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1.
Karst breakdown mechanisms from observations in the gypsum caves of the Western Ukraine: implications for subsidence hazard assessment 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
The term karst breakdown is employed in this paper to denote the totality of processes and phenomena of gravitational and/or hydrodynamic destruction of the ceiling of a karst cavity and of the overlying sediments. It refers not only to the existence of a surface subsidence (collapse) feature but, first of all, to the internal (hidden in the subsurface) structures that precede development of a surface form. This study reports and discusses the results of direct mapping and examination of breakdown structures in the gypsum karst of the Western Ukraine, at the level of their origin, i.e., in caves. The accessibility of numerous laterally extensive maze cave systems in the region provided an excellent opportunity for such an approach, which made it possible to examine the relationship between breakdown structures and particular morphogenetic or geological features in caves, and to reveal stages of breakdown development. It is found that breakdown is initiated mainly at specific speleogenetically or geologically weakened localities, which classify into a few distinct types. The majority of breakdowns, which are potent to propagate through the overburden, relate with the outlet cupolas/domepits that represent places where water had discharged out of a cave to the upper aquifer during the period of transverse artesian speleogenesis. Distribution of breakdown structures does not correlate particularly well with the size of the master passages. Several distinct mechanisms of breakdown development are revealed, and most of them proceed in several stages. They are guided by speleogenetic, geological and hydrogeological factors. The study confirms that a speleogenetic approach is indispensable to the understanding of breakdown pre-requisites and mechanisms, as well as for eventual subsidence hazard assessment. Direct observations in caves, aimed both at speleogenetic investigation and breakdown characterization on regional- or site-specific levels, should be employed wherever possible. 相似文献
2.
林毅 《地质灾害与环境保护》2014,(3):62-67
北部湾大道位于灰岩分布区,灰岩为石炭系天子岭组,岩溶发育,表层被第四系冲积层覆盖,岩土稳定性较差。通过分析工程沿线地质环境条件,采用层次分析和模糊综合评判方法（AHP-FUZZY）对岩溶地面塌陷进行综合评判,并依据评判结果进行岩溶地面塌陷发育强弱分区,进而对未来岩溶塌陷发展趋势作出预测与评价。 相似文献
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K. G. Grimes 《Environmental Geology》1994,23(2):134-148
The South-East Karst Province of South Australia is an extensive area of low relief with dolines, cenotes, uvalas, and a variety of cave types developed in the soft, porous, flat-lying Tertiary Gambier Limestone and also as syngenetic karst in the overlying calcarenite dunes of the Pleistocene Bridgewater Formation. The most spectacular surface karst features are the large collapse dolines, especially those that extend below the water table to form cenotes. Shallow swampy hollows occur in superficial Quaternary sediments. These are an enigmatic feature of the Bool Region, where all gradations appear to occur between definite karst dolines and nonkarstic hollows. Some depressions may be polygenetic—involving a combination of: (1) primary depositional hollows on coastal flats or in dune fields, (2) deflation, and (3) karst solution and subsidence. There are extensive underwater cave systems in the southern part of the province, and the bulk of the cave development there may well lie below the present water table, although these systems would have been at least partly drained during the lower sea levels of the last glacial period. Systematic variations within the province reflect differences in the parent rock types, the extent and nature of the cover and, most importantly, the hydrology—in particular the depth to the water table and its gradient. 相似文献
5.
Fluid exchange between surficial waters and groundwater in karst environments, and the processes that control exchange, are
of critical concern to water management districts and planners. High-resolution seismic data were collected from 30 lakes
of north-central Florida. In each case study, lake structure and geomorphology were controlled by solution and/or mechanical
processes. Processes that control lake development are twofold: (1) karstification or dissolution of the underlying limestone,
and (2) the collapse, subsidence, or slumping of overburden to form sinkholes. Initial lake formation is directly related
to the karst topography of the underlying host limestone. Case studies have shown that lakes can be divided by geomorphic
types into progressive developmental phases: (1) active subsidence or collapse phase (young); (2) transitional phase (middle
age); (3) baselevel phase (mature); and (4) polje (drowned prairie) – broad flat-bottom that have one or all phases of sinkhole.
Using these criteria, Florida lakes can be classified by size, fill, subsurface features, and geomorphology.
Received: 28 July 1998 · Accepted: 9 September 1998 相似文献
6.
Investigation of karst collapse based on 3-D seismic technique and DDA method at Xieqiao coal mine, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jian-Ping Zuo Su-Ping Peng Yong-Jun Li Zhong-Hui Chen He-Ping Xie 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2009,78(4):1800
Karst collapse is a serious geological problem in most of the coal mines in the north of China, but recently it has been found in the south as well. The present study is aimed at investigating subsidence mechanism and deformation field of a karst collapse column at Xieqiao, in the south of China. A method of three-dimensional (3-D) seismic technique has been successful in exploring the spatial morphology of the karst collapse at Xieqiao, and the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method is used to calculate the deformation field and analyze the subsidence mechanism. The results indicated that DDA could approximately simulate and back analyze the subsidence process and strata deformation fields. The subsidence processes of the collapse column depend on the sizes of the karst caves. With the continuous expansion of the karst caves, a semi-elliptic stress field, local separation strata and fracture zone will be formed around the karst cave. Moreover, they will gradually expand upwards along the vertical direction. The paper also indicates that the subsidence failure stage may trigger a sudden collapse of the karst column because of the sudden energy release. Also, it will make a great impact on the vicinity working face so as to cause a rock burst. The effects of the friction angle of rock strata on the subsidence mechanism were reported firstly based on DDA. 相似文献
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Ó. Pueyo Anchuela A. M. Casas-Sainz M. A. Soriano A. Pocoví-Juan 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(2):391-399
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been applied, with relative success, to locate paleo-collapses and cavities and to detect
and characterise karst. One of its main advantages is that, while the penetration depth is limited to several tens of meters
or even just several meters, the obtained resolution can be in the scale of centimeters. In this paper, we illustrate the
applicability of GPR prospecting to the study of alluvial karst and the structures associated with subsidence areas. GPR radargrams
obtained with two central frequency antennas (50 and 100 MHz) are balanced against direct observation of geological features
of collapse structures in vertical exposures of gravel quarries. GPR-surveys offer the possibility of obtaining nearly continuous
vertical cross-sections of the subsoil, and integration of data within a 3D frame. However, the study of the internal structure
of the subsoil by means of the GPR-profiles has been usually neglected. In this work, we show that some hints about the evolution
of individual dolines can be established from the study of the geometry of the sedimentary filling by means of GPR. The obtained
results indicate that GPR allows to characterise the structures associated with karst features and can therefore be useful
evaluating hazard susceptibility in doline fields, because: (1) when no surface evidences exists, it permits the detection
of karst hazards in the subsoil, and (2) when surficial evidences of karst activity are present, it permits the characterisation
of processes associated with subsidence. 相似文献
10.
云南省岩溶水系统特征及调查要点 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
云南省岩溶分布面积110 875.7km2,占全省面积的28.14%。主要分布于东经102°以东、元江以北的滇东片区,以及滇西北、滇西保山至沧源片区。滇西北岩溶区,纵谷深切,岩溶水快补速排,是以江河汇水区为主的岩溶流域。滇西北东部和滇西岩溶区则山间盆地也较发育,也形成以盆地为汇流中心的岩溶流域,岩溶水在盆地中排泄到地表之后再向大江大河汇聚。滇东岩溶区则以山间盆地及河谷汇水区为主要的岩溶流域。云南岩溶区,由于强烈构造运动,断裂交错发育,各时代地层被切割成不同形态的断块或条带,错落分布于不同高程上,加之岩溶含水层与非岩溶相对隔水层在垂向上的间隔分布,从而形成诸多水文地质特征不同、相对独立、不同等级的岩溶水系统。本文岩溶水系统分类分级以岩溶水循环特征为纲,根据水文地质条件及其基本特征差异性进行分类;按照从上到下、由一般到具体的次序进行分级。分类力求反映各类型的基本特征和共性,便于剖析和归纳总结岩溶水的运动和赋存规律。一级:研究对象———岩溶水。二级:根据岩溶水循环深度和周期长短,划分为浅循环和深循环两类岩溶水系统。浅循环岩溶水系统是指岩溶水循环深度较浅,循环周期在一个水文年内,受降水的季节变化影响明显的岩溶水系统。深循环岩溶水系统是指岩溶水循环深度大,循环周期长达数年或数十年以上,受降水的季节变化影响微弱或不受其影响的岩溶水系统。三级:具体的补给、迳流、排泄系统(称水文地质单元),多以地下分水岭、透水性弱的岩土体、断裂以及河流等构成其边界。对于浅循环岩溶水系统,岩溶导水、赋水空间的发育和空间分布受碳酸盐岩的成层性特征控制明显,在勘查和开发实践中,往往将其视为层状含水层组。对于岩溶水的形成、运动、赋存特征,含水层组的埋藏条件起着突出的作用。因而,根据岩溶含水层组埋藏条件的差异,进一步划分为:裸露型、裸露-覆盖型、裸露-埋藏型三类岩溶水系统;对于深循环岩溶水系统,岩溶水的运动和赋存受地质构造控制,主要存在两种类型:一是深埋藏层控型,另一类为断裂带型。裸露型岩溶水系统是指岩溶含水层组由岩溶山地补给区延伸至盆、洼、谷地排泄点或带,基本上呈裸露展布。此类系统岩溶发育极不均匀,导水、赋水空间以溶洞管道为主,岩溶水主要为暗河流,沿暗河有许多落水洞、天窗、溶井、脚洞与其沟通,岩溶水通过这些通道获得补给,岩溶水系统储存调节能力弱,水位流量季节变化剧烈。岩溶水流以快速流为主,多以大泉、暗河形式排泄。裸露-覆盖型岩溶水系统,是指岩溶含水层组由裸露岩溶山区延伸至松散土层覆盖区,由裸露过渡为覆盖型的岩溶水系统。多分布于断陷盆地和底部存在近期沉积的谷地、洼地区。此类系统由于补给条件好,水循环交替快,允许开采量大,且覆盖型岩溶含水层组具有一定量的储存资源可以发挥调节作用,是一般供水勘查和开发的主要对象。目前,已经勘查和开发的也主要是这类岩溶水系统。这类岩溶水系统的主要特征,一是均可划分为差异很大的裸露和覆盖型岩溶区。前者是岩溶水的补给、迳流区,岩溶赋水空间为不均匀的洞管隙系统,岩溶迳流主要为快速的管道流。后者往往处于断裂的下降盘,岩溶发育相对均匀、连通性好,其水文地质特征等效于多孔介质,地下迳流主要为慢速的扩散流;二是系统水资源大部分从山边暗河出口或大泉排泄到地表,地下水资源的开采,应以截流提引和建库调蓄开采暗河或大泉为主。但覆盖区往往处于断陷区,岩溶发育深度大,有较大的储水空间和储存量,可同时布井开采,起到调节暗河或大泉枯季流量减少的作用;三是系统内部存在统一的水力联系,当覆盖区过量开采时,首先表现为袭夺暗河和大泉流量,甚至导致其干涸,进而造成大范围水位持续下降,在一定的条件下还可能引起岩溶塌陷等地质灾害。因此,必须按系统完整地进行勘查评价工作,系统规划开采方案。裸露-埋藏型岩溶系统指岩溶含水层组由裸露岩溶山区延伸至其它非可溶岩埋藏区,由裸露型过渡为埋藏型的岩溶水系统。这类系统的特征与裸露-覆盖型岩溶水系统基本相同。但埋藏型岩溶含水层组赋水空间以发育较均匀的网状岩溶裂隙为主,富水性及透水性更为均匀,一般都赋存承压水,水质优良,动态稳定。这类系统的卫生防护条件和环境条件更好,埋藏区在岩溶含水层组上覆岩层完好的条件下,与上层潜水及地表水基本无水力联系,不易产生含水层污染和岩溶塌陷等地质灾害。此外,埋藏型岩溶含水层组的分布可能达到盆地、谷地边缘山坡之上,更有利于利用。深埋藏层控型岩溶水系统,是指岩溶裂隙含水层组埋深在数百至数千米以上的岩溶水系统,这类系统富水性均匀,富含承压水,其富水性、水温、水质主要受埋深和构造控制,基本不受气象水文、地形地貌条件的影响,地下水循环周期在数十年以上。在断裂作用强烈的断陷盆地区,多赋存有水质优良的热矿泉水。断裂带型岩溶水系统,是指沿断裂破碎带形成的带状或脉管状岩溶水系统,靠裂隙及破碎带导水,在地形高差产生的水压差以及地下水温差作用下,形成地下水对流系统。具有系统分布范围狭小,对流通道分布随机,循环深度大,循环周期长,水位、流量受气象水文、地形地貌条件的影响小,较为稳定,水温较高的特点。当对流通道通过浅部孔隙、裂隙或岩溶含水层组时,一部分深循环水流会扩散到这些含水层组中,在深循环水流通道附近形成一定范围的囊状或带状水温异常区。对于浅循环岩溶水系统岩溶水的调查评价。裸露型岩溶水系统,应重点通过遥感、水文地质测量、洞穴探测、取样分析、地下水动态观测和示踪试验等手段,查明岩溶水补给和赋存条件、暗河系统的埋藏分布、各类岩溶水天然出露点和富水块段,以及岩溶水动态和水质、岩溶水系统的储存调蓄能力和人工调蓄的条件、地质环境条件。水资源评价以水文分析法为主;裸露-覆盖型岩溶水系统及裸露-埋藏型岩溶系统,勘查工作应根据裸露区、覆盖(埋藏)区的不同特点布置,裸露区的勘查要点基本上同裸露型岩溶水系统。对于覆盖(埋藏)区,主要应用物探、钻探、抽水试验、连通试验和取样分析测试等手段,查明:含水层组的埋藏分布及边界,与裸露型岩溶补给、迳流区的关系,岩溶水平和垂直分带,含水层组的富水性,富水块段的分布位置,迳流场特征,盖层的稳定性及其它环境地质条件,取得有关水文地质参数等。这类系统岩溶水资源主要是降水渗入(灌入)补给量,一些地区还有部分地表水渗入、系统外含水层的越流补给量,在气象因素影响下,具有年和多年的周期性变化规律。但这类系统一般具有较大的储存量,在枯水期可对开采量起到调节补偿的作用。因此,水源地均为调节型。岩溶水开发利用,通常采取截引裸露区的大泉或暗河与在覆盖(埋藏)区打井调节的方式联合开采。由于裸露区与覆盖(埋藏)区水力联系密切,因此,对于岩溶水允许开采量的评价,必须系统地进行,应采用裸露区的统计或灰色模型与覆盖(埋藏)区的确定性模型联合模拟评价。深循环岩溶水系统岩溶水的调查评价,应根据层控型岩溶水系统的水文地质特征进行。其勘查手段主要以区域水文地质测量、物探、钻探、抽水试验、水化学分析、地下水测年、水位观测等手段,查明系统所处的大地构造背景、岩相古地理及地质发展史、含水层组的埋深、分布及厚度、富水性、盖层类型及特性、基底类型及特性、以及系统的侧向构造边界,取得有关参数。通过地下水迳流场、温度场、水化学场的分析,结合测年结果,确定地下水有无补给及其循环速度。这类系统一般只能获得相邻含水层的越流补给,其补给量有限,循环速度慢,开采量主要是储存量,水源地多为非稳定的消耗型水源地,开采方式主要为井采。这类系统有条件应用确定性模型评价地下水允许开采量。断裂带型岩溶水系统,根据其水文地质特征,适宜采用水文地质测量、动态观测、水化学分析、地下水测年等手段,查明地质背景、导水构造特征、导水通道及泉点的分布、水量、水质及其动态。这类系统以提引泉水开采为主,在深循环水流通道附近形成一定范围的囊状或带状水温异常区的条件下,也可适量布井开采。允许开采量的评价以泉流时间系列分析为主。 相似文献
11.
Road construction over voids caused by active gypsum dissolution, with an example from Ripon, North Yorkshire, England 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Sudden subsidence problems, caused by gypsum karst developed in the Permian sequence of Northern England, have caused difficult conditions for road construction. This paper presents the design strategy, mathematical modelling and parameters used to construct roads to cope with such difficult ground conditions. Because it is impossible to locate all the subsidence features along a route, the road design has to cope with potential future problems. This is achieved by using reinforcement-comprising layers of tensile membrane material within the earth embankment. This will prevent dangerous catastrophic collapse and maintain serviceability, but will allow sagging to show where major problems exist. The modelling showed that for the situation at Ripon, two layers of tensile membrane material within the earth embankment fulfilled the design brief for the road. 相似文献
12.
山东喀斯特景观旅游资源及其开发利用 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
山东广大的石灰岩山地、丘陵区蕴藏着丰富的喀斯特景观旅游资源,其主要形态类型包括: 形态奇特的喀斯特山体、残存的喀斯特剥蚀面、幽深的喀斯特谷地、众多的溶洞、奇异的石灰岩景石(石牙形态)及喀斯特泉群。本文对这些景观形态作了较详细的描述,就其旅游开发利用价值作了评析。文中还对山东喀斯特景观旅游开发的现状及存在的问题作了简要介绍和分析,并针对存在的问题提出了几点建议。 相似文献
13.
北京西山黑龙关泉域岩溶水系统边界与水文地质性质 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
北方岩溶水系统具有固定补给范围和资源要素,是岩溶地下水进行独立循环的基本单元,控制了岩溶水的运移富集、水化学演化特征、资源构成以及环境地质问题。开展岩溶水系统研究的首要任务是确定系统边界位置及其水文地质性质。以北京西山黑龙关泉域岩溶水系统为研究对象,采用地质学、岩溶动力学、流体动力学、水文地球化学、地球物理勘探等方法,确定黑龙关泉域岩溶水系统是由南部大石河背斜岩溶水子系统和北部百花山向斜南翼岩溶水子系统2个次级系统组成;其含水岩层分别为蓟县系铁岭组、雾迷山组和青白口系景儿峪组、奥陶系、寒武系碳酸盐岩。根据边界的水文地质性质可以划分为地表分水岭边界、地下分水岭边界、隔水边界、岩溶含水层深埋滞流性边界等类型。 相似文献
14.
后寨河流域岩溶含水介质结构与地下径流研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
通过脉冲试验,采用测站脉冲响应曲线及流量衰减曲线分析,对后寨河流域含水介质结构进行了研究。研究结果表明,后寨河流域主要发育有溶隙- 溶管网络、较单一溶管以及溶隙网络三种含水介质结构,而且以溶隙、溶孔为主,其占含水介质体积的比率可达83.1%～96. 9%,而岩溶管道含水介质则只有3.1%～16.8%。不同含水介质的水文地质特征差异很大,溶隙- 管道网络水位上升快而衰减慢,水位变幅小;较单一溶管水位上升快而衰减亦快,水位变幅较大;而溶隙网络水位动态变化则介于前二者之间。 相似文献
15.
Wanfang Zhou 《Environmental Geology》2007,51(6):963-973
Flooding in karst terranes is a commonly occurring geo-hazard. It causes damage to property, businesses, and roadways. It
can lead to the formation of cover-collapse sinkholes and groundwater contamination. Generally, three types of flooding or
their combinations are related to karst: recharge-related sinkhole flooding, flow-related flooding, and discharge-related
flooding. Understanding of the type of flooding is essential for solving the flooding problem. Areas prone to karst flooding
should be recognized, and restrictions and laws on land use should be implemented. Runoff and erosion control plans should
address the unique characteristics of karst features. Digging out clogged sinkholes, creating retention basins, or installing
Class V Injection Wells are possible solutions to improve drainage of storm water. Solutions to flooding problems in karst
areas should also be coordinated with the water quality control to prevent groundwater contamination. 相似文献
16.
Z. Wanfang 《Environmental Geology》1997,30(3-4):280-284
The Hanxing mining area of North China includes three coalfields: Fengfeng, Handan and Xingtai. Six or seven coal seams can
be commercially mined in Permo-Carboniferous strata, among which the lower three, accounting for 37% of the total reserves,
are threatened with karst water from the underlain Ordovician limestone. Hundreds of water inrush accidents have occurred
and over 30 mines have been flooded, resulting in heavy economic losses and casualties. In order to avoid water inrushes and
keep the mines safely operational, dewatering in the karst aquifer was considered an essential measure. Unfortunately, this
practice has caused serious environmental problems such as surface subsidence (sinkhole), dry spring, and water supply shortage.
On the basis of a series of investigations and tests in the last 20 years, an alternative method, mining with water pressure,
has been proposed and is the main focus of this paper. By using this method, the karst water in the limestone can be preserved
to some extent and the coals can be mined in a relatively safe way.
Received: 22 March 1996 · Accepted: 8 April 1996 相似文献
17.
18.
建于中细砂层上的多层教学楼,下伏灰岩岩溶发育,地下水活动剧烈,使用7 a后,室内外地面出现陷坑,楼两端也过量沉降.文中介绍了为抢险而进行的工程物探、钻探补充勘察,进而开展地基加固治理设计、施工及沉降变形观测,及时恢复了教学楼的使用,为既有建筑物在岩溶地质灾害发育区的勘察、治理设计及施工积累了工程经验。 相似文献
19.
The formation of sinkholes in karst mining areas in China and some methods of prevention 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Zhou Wanfang 《Environmental Geology》1997,31(1-2):50-58
Mining of coal, lead and zinc, gold, and iron ore deposits in karst areas has been closely associated with sinkholes in China.
Surface collapse causes an increase in mine water drainage and the possibility of major water inflow from karst aquifers,
which threatens the environment in mining areas and endangers mine safety. The origin of such sinkholes is analyzed quantitatively
in this paper and a combination of factors including soil weight, buoyancy, suffosion process and vacuum suction can contribute
to surface subsidence. The key measures to prevent sinkholes in mining areas are to control the amount of mine drainage, reduce
water-level fluctuation, seal off karst conduits and subsurface cavities in the overlying soil, prevent water inflow, and
to increase gas pressure in the karst conduits.
Received: 2 May 1996 · Accepted: 29 July 1996 相似文献
20.
何元才 《地质灾害与环境保护》2016,(1):32-36
浙江富阳市万市镇十字街位于岩溶塌陷区内,周围环境要求高。经过地质调查、地基稳定性分析和治理方案比选,采用高压喷射注浆法对岩溶塌陷路基进行治理,取得了良好效果。 相似文献