than in other parts of the AligudarzKhonsar metapelitic zone. The chemical zoning of garnets shows three stages of growth and syn-tectonic formation. With ongoing metamorphism, staurolite appeared, and the rocks reached amphibolite facies, but the degree of metamorphism did not increase past the kyanite zone. Thus, metamorphism of the pelitic sediments occurred at the greenschist to amphibolite facies (kyanite zone). Thermodynamic studies of these rocks indicate that the metapelites in the Aligudarz-Khonsar region formed at 490–550°C and 0.47–5.6 kbar.  相似文献   

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