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1.
Development and application of global databases: considerable progress,but more collaboration needed
DAVID A. HASTINGS JOHN J. KINEMAN DAVID M. CLARK 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(1):137-146
Abstract This paper reviews the development of international collaboration in the availability of global data and processing abilities in the environmental field, beginning in 1957 with tie pioneering activities of the World Data Centres. Considerable progress has been made, particularly through the availability of satellite data, but there are considerable shortcomings in these achievements, arising from the isolated nature of many developments, the difficulties of integrating different sources and weaknesses in the top-down approach. There are now attempts to develop a complementary bottom-up approach, notably through the Global Change Diskette Project Developments in hardware, such as the widespread availability of compatible personal computers operating on MS-DOS and UNIX systems; and easier storage on compact disks, and in software, through access to low-cost and public-domain software such as GRASS and IDRISI, are helping but improved collaboration is needed, in which existing institutions such as the World Data Centers have a major part to play. 相似文献
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温室气体排放评价指标及其定量分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Anthropogenic greenhouse gases （GHG） emission and related global warming issues have been the focus of international communities for some time. The international communities have reached a consensus to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions and restrain global warming. The quantitative assessment of anthropogenic GHG emissions is the scientific basis to find out the status of global GHG emission, identify the commitments of each country, and arrange the international efforts of GHG emission reduction. Currently the main assessment indicators for GHG emission include national indicator, per capita indicator, per GDP indicator, and international trade indicator etc. The introduction to the above indi- cators is put forward and their merits and demerits are analyzed. Based on the GHG emission data from the World Resource Institute （WRI）, the US Energy Information Administration （EIA）, and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center （CDIAC）, the results of each indictor are calculated for the world, for the eight G8 industrialized countries （USA, UK, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and Russia）, and the five major developing countries including China, Brazil, India, South Africa and Mexico. The paper points out that all these indicators have some limitations. The Indicator of Industrialized Accumulative Emission per Capita （IAEC） is put forward as the equitable indicator to evaluate the industrialized historical accumulative emission per capita of every country. IAEC indicator can reflect the economic achievement of GHG emission enjoyed by the current generations in every country and their commitments. The analysis of IAEC indicates that the historical accumulative emission per capita in indus- trialized countries such as UK and USA were typically higher than those of the world average and the developing countries. Emission indicator per capita per GDP, consumptive emission indicator and survival emission indicator are also put forward and discussed in the paper. 相似文献
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JOHN M. HUNTER 《Geographical review》2010,100(4):559-582
My hypothesis on onchocerciasis, or river blindness, appeared in the Geographical Review of 1966. It led to an invitation from the World Health Organization in 1972 to revisit the problem area for two months to provide information to assist in the planning of a twenty‐year program of intervention. This article presents unpublished maps selected from my 1972 report. The issues discussed have relevance today regarding international health projects, air‐mass climatology, and human geography. 相似文献
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本文采用国际通用软件TWINSPAN把科尔沁沙丘41个植物样方按盖度分成5组,每组代表1种沙丘植物群落类型。同时把17个植物种也分为5组,各组植物种从流动沙丘到固定沙丘出现的顺序为:Ⅴ→Ⅳ+Ⅰ→Ⅲ→Ⅱ。 相似文献
7.
PATMOS-x、ISCCP云量产品及地面观测在中国区域的对比分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用1986~2006年PATMOS-x 、ISCCP总云量和低云量产品与中国区域地面台站观测的总云量、低云量资料进行对比分析,对比不同来源、不同观测方法造成的云量数据在时间、空间上的差异,为资料使用者提供参考。结果表明,与台站观测资料相比,无论PATMOS-x还是ISCCP其总云量数据的空间分布、与站点观测数据的格点相关性均好于低云量数据;PATMOS-x总云量、低云量多年平均的空间分布较ISCCP更接近站点观测;中国区域平均低云量的线性趋势PATMOS-x与站点观测一致,表现为显著的上升趋势,而ISCCP低云量数据则呈现微弱的下降趋势。 相似文献
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P. Anadón R. Utrilla A. Vázquez M. Martín-Rubio J. Rodriguez-Lázaro F. Robles 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,39(3):399-419
Stable isotopes and trace-element content of calcite ostracod valves and aragonite mollusc shells from the Pliocene lacustrine
succession of Villarroya allow depicting the geochemical record of environmental changes and to compare our data to the paleoenvironmental
reconstruction obtained from other proxies. The lower sequences (A and B) are characterized by relatively high isotopic and
Me/Ca values in the biogenic carbonates. The recorded large variations of δ18O in these carbonates mainly reflect variations in the δ18Ow due to precipitation–evaporation processes and, to a lesser extent, variations in temperature of calcification. The δ13C data inform about changes in DIC although they are probably biased by the vital effects of the studied taxa. Minor and trace
element contents in ostracod (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca) and mollusc shells (Sr/Ca) are mainly linked to the Me/Ca of the lake water (Me/Caw), and to a lesser extent to temperature and to uptake kinetic effects. Several possible mechanisms may make the Me/Caw to vary: long periods of Ca-carbonate (calcite, aragonite) deposition after charophyte development, and different inputs
for Ca and Mg to the lake due to changes in drainage area configurations through time, including the changes in saline inputs
(Na-Cl type) to the lake. The stable isotopes and the calculated Sr/Caw and Mg/Caw from sequence C display lower values than those from sequences A and B. The isotopic values from biogenic carbonates of unit
C indicate isotopically diluted waters in a hydrologically open lacustrine environment. Distinct δ13C and δ18O plots for molluscs from unit C reflect the different biotopes and metabolism type. For several intervals of the Villarroya
succession there is no direct relationships among: (i) salinity changes inferred from invertebrate paleoecology, (ii) paleoenvironmental
slices based on isotopic signatures and Me/Caw calculations (from biogenic carbonate geochemistry) and (iii) climate in the hinterland deduced from pollen data. Lakes where
geochemical behaviour is constrained by sporadic saline inputs and/or relative depletion in Ca due to long periods of Ca-carbonate
precipitation or biomineralization, like the Pliocene Villarroya lake was, do not show clear correlation patterns between
geochemical signals and climate proxies. In these lakes only major environmental trends display unambiguous geochemical signatures,
and only some main shifts in the geochemical signature profiles may be correlated with significant global and/or regional
environmental changes that have been reported from other paleoenvironmental records.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
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本文分析了丝绸之路经济带的资源、环境和经济格局,认为该格局有利于丝绸之路经济带沿线国家之间开展多领域、多层次的经济合作;在此基础上,论文提出了丝绸之路经济带主要经济合作模式和可持续发展道路,包括生态文明模式,区域经济一体化模式,交通经济带模式,国际旅游带合作模式;最后,论文总结了丝绸之路经济带实现可持续发展需要解决的关键科学问题,并提出了几个优先行动计划:建立丝绸之路经济带国际科学家联盟和思想库,建立丝绸之路经济带生态环境与可持续发展国际信息共享中心和科学决策支持系统,启动丝绸之路跨国科技交流合作与人才计划,建立丝绸之路经济带可持续发展国际合作委员会,建立应对气候变化和生态环境跨国共建、合作共赢机制。 相似文献
11.
Allan Curtis Marike Van Nouhuys Wayne Robinson Jacinta MacKay 《The Australian geographer》2000,31(3):349-366
Landcare is an important example of the potential of state-sponsored participation to establish viable local organisations and contribute to rural development. In this paper, the authors discuss their research using organisational theory to explore Landcare effectiveness. Data were obtained from a mailed survey to Landcare groups in the state of Victoria during 1998. Levels of group activity were used as a surrogate measure of group effectiveness. Groups were ranked according to their level of activity to assess the impact of factors likely to affect group performance, the efficacy of program logic, and the extent groups were contributing to program goals. Survey data suggested key aspects of Landcare Program logic were sound. Examination of the membership and activity profiles of groups suggested 90 per cent of the respondent groups were making a worthwhile contribution to program goals. This research also confirmed the importance of factors identified by others as significant influences on organisational effectiveness: the importance of having clear goals, objectives and plans; resource availability; facilitation by an outside agency; access to a funded group co-ordinator; and communication between stakeholders. Unfortunately, there are critical, ongoing management issues surrounding many of these topics. 相似文献
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地理科学的中国进展与国际趋势 总被引：61，自引：7，他引：54
中国地理学取得了骄人的进展,表现在科研方向的突破、对国家建设的贡献、研究手段的革新、对科学和教育的贡献、对社会的贡献等方面。但当前中国也存在基础研究薄弱、学科整合不足、学术走向迷茫、竞争能力堪忧、全球视野欠缺、地理教育错位等问题。国际地理学对科学界所确定的关键研究问题表示出更大的关注,科学界也将更加了解地理学及其视角能对科学知识做出的贡献。地理学所关切的科学问题直指今天决策者的紧迫需求。地理学家以多种方式对解决实际问题做出贡献。国际地理学的发展聚焦在：揭示复杂系统中的不平衡和动态,认识全球化 (包括环境、经济、人口、政府和文化等)的潮流及其影响,建立从地方到全球的空间连续系列研究,利用包括时间系列数据在内的纵向数据进行过程比较研究,加强地理学理论、技术和研究成果对决策的影响,加强地理教育,包括努力提高公众的地理学能力,改进高等院校地理学家的训练,提高地理理解力,加强地理组织机构。 相似文献
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回顾了南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR)管理体系中科学观察覆盖的主要要素,以及在过去的6年中中国南极磷虾渔业执行科学观察计划的主要成果,旨在帮助中国磷虾渔船更好地理解和执行相关的政策、规定。国际科学观察制度是CCAMLR管理体系中最为重要的监管组成部分。它是由观察员指派、职责和方法标准、执行效果评估等组成的相对独立管理机制。科学观察员覆盖率是其实施策略的核心评价指标,它在渔船、网次以及具体观察任务3个层次都有不同的管理规定。南极磷虾渔业必须接受CCAMLR严格监管并实施科学观察。2009—2015年6个渔季,中国渔船在贯穿所有渔业活动中,按照CCAMLR要求执行最大可能全面、系统的观察覆盖。已有的23船次中,19船次执行科学观察,聘用科学观察员近30人。各渔季的观察天数覆盖率介于81%—100%(平均覆盖率为94%);渔船覆盖率介于66%—100%,6个渔季平均覆盖率为82%,超过CCAMLR的50%的要求。为应对南极磷虾渔业科学观察管理可能的调整,建议我国建立开放的科学观察培训机制,积极储备极地渔业国家科学观察员人力资源,开拓灵活简便的多重委派途径。 相似文献
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为研究青藏高原东北部晚第四纪黄土-古土壤的物质来源及记录的环境变化过程,于2012—2016年在研究区较大的空间范围内采集了黄土、古土壤、风成砂等样品,并于2013年9月在青海湖东岸的种羊场（ZYC）、2019年8月在青海湖北岸的刚察县（GC）和热水村（RS）采集了黄土-古土壤剖面样品。经过标准的XRF测试,得到青藏高原东北部晚第四纪黄土-古土壤元素组成数据集。该数据集包括：（1）青藏高原东北部小于75 μm组分的黄土-古土壤元素组成数据（ELE_NETP_LP）;（2）ZYC剖面的黄土-古土壤元素组成数据（ELE_NETP_ZYC）;（3）GC剖面的黄土-古土壤元素组成数据（ELE_NETP_GC）;（4）RS剖面的黄土-古土壤元素组成数据（ELE_NETP_RS）。数据集存储为.xlsx格式。该数据集可为青藏高原东北部黄土-古土壤的物质来源及记录的环境变化过程提供数据支撑。本数据集的相关研究成果发表在《中国沙漠》2020年第40卷第6期,《Quaternary International》2021年第580卷和《沉积学报》2021年第39卷第5期。 相似文献
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国际极地科学界正在酝酿一个大型的国际极地考察与研究合作计划--2007-2008国际极地年计划(IPY)。本文分析了提出IPY的科学背景,译介了IPY计划制订小组公布计划框架的5个科学主题。根据对IPY科学主题的分析,认为本次IPY反映了公众对于极地环境发生快速变化的深度关切。高密度、新技术、多学科的国际合作考察与研究将成为本次IPY最显著的特点。2007-2008IPY将是我国极地考察与研究加强国际合作,迅速提升研究水平的一个难得的契机。 相似文献
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A J Christopher 《Area》1999,31(4):327-334
Summary The post-Second World War period was remarkable for the large number of new states that were added to the international community. This paper seeks to examine whether this process will continue in the new millennium. New states were formed predominantly as a result of decolonization, federal disintegration and secessionism. All three processes are still active, but are unlikely to produce the same results in the future. Secessionism in particular, because of the opprobrium in which it is held in the international community, may not result in the emergence of many new states. 相似文献
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Web-based Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are excellent tools within interdisciplinary and multi-national geoscience
projects to exchange and visualize project data. The web-based GIS presented in this paper was designed for the paleolimnological
project ‘High-resolution CONTINENTal paleoclimate record in Lake Baikal’ (CONTINENT) (Lake Baikal, Siberia, Russia) to allow
the interactive handling of spatial data. The GIS database combines project data (core positions, sample positions, thematic
maps) with auxiliary spatial data sets that were downloaded from freely available data sources on the world wide web. The
reliability of the external data was evaluated and suitable new spatial datasets were processed according to the scientific
questions of the project. GIS analysis of the data was used to assist studies on sediment provenance in Lake Baikal, or to
help answer questions such as whether the visualization of present-day vegetation distribution and pollen distribution supports
the conclusions derived from palynological analyses. The refined geodata are returned back to the scientific community by
using online data publication portals. Data were made citeable by assigning persistent identifiers (DOI) and were published
through the German National Library for Science and Technology (TIB Hannover, Hannover, Germany). 相似文献
18.
地球系统科学数据分类体系研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
数据分类是数据组织、管理与数据共享工程中不可缺少的基础性工作。根据地球系统的圈层结构、研究每个圈层的主要学科和每个学科的主要数据内容,把地球系统科学数据分为14个一级类、88个二级类。该分类体系在国家科学数据共享工程项目——中国地球系统科学数据共享服务网中得到实际应用。 相似文献
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《The Journal of geography》2012,111(1):13-20
Abstract Long-term collection of soil temperature with depth is important when studying climate change. The international program GLOBE® provides an excellent opportunity to collect such data, although currently endorsed temperature collection protocols need to be refined. To enhance data quality, protocol-based methodology and automated data logging, along with other physical data, were used to collect soil temperature to a depth of one meter. Data show that diurnal and shallow variation ceases at around 50 cm depth. Therefore the need to incorporate deeper depths into the current protocols for heat flux calculations is warranted. The manual methodology was also found to give representative data. 相似文献
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长江流域全新世环境考古研究进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
长江流域是我国重要的经济区和人类文明孕育、诞生和发展区,也是水旱等自然灾害频繁发生的地区,在该区开展全新世环境考古研究,对弄清全新世10.0~3.0 ka BP无文字记载期的环境演变和人地关系互动影响有着重要的科学意义。近年来,长江流域全新世环境考古主要以古洪水和海面变化事件地层学为依据和线索,从遗址时空分布学研究、典型遗址考古地层学研究,以及区域内自然沉积地层记录的环境演变背景特征研究这三个方面入手,在长江流域的上、中、下游地区均获得了有重要意义的进展,表明长江流域全新世环境考古正在向更深更广的领域发展。同时,国际环境考古研究也在不断深入发展,新出版的PAGES Magazine杂志就特别关注了分辨率高达一年至数月的过去沉积记录;遥感、GIS等技术和DNA等分子生物学技术正不断在环境考古领域得到应用。 相似文献