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本文从ＥＩＳＣＡＴ探测资料分析确认，沉降粒子对极光区电离层的电离生成率有极重要的作用，但高能和低能粒子的有效电离高度范围完全不同，另一方面，磁层对流的增强却常使Ｆ层电子密度Ｎ下降，１９８５年１月２８～２９日期间出现Ｎ（Ｅ层）Ｎ（Ｆ层），且１４７ｋｍ以上Ｎ随高度增加而下降的典型扰动剖面。这是高能粒子和强磁层对流共同作用的结果。１９９３年２月１６～１７日期间，中午前后ＮｍＦ异常地增大，而Ｎ（Ｅ层）却无明显变化。这是与前者特征不同的另一类典型剖面。磁层内低能粒子（能量小于１ｋｅＶ）从极隙区沉降直抵电离层是使Ｆ层电子密度剧增的物理机制 相似文献
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A simulation study of the influence of soft precipitating electrons on the polar ionosphere 
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下载免费PDF全文 Calculation of the influence of soft precipitating electrons on the polar ionosphere was carried out. The primary results are: (1) During summer time when the sunlight is the main source of upper atmosphere ionization, the additional soft electron precipitation can increase the NmF2. The daily variation of NmF2 is mainly controlled by solar EUV radiation. (2) At wintertime, when only soft electron precipitation ionization is considered, a peak at the height of F2 layer also appears. The altitude profile of electron density is different frorn that when the sunlit ionization is taken into account. 相似文献
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本文利用电离层数字测高仪 (DPS - 4)所测的f0 F2和从美国NOAA和DMSP卫星观测估算的半球功率指数和午夜极光区赤道侧边界纬度等资料 ,考察中山站电离层的极区特征。结果表明 ,冬季中山站电离层内的电离生成主要取决于从磁层沉降的粒子。在太阳活动和地磁变化宁静环境下 ,磁正午极隙区内的软粒子是最主要的电离源 ,它能使f0 F2达全天的最大值 ;上、下午各有数小时处于极光带内时 ,高能粒子的电离作用也很重要 ;夜间进入极盖区后 ,电子密度则很低。夏季太阳辐射电离效应使f0 F2值比冬季增加 1- 1 .5MHz,而其日变化的最大值时间也提前了 1- 2hr。发生很大扰动时 ,极隙区和极光带的位置均向低纬方向移动。若中山站日间也处于极盖区内时 ,电子密度会大幅度下降 ,并常接收不到电离层回波的信号。在中等扰动环境下情况更加复杂。由于高纬电离层对流速度很高 ,离子 /中性分子间的碰撞复合系数就很大。热层中性大气全球经向环流对高纬电离层电子密度的增加无显著作用。磁暴期间中午从极隙区向南的等离子体对流对中山站f0 F2的增高也无明显影响。 相似文献
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Seasonal characteristics of F region in lower solar activity period at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Based on data of Digisonde Portable Sounder-4 (DPS-4 ) in 1995 -1997. we have analyzed the seasonal variations of F region at Zhongshan Station (69. 4°S,76. 4°E ). During the summer of Zhongshan Station, F region ionization is mainly controlled by the solar ultraviolet radiation. Similar to the phenomena in mid-latitude area, the value f0F2 is changed with local time. During equinox scasons, soft electron precipitation from the cusp/cleft region seems significant, f0F2 is changed with rnagnetic local time, and shows the magnetic noon phenomenon. In winter. the effect of the solar radiation on the F region is less than that of summer. Instead, F region is affected by particle precipitation from cusp/cleft region as well as polar plasma convection, there fore, the diurnal variation of f0F2 is more complex and shows two peaks. F region occurs all day in summer. and seldom appears at midnight in equinox.In winter, F region shows two minimums, one is at midnight and the other is at afternoon cusp. Further analysis of the F region spread indicates that in winter the aurora oval passes over the Zhongshan Station is at 1100 UT - 1500 UT. 相似文献
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本文利用南极中山站的数字式电离层垂直测高仪１９９５年的频高图资料，对中山站上空冬季电离层的一些平均特性进行了初步分析。中山站冬季电离层Ｆ层很不稳定，其日变化比较明显，ｆｏＦ２的月中值在０９００ＵＴ出现极大并在１４００ＵＴ附近出现次极大。最大值在０９００ＵＴ（磁中午）附近，这是极隙区软电子沉降、极区等离子体对流和光辐射电离效应等诸多因素综合作用的结果，形成了所谓的磁中午异常。在２０００～０１００ＵＴ之间ｆｏＦ２数值较小，可能是由于这段时间中山站正处于电离层极洞区域。Ｅｓ层几乎每天都可以观测到，在１７００ＵＴ附近出现机率较高，并且ｆｏＥｓ数值较大，多数为极光型Ｅｓ，主要是由于极光粒子沉降引起的。电离层Ｅ层的变化相对平缓。 相似文献
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为了探索塔克拉玛干沙漠夏季晴空对流边界层湍流结构和热对流运动规律,利用沙漠腹地探空及地表通量观测资料,开展了晴空对流边界层的大涡模拟研究。结果表明：（1）沙漠夏季晴空条件下,对流边界层湍能主要由地表热力浮力对流产生,机械剪切对边界层湍能的贡献较小,小尺度湍涡对湍能的耗散随高度呈减弱趋势,边界层湍能变化呈现间歇性特点。（2）沙漠夏季晴空边界层中存在着有组织的热对流泡现象,热泡最大上升速度可超过4.0 m·s-1;沙漠热对流运动一般呈羽状和网状分布特征,在上升运动区周围伴随有大片的下沉辐散区域。（3）地表感热和逆温层顶盖强度是控制和影响沙漠对流边界层发展的两个重要因素,感热增大,对流边界层变暖且高度升高;感热减小,对流边界层变冷且高度降低。在感热不变的条件下,逆温层顶盖强度越强,越不利于对流边界层发展,反之则相反。 相似文献
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海岸风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒的垂向分布模式 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
通过对河北昌黎黄金海岸沙丘风沙流的野外实地观测与室内风洞模拟实验数据的数值模拟,探讨了我国典型海岸沙丘风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒输沙量的垂向分布模式。结果表明,河北昌黎黄金海岸沙丘表面风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒输沙量的垂向分布特征并不一致,其中细沙和中沙符合典型的指数递减分布规律,但粗沙则为负幂函数分布。究其原因,主要与不同粒径组沙粒输沙量的分布高度及运动方式差异有关。在实际非均匀沙床面上,粗沙主要集中分布于沙丘表面4cm高度内湍流发育的近地表层,运动方式以蠕移为主,沙丘表面湍流的主导作用使其输沙量随高度的变化满足负幂律关系,但中沙和细沙则以跃移运动为主,跃移沙粒输沙量的垂向分布呈现指数递减特征。 相似文献
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《Polar Science》2014,8(2):57-72
Cloud radiation interactions are important in the global climate system. However, an understanding of mixed-phase boundary layer clouds in the Arctic remains poor. During May–June 2011, ground-based in situ measurements were made at Zeppelin Station, operated by the Norwegian Polar Institute (altitude 474 m) in Ny-Ålesund (78.9°N, 11.9°E), Svalbard. The instruments used comprised a Cloud, Aerosol and Precipitation Spectrometer (CAPS), and a Cloud Particle Microscope imager. The CAPS incorporated a Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer and Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP). During the observation period, clouds associated with cyclonic disturbances and those associated with outbreaks of westerly cold air masses from the sea were observed. Atmospheric temperature during all measurements ranged from 0 to −5 °C. In every case, columns were the major type of ice particle measured by the CAPS–CIP. Cloud microphysical properties were observed continuously on 9 June 2011. Size spectra, liquid/ice water content, and particle effective size changed depending on progress stages. Based on the observed microphysics, optical properties were calculated and investigated. Optical properties were determined mainly by those of liquid water particles, even during periods when the relative contribution of ice particles to total water content was at the maximum. It was confirmed that the wavelength region of 1.6 and 2.2 μm can be used in remote sensing. This study shows that it is possible to measure detailed changes of cloud properties in the Arctic region by using instruments installed at a ground-based mountain station. 相似文献
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利用南极长城站（６２°１３′Ｓ，５８°５８′Ｗ）频高图和磁照图研究了１９８９年３月１３日磁暴的亚极光区电离层效应。在紧接着磁暴急始后Ｆ层的虚高ｈ′Ｆ急剧上升，临频ｆ０Ｆ２急剧下降，然后出现扩展Ｆ并持续几小时。在磁暴主相，电离层出现严重的吸收，但有时仍能观测到ｈ′Ｆ的增加和伴随着的ｆ０Ｆ２的降低。在磁暴急始后的第二和第三个晚上观测到极光型Ｅｓ和夜间Ｅ层，其峰值电子浓度高达７．５×１０５ｅｌ／ｃｍ３，文中讨论了造成这些现象的原因。在同一经度扇区的４个电离层站的ｈ′Ｆ和ｆ０Ｆ２的行为表明，观测站的纬度越高出现的吸收越严重，ｆ０Ｆ２呈下降的时间越长。 相似文献
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Sand velocity in aeolian sand transport was measured using the laser Doppler technique of PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) in a wind tunnel. The sand velocity profile, probability distribution of particle velocity, particle velocity fluctuation and particle turbulence were analyzed in detail. The experimental results verified that the sand horizontal velocity profile can be expressed by a logarithmic function above 0.01 m, while a deviation occurs below 0.01 m. The mean vertical velocity of grains generally ranges from − 0.2 m/s to 0.2 m/s, and is downward at the lower height, upward at the higher height. The probability distributions of the horizontal velocity of ascending and descending particles have a typical peak and are right-skewed at a height of 4 mm in the lower part of saltation layer. The vertical profile of the horizontal RMS velocity fluctuation of particles shows a single peak. The horizontal RMS velocity fluctuation of sand particles is generally larger than the vertical RMS velocity fluctuation. The RMS velocity fluctuations of grains in both horizontal and vertical directions increase with wind velocity. The particle turbulence intensity decreases with height. The present investigation is helpful in understanding the sand movement mechanism in windblown sand transport and also provides a reference for the study of blowing sand velocity. 相似文献
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在塔里木河下游绿洲-荒漠过渡带,选取乔灌草结构（胡杨-柽柳-花花柴群落）、乔灌结构（胡杨-柽柳群落）和单一乔木结构（胡杨群落）三种典型防护林为研究对象,采用野外监测和室内分析相结合的方法,探讨了不同类型防护林对空气温湿度、土壤理化特性及防护效应等的作用,并分析了产生差异的原因及生态功能。结果表明：(1）干旱区绿洲-荒漠过渡带不同结构组成的防护林均可提高群落内温湿度的稳定性,改善土壤理化性质,其中乔灌草结构防护林较其它群落更有利于增加0~50 cm土壤有机质、[WTBX]全N、全P[WTBZ]和20~100 cm土壤全[WTBX]K[WTBZ]的积累;能更有效地增加0~30 cm土壤水分、抑制0~100 cm土壤盐分、稳定0~50 cm土壤温度;(2）单一胡杨林群落的有效防护高度为2~3 m,横向有效防护距离为40 m;胡杨-柽柳群落的有效防护高度为2～4 m,横向有效防护距离为60 m;胡杨-柽柳-花花柴群落的有效防护高度分别为小于1 m和2~4 m,高度超过1 m以上的横向有效防护距离为60 m,在1 m以下其横向有效防护距离可达100 m;(3)群落结构、植物密度和覆盖度是影响防护林环境特征和生态功能的主要原因。 相似文献
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In a blowing sand system,the wind provides the driving forces for the particle movement while the moving particles exert the opposite forces to the wind by extracting its momentum.The wind-sand interaction that can be characterized by shear stress and force exerted on the wind by moving particles results in the modification of wind profiles.Detailed wind pro-files re-adapted to blown sand movement are measured in a wind tunnel for different grain size populations and at differ-ent free-stream wind velocities.The shear stress with a blowing sand cloud and force exerted on the wind by moving par-ticles are calculated from the measured wind velocity profiles.The results suggest that the wind profiles with presence of blowing sand cloud assume convex-upward curves on the u(z)-ln(z) plot compared with the straight lines characterizing the velocity profiles of clean wind,and they can be better fitted by power function than log-linear function.The exponent of the power function ranging from 0.1 to 0.17 tends to increase with an increase in wind velocity but decrease with an increase in particle size.The force per unit volume exerted on the wind by blown sand drift that is calculated based on the empirical power functions for the wind velocity profiles is found to decrease with height.The particle-induced force makes the total shear stress with blowing sand cloud partitioned into air-borne stress that results from the wind velocity gradient and grain-borne stress that results from the upward or downward movement of particles.The air-borne stress in-creases with an increase in height,while the grain-borne stress decreases with an increase in height.The air-borne shear stress at the top of sand cloud layer increases with both wind velocity and grain size,implying that it increases with sand transport rate for a given grain size.The shear stress with a blowing sand cloud is also closely related to the sand transport rate.Both the total shear stress and grain-borne stress on the grain top is directly proportional to the squ 相似文献
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南京下蜀黄土红外释光地层年代学 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
下蜀黄土地层年代学对于理解季风环流时空格局演化及其与青藏高原阶段性隆升的关系十分重要。作者基于下蜀黄土红外释光测年和下蜀黄土及黄土高原洛川;剖面磁化率序列的对比分析,认为下蜀黄土第一层黄土层形成于末次冰期,最底部的黄土层与洛川的 L5相当。因而下蜀黄土应相当于黄土高原LS以来的风成堆积,其底界年代约为 500 ka。也就是说,在 500 ka左右黄土堆积的南界已达长江下游地区。这可能是因为其时青藏高原的隆升已到达一特殊高度,对东亚季风演化的影响成为一个转折点,加强了东亚季风的强度。 相似文献
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Velocity profile of a sand cloud blowing over a gravel surface 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Particle dynamic analyzer (PDA) measurement technology was used to study the turbulent characteristics and the variation with height of the mean horizontal (in the downwind direction) and vertical (in the upward direction) particle velocity of a sand cloud blowing over a gravel surface. The results show that the mean horizontal particle velocity of the cloud increases with height, while the mean vertical velocity decreases with height. The variation of the mean horizontal velocity with height is, to some extent, similar to the wind profile that increases logarithmically with height in the turbulent boundary layer. The variation of the mean vertical velocity with height is much more complex than that of the mean horizontal velocity. The increase of the resultant mean velocity with height can be expressed by a modified power function. Particle turbulence in the downwind direction decreases with height, while that in the vertical direction is complex. For fine sands (0.2–0.3 mm and 0.3–0.4 mm), there is a tendency for the particle turbulence to increase with height. In the very near-surface layer (<4 mm), the movement of blown sand particles is very complex due to the rebound of particles on the bed and the interparticle collisions in the air. Wind starts to accelerate particle movement about 4 mm from the surface. The initial rebound on the bed and the interparticle collisions in the air have a profound effect on particle movement below that height, where particle concentration is very high and wind velocity is very low. 相似文献
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利用一维自洽的时变极区电离层模型,研究极隙区极光粒子沉降对极区电离层F层电子密度影响的时变过程。假设一维时变电离层模型描述的磁流管中F层等离子体在对流作用下经过极隙区,随对流路径的不同,磁流管在极隙区经历的时间不同,以此考察极光粒子沉降作用下电离层随时间的演化过程。数值计算结果表明,当磁流管在极隙区停留的时间足够长,F层电子密度能显著增大。然而在磁流管经历极隙区实际时间较短的情况下,极隙区极光粒子沉降对F层电子密度的影响并不大。本文还给出了统计对流模型作用下磁流管在经历极隙区时,有沉降粒子作用和没有沉降粒子作用两种情况下,F层等离子体的时间变化过程的差异。 相似文献
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Grain-size distributions and fluxes of each size fraction of aeolian materials in the surface layer are basic to understanding and predicting soil loss, air quality, and visibility, both in time and in space. Vertical distributions of eroded soil materials in a 612-cm-deep flow layer above an Amarillo fine sandy loam soil in Big Spring, Texas were measured during sand-dust storms in the 1995 wind-erosion season. All 942 samples in 33 groups of measurements show that the airborne particles in the flow layer below 40 cm are bimodal in distribution, which is similar to the size distribution of the original soil. In the flow layer above 80 cm, the airborne material is distributed unimodally and consists of silt and very fine sand. The distribution of the mean diameter is a discontinuous function of height. Mean diameters vary by an asymmetric double sigmoid function of height. Size distribution of airborne particles in the 0- to 35-cm flow layer is controlled by saltation mechanisms, becoming larger with an increase in height, and moderately sorted, positively skewed, and platykurtic. In the 35- to 50-cm flow layer, particle size decreases very rapidly with increased height, becoming poorly sorted, symmetrical, or platykurtic, and thus uniformly distributed. This represents a transition zone from saltation to suspension. Grain-size parameters in the flow layer above 50 to 80 cm demonstrate a wavelike pattern with a moderately well to well-sorted, negatively skewed, and leptokurtic distribution. The weight percent of the silt content and phi95 diameter increase by a natural logarithmic polynomial function of height. Inclusive standard deviations vary with height by an asymmetric logistic function. Total distributions of the skewness and kurtosis are wavelike. The fluctuation of grain-size parameters of eroded soil materials in the surface layer is related to saltation mechanisms and the turbulence of air flow. 相似文献
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绿洲荒漠过渡带夏季晴天地表辐射和能量平衡及小气候特征 总被引：12，自引：8，他引：4
利用张掖试验基地2006年6月24日至7月17日的加密观测资料,系统分析了夏季典型晴天张掖绿洲荒漠过渡带地表辐射收支和地表能量平衡特征及小气候特征。结果表明:夏季晴天绿洲荒漠过渡带总辐射值还是比较大的,并且净辐射值也很大,这说明绿洲荒漠过渡带地表具有比较充足的可利用热能,为加热大气和土壤提供了必要的热能条件。在地表能量分配中,晴天绿洲荒漠过渡区主要用于大气运动引起的感热交换,其次是土壤交换,用于水蒸发相变的能量相对较小。近地层空气温度和湿度的变化刚好相反。气温白天随高度的增加而递增,夜晚随高度的增加而递减。近地层大气温度变化要比地表温度缓慢。白天土壤辐射增温,越接近地表增温越快,夜间辐射冷却,地表温度下降最为明显。近地层水平风速在白天较大,夜间逐渐减小。在绿洲荒漠过渡带全天以上升气流为主,水平风速随高度增加明显递增。 相似文献