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施威特曼石(schwertmannite)已被证实是一种具特异性能的重(类)金属吸附新材料,生物方法合成的施威特曼石由于具备较好的表面吸附性能而受到更多关注。本文通过接种有嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillusferrooxidans)的FeSO4-H2O矿物合成体系,研究了不同初始Fe2+浓度对Fe生物转化成施威特曼石效率的影响。结果表明,在Fe(Ⅱ)浓度(FeSO4.7H2O配制)设计为20、40、80和160 mmol/L,接种A.ferrooxidans菌密度达到6.0×107个/mL时,本实验条件下矿物重量y(g)与初始Fe2+浓度x(mmol/L)的关系为y(g)=0.036 67+0.008 520x-8.602.10-6x2;溶液TFe沉淀率y(%)与初始Fe2+浓度x(mmol/L)的关系为y(%)=39.68-0.221 0x+6.653.10-4x2。反应后期溶液中大量残留Fe3+在满足饱和指数SI>0的条件下不能析出矿物沉淀,进一步分析表明,Fe3+水解形成施威特曼石的可能机制是利用了Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans菌氧化Fe2+释放的能量才得以实现,当Fe2+完全氧化不再供应能量时,Fe生物转化成施威特曼石的反应也达到了最大限度。 相似文献
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毒砂是常见的含砷硫化物矿物。在金属硫化物矿山环境中,含毒砂矿石和尾矿的风化会导致严重的重金属污染,在其风化过程中,微生物能够显著促进毒砂的氧化分解。本文实验研究了Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans氧化分解毒砂矿物的现象,利用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜,分析了毒砂微生物氧化作用形成的次生矿物类型,发现毒砂表面存在As含量明显不同的2类次生产物,观察到黄钾铁矾、臭葱石、自然硫和施威特曼石等矿物;借助光电子能谱仪重点分析了微生物作用前后毒砂晶面的表面化学组成,基本查明了Fe、As和S三种元素的价态变化,初步探讨了毒砂表面次生矿物成因和As的化学态转化。 相似文献
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施威特曼石普遍存在于含大量SO42-的酸矿水中,其表面吸附的SO42-使得该矿物具有强吸附重金属离子的能力,可用于处理重金属离子污染。实验通过在不同浓度Cu2＋溶液中合成施威特曼石时发现,Cu2＋与施威特曼石的共沉淀量较低,FTIR分析表明Cu2＋与施威特曼石的羟基发生反应。开展施威特曼石吸附Pb2＋的实验,结果表明施威特曼石对Pb2＋的吸附符合Langmuir模型,施威特曼石吸附Cu2＋和Pb2＋后出现1545.4 cm-1和1435.0 cm-1（Cu2＋）两个吸收峰,可能是施威特曼石孔道表面形成了三元配合物。在241×10-6的初始浓度（与尾矿孔隙水的Pb2＋含量相近）下有61.4%的Pb2＋去除率,显示了较好的环境修复价值。 相似文献
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酸性矿山废水中生物成因次生高铁矿物的形成及环境工程意义 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
酸性矿山废水(acid mine drainage,AMD)是一类pH低并含有大量有毒金属元素的废水。AMD及受其影响的环境中次生高铁矿物类型主要包括羟基硫酸高铁矿物(如黄铁矾和施威特曼石等)和一些含水氧化铁矿物(如针铁矿和水铁矿等),而且这些矿物在不同条件下会发生相转变,如施氏矿物向针铁矿或黄铁矾矿物相转化。基于酸性环境中生物成因次生矿物的形成会"自然钝化"或"清除"废水中铁和有毒金属这一现象所获得的启示,提出利用这些矿物作为环境吸附材料去除地下水中砷,不但吸附量大(如施氏矿物对As的吸附可高达120mg/g),而且可直接吸附As(III),还几乎不受地下水中其他元素影响。利用AMD环境中羟基硫酸高铁矿物形成的原理,可将其应用于AMD石灰中和主动处理系统中,构成"强化微生物氧化诱导成矿-石灰中和"的联合主动处理系统,以提高AMD处理效果和降低石灰用量。利用微生物强化氧化与次生矿物晶体不断生长的原理构筑生物渗透性反应墙(PRB)并和石灰石渗透沟渠耦联,形成新型的AMD联合被动处理系统,这将有助于大幅度增加处理系统的寿命和处理效率。此外,文中还探讨了上述生物成因矿物形成在AMD和地下水处理方面应用的优点以及今后需要继续研究的问题。 相似文献
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山东省平邑盆地古近系官庄组湖相碳酸盐岩露头发育有大量的核形石。为分析其沉积环境,采用野外观测、地球化学测试、偏光显微镜和扫描电镜观察等方法,研究其岩性背景、伴生的生物、沉积构造以及元素地球化学特征。研究表明,核形石主要发育于浅水、中等偏低能量的环境。有少量陆源碎屑物的环境有利于核形石生长;但较多的陆源碎屑物则对其不利。将核形石分为3类:规则泥晶纹层核形石(简称A类核形石),具有大颗粒、多层的规则纹层、复合核心等特点,可以指示浅水、中能、低陆源环境;规则微亮晶纹层核形石(B类),以色浅、粒径小、分选好、微亮晶纹层为特点,可指示浅水、较高能环境;不规则泥晶纹层核形石(C类),以色深、外形不规整、凝块状不规则纹层为特征,指示较深水、低能环境。发育A类和C类核形石的岩石,孔隙发育较差;发育B类核形石的岩石,孔隙发育较好,表现出相对较好的储层潜力。 相似文献
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大方累托石X射线粉晶衍射研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文对产自我省大方一带二叠系上统龙谭组粘土岩中的累托石矿物,在R.H=53％±2、T=21℃±2的环境下,进行了详细的X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)研究.大量的实验结果表明,大方一带产出的累托石矿物,为二八面体型的白云母(含伊利石)类矿物与钙蒙脱石1:1的规则间层矿物.其晶体结构内部小晶畴,沿C轴向存在着不规则的伊一蒙间层结构. 相似文献
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对硅酸盐中非沸石类矿物进行的晶体结构特征分析发现,某些链层状硅酸盐矿物(如坡缕石和海泡石)、钛硅酸盐中的硅钛铌钠石、硅钛铌钠矿、钙霞石、方钠石等,以及锰、锆、钒、钇硅酸盐矿物中的水硅钡锰石、堇青石、水钠锆石、水硅钒钙石等矿物中都存在有孔道结构,其孔道直径为0.25~1.0 nm。本文综述了这些孔道结构矿物吸附和交换有害重金属离子、催化降解有机污染物的环境功能和属性。 相似文献
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铍是一种稀有金属元素,在地壳中的含量约6×10-4。目前发现含铍的矿物约有50多种,具有工业价值的铍矿物主要有绿柱石、金绿宝石、硅铍石、日光榴石,其中最为常见的为绿柱石。近年来,我们通过对滇东南老君山矿集区北部马卡钨多金属矿床研究,发现该区伴生有Be资源,且Be以独立矿物日光榴石的形式存在,这与该矿集区其他铍矿床(绿柱石型)有所不同。通过详细的扫描电镜微区分析,可知研究区的日光榴石与白钨矿、萤石共生。研究表明,一般与石英脉型W矿有关的Be矿多为绿柱石型,而日光榴石多产在夕卡岩型矿床,故日光榴石的发现,除了其本身为一种新资源外,可能还指示了马卡钨多金属矿床的空间成矿模型为上部石英脉型、深部夕卡岩型。 相似文献
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水系演化研究是揭示流域地貌—构造—气候演化之间相互作用的重要途径。松花江水系演化研究目前还相对薄弱,尤其是第四纪松花江中上游是否发生流向反转存在争议。自动定量矿物分析系统TIMA(TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer)在源区识别和古地理重建方面有极大的应用潜力。为此,本文利用TIMA技术对位于松花江T2阶地的哈尔滨荒山岩心沉积物进行重矿物及全岩矿物地球化学组成分析。结果表明,以深度62.3 m为界,岩心上、下地层沉积物的重矿物(例如,锆石、磷灰石、金红石、榍石、石榴石、钛铁矿、铁磁矿物和硅铁矿)及全岩矿物地球化学组成均存在明显差异。62.3 m以上地层沉积物的重矿物组合是闪石类+帘石类+榍石+铁磁矿物,硅铁锂钠石在上段地层中出现,全岩矿物地球化学元素较为稳定,波动幅度较小;62.3 m以下地层沉积物的重矿物组合是闪石类+帘石类+钛铁矿+榍石,方解石、铬铁矿、蛇纹石、黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿仅在下段地层中出现,全岩矿物地球化学元素波动幅度较大。TIMA重矿物和全岩矿物地球化学组成反映了岩心沉积物的物源发生明显变化,进而指示了松花江的水系演化。结合在依兰发现的河湖相地层,我们提出了松花江水系演化的新模式。早更新世时期,佳依(佳木斯—依兰)分水岭将松嫩水系和三江平原水系分隔开,作为松花江上游的牡丹江向东流经依兰—通河—哈尔滨,最终注入松嫩古湖。在0.94 Ma B. P.之后,松辽分水岭局部隆升,古松花江发生反转,从西向东流至通河—依兰地区形成古大湖。湖泊水位不断升高致使湖水溢流切穿佳依分水岭,形成现代松花江水系的基本格局。这挑战了以前的向源侵蚀导致佳依分水岭被切穿的水系演化模式。 相似文献
11.
The mobility, bioaccessibility and transfer pathways of metals and metalloids in estuarine sediments have been the focus of much detailed research. However, to date, few studies have examined the mineralogical siting of metals and metalloids in such sediments. This is despite the fact the mineralogy of sediments is an important factor that controls which and how much of a particular metal is released to pore waters and overlying water columns. This study reports on the mineralogical siting of metals in contaminated estuarine sediments, Hobart, Australia, and aims to evaluate the mobility of metals in the contaminated substrates. Mineralogical, mineral chemical and bulk chemical analyses demonstrate that the sediments contain very high levels of several metals and metalloids. The contaminated sediments have concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) ranging from 0.55 to 4.23 wt%, 0.16 to 0.70 wt%, 415 to 951 mg/kg and 23 to 300 mg/kg, respectively. Franklinite and lesser sphalerite are the main repositories of Zn, whereas much of the Pb and Cu is hosted by sulfides, organic matter and undetermined iron (Fe) oxides. While the release of contaminant loads from franklinite through dissolution is likely to be insignificant, even small releases of metals from the highly contaminated sediments can still cause the deterioration of local water quality. The contaminated sediments represent long-term sources of metal pollutants, particularly Zn, to local waters. This study demonstrates that mineralogical analyses are a vital tool to recognise the potential mobility of trace metals in estuarine environments. 相似文献
12.
The mattes resulting from lead smelting have been studied in order to determine the distribution of heavy metals and metalloids in primary phases. The chemical analysis (EPMA) revealed the presence of various metals (Pb, Sb, Cu), sulphides (galena, wurtzite, pyrrhotite, bornite, digenite, cubanite), arsenides (koutekite, löllingite) and other complex intermetallic compounds. Extreme saturation of the initial matte melt in heavy metals and metalloids as well as a relatively rapid cooling regime are responsible for numerous elemental substitutions in the crystal structures of all the involved phases. To cite this article: V. Ettler, Z. Johan, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003). 相似文献
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Witold Szczuciński Przemysław Niedzielski Lidia Kozak Marcin Frankowski Anetta Zioła Stanisław Lorenc 《Environmental Geology》2007,53(2):253-264
Study on contamination of tsunami sediments deposited on 26 December 2004 conducted shortly after the tsunami in coastal zone
of Thailand revealed elevated contents of salts in water-soluble and some heavy metals and arsenic in bioavailable fractions
(Szczuciński et al. in Env Geol 49:321–331, 2005). Few months later rainy season started and effected in total rainfall of over 3,300 mm. This paper presents results of survey
repeated 1 year after the tsunami. To assess the effects of rainy season on mobilization of previously determined potential
contaminants, the same locations were sampled again and analysed with the same methods. The tsunami deposit layer was well
preserved but in many locations the sediments were coarser than just after tsunami due to washing out of finer fractions.
The water-soluble salts contents were strongly reduced after the rainy season. However, the concentrations of acid leachable
heavy metals and metalloids were still elevated in comparison to reference sample from an area not impacted by tsunami. It
is possible that the metals and metalloids are successively moved to more bioavailable fraction from forms which were more
resistant to mobilization. 相似文献
14.
重金属污染植物修复技术的研究与应用现状 总被引：59，自引：0，他引：59
利用植物修复污染土壤是当前国际学术界的热点研究领域。系统阐述了植物修复技术的概念与内容,对重金属污染植物修复技术研究与应用的现状、植物修复技术的优缺点进行了重点评述,介绍了国外开展的一些典型应用案例,并对这一领域的发展作了展望。 相似文献
15.
Bo Peng Xiaoyan Tang Changxun Yu Shurong Xie Meilian Xiao Zhi Song Xianglin Tu 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(2):421-434
The acid mine drainage (AMD) discharged from the Hejiacun uranium mine in central Hunan (China) was sampled and analyzed using
ICP-MS techniques. The analyzing results show that the AMD is characterized by the major ions FeTotal, Mn, Al and Si, and is concentrated with heavy metals and metalloids including Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, U, Cu, Pb, Tl, V, Cr, Se,
As and Sb. During the AMD flowing downstream, the dissolved heavy metals were removed from the AMD waters through adsorption
onto and co-precipitation with metal-oxhydroxides coated on the streambed. Among these metals, Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, U, Cu, Pb and
Tl are negatively correlated to pH values, and positively correlated to major ions Fe, Al, Si, Mn, Mg, Ca and K. The metals/metalloids
V, Cr, Se, As and Sb are conservative in the AMD solution, and negatively-correlated to major ions Na, Ca and Mg. Due to the
above different behaviors of these chemical elements, the pH-negatively related metals (PM) and the conservative metals (CM)
are identified; the PM metals include Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, U, Cu, Pb and Tl, and the CM metals V, Cr, Se, As and Sb. Based on understanding
the geochemistry of PM and CM metals in the AMD waters, a new equation: EXT = (Acidity + PM)/pH + CM × pH, is proposed to
estimate and evaluate extent of heavy-metal pollution (EXT) of AMD. The evaluation results show that the AMD and surface waters
of the mine area have high EXT values, and they could be the potential source of heavy-metal contamination of the surrounding
environment. Therefore, it is suggested that both the AMD and surface waters should be treated before they are drained out
of the mine district, for which the traditional dilution and neutralization methods can be applied to remove the PM metals
from the AMD waters, and new techniques through reducing the pH value of the downstream AMD waters should be developed for
removal of the CM metals. 相似文献
16.
The active Panasqueira mine is a tin–tungsten (Sn–W) mineralization hosted by metasediments with quartz veins rich in ferberite. The economic exploitation has been focused on wolframite, cassiterite and chalcopyrite. The mineralization also comprises several sulphides, carbonates and silver sulphosalts. The mining and beneficiation processes produces arsenic-rich mine wastes laid up in huge tailings and open air impoundments that are the main source of pollution in the surrounding area, once the oxidation of sulphides can result in the mobilization and migration of trace metals/metalloids from the mining wastes into the environment, releasing contaminants into the ecosystem.A geochemical survey was undertaken, in order to investigate the environmental contamination impact on agricultural and residential soils in S. Francisco de Assis village due to the mining activities. Rhizosphere samples, vegetables (Solanum tubersum sava and Brassica olerácea L.) which constitute an important part of the local human diet), irrigation waters and road dusts were collected in private residences in S. Francisco de Assis village. According to the Ontario guidelines (Ministry of Environment, 2011), the Arsenic contents in the rhizosphere soils exceed 20 times the reference value for agricultural soils (11 mg kg−1). The result obtained showed that some edible plants frequently used in the region could be enriched in these metals/metalloids and may represent a serious hazard if consumed. The potatoes tend to have a preferential accumulation in the leaves and roots while in cabbages most elements have a preferential accumulation in the roots. An index of the risk for residents, due to ingesting of these metals/metalloids, by consuming vegetables grown around the sampling area, was calculated and the result indicates that the inhabitants of S. Francisco de Assis village are probably exposed to some potential health risks through the intake of arsenic, cadmium and also lead via consuming their vegetables. 相似文献
17.
The aqueous mobility and potential bioavailability of metals and metalloids in road runoff in a ‘wet–dry’ tropical location
were assessed by analysing metal and metalloid concentrations in particulate, total dissolved and labile dissolved phases
in runoff waters. Road-derived Al, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn concentrations were substantially elevated in runoff when compared to
receiving creek waters. Median dissolved concentrations in road runoff exceeded those in creek waters by up to an order of
magnitude. Leaching experiments of road sediments confirmed that several metals and metalloids were released in high concentrations
from road sediments. Labile Zn and Cu concentrations measured by diffusion gradients in thin films (DGT) showed that almost
all dissolved Zn and up to half of dissolved Cu in runoff waters and in road sediment leachate were potentially bioavailable.
Comparisons of dissolved metal concentrations in receiving waters affected by road runoff with ecosystem guideline levels,
indicated a risk of reaching toxic levels of Cu and Zn in the receiving waters in the absence of adequate treatment or dilution.
Low dilution rates of road runoff are likely to occur during late ‘dry’ season/early ‘wet’ season storms which have the potential
to produce high metal concentrations derived from long periods of accumulation of road sediment at a time when creek flow
rates are at their annual minimum. 相似文献
18.
It is now feasible to predict accurately the structural energies of solids and solid surfaces from first principles computational techniques based on pseudopotential theory. We illustrate these techniques for several prototypical systems. We predict structural properties for binary crystalline systems of the form: ANB8–N where (A, B) are simple metals and metalloids and N is the number of valence electrons on A. We illustrate the chemical forces responsible for stabilizing rocksalt, zinc blende, and white tin structures as a function of pressure. Also we demonstrate the utility of these techniques for predicting the surface properties for insulators and transition metals. 相似文献
19.
煤矿酸性水中亚稳态矿物Schwertmannite的形成与转变 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
斯沃特曼矿是一种形成于煤矿酸性水环境中的铁的含水硫酸盐矿物,具有很高的比表面积和不稳定性,对煤矿酸性水中有害微量元素的吸附和迁移活性具有重要影响。运用扫描电镜(SEM/EDX)和粉末X射线衍射等手段,通过测定和对比,鉴别了中国的煤矿酸性矿排水渠中存在斯沃特曼矿物,在实验室中模拟酸性水环境对煤中非均质黄铁矿进行氧化反应试验,结果显示,反应产物中存在斯沃特曼矿物,并且认为随着反应时间的延长,斯沃特曼矿物逐渐向针铁矿转变。 相似文献
20.
Environmental geochemistry of the Gulf Creek copper mine area, north-eastern New South Wales, Australia 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10
Past mining and smelting of sulphide ore (pyrite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite) at the abandoned Gulf Creek mine has resulted in
a stream highly contaminated by acid mine drainage (pH: 2.2–3.4), as well as degradation of local soil and vegetation. Physical
dispersion of secondary metal-bearing minerals from abandoned ore and waste dumps into Gulf Creek and adsorption and coprecipitation
of dissolved metals and metalloids in the stream bed cause elevated Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn values in stream sediments.
The bioavailability of individual heavy metals to freshwater organisms changes downstream, however, selective bioaccumulation
processes in algae reject readily bioavailable Zn and concentrate less bioavailable Cu. Polluted soils in the vicinity of
the mine and smelter sites are subject to continuing soil erosion and either support no vegetation, or a depauperate flora
with certain species showing bioaccumulation of metals and resistance to high metal contents. Rehabilitation of disturbed
areas should involve covering and sealing sulphidic mine waste or removal of ore and waste dumps, installation of a physical
and chemical plant or construction of a wetland environment (plus anoxic lime drains), and import of topsoil and planting
of local, metal-tolerant plant species.
Received: 17 March 1998 / Accepted: 6 October 1998 相似文献