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1.
本文从衍射波的物理定义出发,简化了Trorey提出的断层上Kirchhoff-Helmholtz衍射方程的解法;计算了不同深度、不同测线方向下的断层衍射波理论地震图;计算了衍射波振幅谱与相位谱,给出了利用衍射波求断层位置的公式;得出了一些新的结论,通过人工地震测深与地震勘探的实例,对断层衍射波的特性有了更明确的认识。 本文的结果表明:断层衍射波发生在地球介质剧烈变化处;衍射点两侧的衍射波走时曲线呈双曲线状;波初动清晰且半周期小;其优势频率振幅谱与反射波的相同,在衍射波与反射波走时曲线相切处附近,记录图中出现衍射波最大振幅,且波反相;视断点与真实断点一般不重合。上述特点可能为判定衍射波并确定断层位置提供判据。 相似文献
2.
本文用位错模式研究了含粗糙面断层的远场地震体波辐射。假设粗糙面大小和整个错动面大小的比值为C,并假设破裂从中心开始,计算了不同C值对远场地震波谱的影响。结果表明,与均匀圆盘状断层的远场振幅谱相比,不同之处是,由于粗糙面的存在,当裂纹前端传播至粗糙面的边缘处时,引起波谱开始部分的分裂,表现在谱的第一个波谷处。粗糙面的大小对振幅谱的影响不显著。另外,比较P波和S波振幅谱,发现S波波谱的拐角频率比P波的低。 相似文献
3.
本文根据三维液体-固体超声频脉冲振动的模型试验和野外高频地震勘探的结果,对直角断层（θ=90°）、锐角断层（θ<90°）和钝角断层（θ>90°）进行了综合分析。θ角改变时,波的追踪范围和类型均不相同。三种断层中振幅随距离的变化亦不同。当θ=90°时,根据反射波或繞射波振幅随距离变化曲线上的极大值点,可以确定断层的位置;当θ<90°或是θ>90°时,根据振幅曲线上的特征值同样可以确定断层的位置和类型。θ角不同,波的强度变化也不同。不论θ=90°,>90°还是<90°,由一种类型的波向另一种类型的波过渡时,频谱极大值的频率和记录的主周期均有跳跃变化。文中对三种断层做了综合比较,确定了某些基本准则,利用它们可以确定不同类型的断层,这些模型试验结果与野外高频反射波的资料对比,说明它们的特征基本上是一致的。 相似文献
4.
张永荣 《地震地磁观测与研究》1992,13(1):24-30
核爆炸与地震相比,围绕爆炸源的初动具有更多的向上记录和更高的振幅周期比,初动可以作为核爆与地震的一个识别标志。某些核爆炸的向下记录。或许是由于低信噪比的原因,记录到的是初至波的第二个半周;其余的也许是由于近P波走时曲线的反射波造成。 相似文献
5.
地震荷载作用下,断层两侧边坡稳定性一直是研究重点,本文主要探讨动态加载对不同位置坡体产生的地震动效应。首先,建立一个截面大小为500 km×100 km的有限元二维动态铲形断层模型,在地表断层两侧构建对称边坡来模拟滑坡地形。然后加载脉冲震源,通过对震源(深度为14 km)处节点指定加速度的方法,模拟计算地震发生后100 s内地震波传播对距断层分别为1 km,30 km及100 km的不同边坡震动产生的影响。结果显示:边坡震动强度随着震源距的增加而快速衰减,下盘的衰减比上盘更为强烈;距断层相同位置处,上盘比下盘振动幅度大;相同山体的不同位置上,水平方向振幅随断层距增大而衰减;垂直方向振幅,相同高程处的振幅相近,高程越高振幅相对减小;随着断层距的增加,山体的水平和垂直方向振幅都逐渐变小;震源距较远位置处的振幅比近震源位置小很多,说明近震位置处振动强度大,即在同等地质条件下,近断层的上盘区域更易发生滑坡。 相似文献
6.
沿着1992年6月28日M7.4兰德斯地震的断层线,我们在11个地点安装了7个台的流动地震观测网,台站离断层线的最大距离只有1km。我们发现在S波后面有一个很明显的相对长周期的波列,而且这个波列只有当台站和发生的地震两者都很靠近断层线时才显示出来。我们把这个波列解释为局限于低速断层带内的地震导波。为了研究导波振幅随与断层线距离的分布,以及导波随沿着断层线传播距离的衰减,我们利用尾波规一化法来消除震源与记录位置的影响。规一化后的导波振幅在3-4Hz处出现一个谱峰,该谱峰随着远离断层线衰减很快。频谱幅度在高频段(8-15Hz)出现相反变化趋势,即随着远离断层线而增加。规一化的导波振幅在3-4Hz处也显示出随沿断层带的震源距加大而系统减小,由此我们推断出表观Q值为50。为了证实导波的存在,我们在断层上的11个观测地段中的一个布设了31个台站的密集台阵。记录的结果给出了确凿的证据证实了与断层带有关的导波的存在。我们将导波模拟成夫于两个均匀半空间的速度V_s为3.0km/s的低速波导中传播的S波,从波形模拟推断出波导宽度大约为180m,其剪切波速为 2.0-2.2km/s,Q大约为50。具有清晰导波的余震的位置显示出沿侧向和沿深度的有规则的分布,在三维空间中勾画出了低速断层带的范围。我们发现断层带延伸深度至少10km,这条断层带很明显向南延伸,穿过平托山断层,因为在平托山断层以北的地震台上观测到震中在南面的地震的导波。另外,在主震震中以北大约20km的断层弯曲处断层带出现不连续,在地震台和震中位于断层同一侧时就观测到了导波,而各在一侧时就没有观测到导波。 相似文献
7.
一、井间地震扫描是在一口井内放置震源,在另外一口井接收而获得地震记录。在井内不同深度处放置许多震源与检波器,地震射线便可以详细覆盖井间的岩石剖面。因为测量是在损耗很强的覆盖层及风化带下进行的,所以能够利用高频、短波长的地震波求解大部分类型岩石中的细结构,尽管在井间地震图中存在着反射波,但我们所感兴趣的是透射波,例如井间穿透岩石的直达P波或S波波至。直达波的走时及振幅能够反演产生描述井间地质横剖 相似文献
8.
波射线路径压制多次波的反射波成像是在偏移过程去除多次波同时仅对反射波成像.通过在共炮道集和共检波点道集分别计算炮点射线的入射角和检波点射线的出射角计算射线的路径.从炮点入射的射线与从检波点出射的射线的交点形成的走时,若等于观测走时,可以判断此条射线是反射波;反之,若不相等,则是多次波.数值实验表明此方法可以有效地去掉由于多次波能量产生的假成像点和压制多次波,因此界面可以正确归位,同时去掉由于多次波引起的假成像位置. 相似文献
9.
利用井间地震层析成像方法探测隐伏断层 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对目前隐伏断层探测中存在的技术难题,提出了在地面反射地震勘探初步确定的断点附近,用井间地震层析成像方法探测隐伏断层及其上断点的埋深。首先介绍井间地震技术的应用现状和井间地震层析成像的基本原理,并结合实例讨论了井间初至走时层析成像的野外数据采集和室内资料处理方法。芦花台隐伏断层的井间地震层析成像结果表明,采用弯曲射线追踪方法反演得到的跨芦花台隐伏断层的井间纵波速度结构图像与钻孔联合剖面揭示的断层特征相吻合。 相似文献
10.
《应用地球物理》2015,(3)
基于岩石物理模型和广义各向异性Zoeppritz方法在频率域计算裂缝型反射体模型反射波方位地震AVO响应。反射体模型为粘弹各向异性、有限厚度的地质体,其地震反射波形序列包含如下动力学信息,即分界面处介质的波阻抗和非弹性差异、反射体内部波的各向异性传播、在传播路径上的频散与衰减,以及来自顶底界面的反射波的调谐与干涉等。计算表明,速度频散和衰减增顶界面反射波大入射角反射时的振幅,而减弱底界面反射振幅。对于固定入射角的方位地震方位地震响应,PP波反射特征表现为随方位角的增加反射波形序列延续时间变长,而PSV和PSH转换类型反射波的方位各向异性变化特征稳定且受储层厚度影响较小,表现为PSV波反射振幅随方位角增加而增加,PSH波在0°和90°方位无反射能量,在45°方位反射振幅最强。 相似文献
11.
本文讨论一项用以研究折射绕射波的三度空间超声波模拟实验的结果。实验说明,在三度空间中,在某一点观测到的绕射波包含着来自无穷个绕射源的波涟,这些绕射源沿着绕射楔或断层而分布。这点在观测点位于垂直绕射楔或断层的方向上也是同样真实。 结果也指出绕射波的动力学性质随着绕射楔或断层的几何形状而变化,因此根据这种结果可以设想,若详细研究绕射波的动力学特性,可以对绕射楔或断层的几何形状得出有用的证据。 此外,根据模拟实验的结果,可用“最小走程原理”来解释波涟到达观测点的行程和求得绕射点的位置。 相似文献
12.
用折射波法对断层进行勘探的实际工作中,不仅观察到上、下盘的正常折射波及棱上的绕射波,而且还可以看到因绕射、透过所产生的一些次生异常波.这些波郁同时在记录上出现,并构成一幅复杂的波形图.如果不能一一地识别它们,并掌握它们的运动学及动力学特征,就无法正确地识别及解释断层.以往一些文章多半讨论板状介质边缘上的绕射现象,而未涉及上、下盘同时存在时,折射法记录上可能出现的次生绕射、折射波. 本文为了解决这一问题,利用了超声波脉冲地震模拟仪进行了实验,对不同大小断距情况下的折射异常波及次生波进行了研究,回答了有关断层勘探中必须阐明的一些问题. 相似文献
13.
This paper is concerned with the problem of interpretation of anomalous seismic amplitudes, induced by the amplitude‐scattering phenomenon. This phenomenon occurs in the vicinity of a crack distribution at the interface between elastic layers. The purpose of this work is to obtain a better understanding of the physics of this distinctive phenomenon, in order to interpret correctly the amplitudes of the reflected events. By analogy with studies in optics and in acoustics, we suggest that diffraction is widely involved in the amplitude‐scattering phenomenon. Analytical evaluation of the amount of energy carried by the reflected and the diffracted waves shows that neglecting diffraction in numerical models leads to local underestimation of the amplitude of waves reflected at interfaces with gas‐filled crack distribution. 相似文献
14.
为进一步深入研究夏垫断裂的发震构造及活动性,在夏垫断裂震中区开展浅层地震勘探,布设小道距、高密度地震勘探测线,对地震反射剖面进行综合解释。以潘各庄段为中心,向两侧展开布设,共布设浅层地震勘探测线12条,测线总长约18 km。野外数据采集采用中间激发、双边不对称接收、满覆盖次数不少于12次的观测系统。原始资料经过常规处理和精细处理,获得了高质量的反射波叠加时间剖面。地震反射时间剖面揭示的波组变化特征明显,断裂特征清晰,解释夏垫断裂为倾向SE、视倾角约为72°的正断层;同时展现了自小石各庄至南张岱延伸约20 km范围内夏垫断裂的空间展布及浅部构造特征,解释测线范围内夏垫断裂走向约为N40°E。在此基础上,结合微地貌测量和以往研究成果,推测夏垫断裂为全新世活动断裂,其中夏垫断裂中心段伴随次断裂发育和断层绕射波,该特征向两侧减弱,与断裂陡坎的分布和连续的高差变化相对应,同时验证了夏垫镇潘各庄附近为震中的结果。探测结果所揭示的夏垫断裂的空间展布及地层结构特征与地质资料吻合。 相似文献
15.
Seismic diffracted waves carry valuable information for identifying geological discontinuities. Unfortunately, the diffraction energy is generally too weak, and standard seismic processing is biased to imaging reflection. In this paper, we present a dynamic diffraction imaging method with the aim of enhancing diffraction and increasing the signal‐to‐noise ratio. The correlation between diffraction amplitudes and their traveltimes generally exists in two forms, with one form based on the Kirchhoff integral formulation, and the other on the uniform asymptotic theory. However, the former will encounter singularities at geometrical shadow boundaries, and the latter requires the computation of a Fresnel integral. Therefore, neither of these methods is appropriate for practical applications. Noting the special form of the Fresnel integral, we propose a least‐squares fitting method based on double exponential functions to study the amplitude function of diffracted waves. The simple form of the fitting function has no singularities and can accelerate the calculation of diffraction amplitude weakening coefficients. By considering both the fitting weakening function and the polarity reversal property of the diffracted waves, we modify the conventional Kirchhoff imaging conditions and formulate a diffraction imaging formula. The mechanism of the proposed diffraction imaging procedure is based on the edge diffractor, instead of the idealized point diffractor. The polarity reversal property can eliminate the background of strong reflection and enhance the diffraction by same‐phase summation. Moreover,the fitting weakening function of diffraction amplitudes behaves like an inherent window to optimize the diffraction imaging aperture by its decaying trend. Synthetic and field data examples reveal that the proposed diffraction imaging method can meet the requirement of high‐resolution imaging, with the edge diffraction fully reinforced and the strong reflection mostly eliminated. 相似文献
16.
The formal solutions of displacement field to the problem of elastic wave scattering and diffraction due to an infinitely long rigid cylinder embedded in an infinite elastic medium by an impulsive point source have been obtained in the integral form. The integrals for the reflected and the diffracted waves both in the shadow zone and in the illuminated zone are evaluated asymptotically for the early time motion by the Reisdue-Cagniard method and the Saddle-point-Cagniard method.Numerical results of the diffractedP, S andPS waves at a fixed circum-distance from the surface of the rigid cylinder show noticeably that (1) the energy partition for the diffractedS wave is small in comparison with that for the diffractedP wave, (2) the wave form of the diffractedS wave is broader and more diffused than that of the diffractedP wave, (3) the direction of the radial motions of the diffractedP andS waves varies as a function of the observational point, and (4) the energy partition for the diffractedP wave is much smaller than that for the direct or the reflectedP waves.This paper has been presented at the 46th Annual International Meeting of Society of Exploration Geophysicists in Houston, Texas, Oct. 28, 1976. 相似文献
17.
低速断层破碎带内传播的断层围陷波是断层内部信息的重要载体,研究其波场特征是反,演断层内部结构的关键。前人对围陷波的模拟主要针对垂直断层,但实际断层大部分是倾斜的。本文利用谱元法数值模拟地震波在垂直和倾斜断层区域的传播,并分别单独改变断层破碎带或断层两盘速度差异等参数,对比分析地震动在时域和频域发生的变化,研究这些参数对波场特征的影响。对比研究表明,当存在一定宽度的低速破碎带时,倾斜断层对近断层区域波场的影响和垂直断层相比在幅值分布上有比较显著的差异,尤其是当断层两盘同时还存在速度差异时;在倾斜和垂直断层破碎带上方,均能产生断层围陷波,其幅值特征差异不大,但在跨断层平面上的质点极化方式可能会存在差异:垂直断层围陷波质点极化方向表现为单一,而倾斜断层可能会出现多个方向。这些模拟结果有助于反演真实断层破碎带结构,也能够加深对近断层的强地面运动特征的认识。 相似文献
18.
Summary To derive the structure of the Lower Mantle, observations of P and S waves at epicentral distances beyond 90 degrees have been used. The arrival times and amplitude decay with distance proved to be a source of information to derive the structure near the core-mantle interface. These observations were compared with results of theoretical calculations based on full wave theory [1, 2, 5, 6]. Another important theoretical method is the reflectivity method [4]. Differences between the two methods have a direct bearing on the interpretation of the observations and therefore need to be investigated.In the two methods the wave propagation involved in diffraction is simulated in different ways. In this paper the importance of approximations involved in each of the methods will be discussed. For this purpose the calculation of the frequency-dependent decay with distance of diffracted SH waves has been chosen. The approximations are considered to be important both in P and SH diffraction. The advantage of studying SH waves is the simpler and more straightforward formulation. 相似文献
19.
When a small, transparent replica of a seismic section is illuminated by a homogeneous beam of coherent, monochromatic parallel light a diffraction pattern is created that is representation of the double Fourier spectrum of the recorded seismic waves, i.e. their spectrum in terms of frequency, f, and apparent wave number, k. Masking selected parts of this diffraction pattern causes the spectrum to be filtered: the recomposition of the filtered spectrum then provides a filtered section. The ideal seismic section for this purpose would be a continuous variable density section obtained from recording made at every point of the seismic line. The light transmission coefficient (in terms of light amplitude) at each spot of the replica should be linearly related to the instantaneous seismic signal strength at the spot on the seismic section to which it refers. Unfortunately we cannot make recordings at every point of a seismic line and in our practically realisable recordings we have to be content with sampling in the direction of the location coordinate x. This means that with variable density recordings aliasing will be present and evident in the spectrum obtained in the direction of k; furthermore, the aliased spectrum is also multiplied by a sine function of k because the recording obtained at a given station is not presented on the seismic section as a single line along the time axis, but occupies the entire width of the trace. The diffraction patterns created by variable density recordings of dipping sine waves, including clipped recordings, and of the effect of dip filtering in such sections are discussed. The efficiency of dip rejection is shown to decrease with increasing dip. The diffraction pattern of a variable density recording is found to be characterised by a relationship between point pairs in the pattern. No such simple relationship has been found for the diffraction pattern of a variable area section; the spectra of such VAR sections belong to a very special class, because the amplitude transmission coefficient has only two values, viz. 0 and 1. Consequently, selective masking of the diffraction pattern of a VAR section may give rise to a filtered profile that does not look like a VAR section at all. General statements about the diffraction pattern of VAR sections are hard to give, because the transmission coefficient at a given point in the replica is not proportional to the signal level in the seismic section at the relevant point. In the case of VAR presentation of harmonic waves it was found that, as well as the aliasing effect in the k direction, higher harmonics of the frequency are also introduced. Some synthetic examples are given that show dip filtering to be less effective with VAR than with variable density recordings. Some arguments are advanced in favour of the opinion that high-pass filtering of VAR sections will have less success than low-pass filtering. This is demonstrated by two synthetic examples. 相似文献
20.
A new method is presented for solving the 2D problem of diffraction of a plane wave by a wedge of arbitrary angle in a purely acoustic, constant-density medium with different constant compressional wave speeds inside and outside the wedge. The diffraction problem is formulated as integral equations, and a wavenumber–frequency representation of the scattered field is obtained. With the aid of the Cagniard–de Hoop method, exact analytical expressions in the space–time domain are obtained for the different wave constituents, i.e. geometric optical scattered waves and edge diffracted waves including head waves. These expressions can be computed to any degree of accuracy within reasonable computation times on a computer, and the semi-analytical method of solution presented thus constitutes a means of constructing reference solutions for wedge configurations. Such highly accurate reference solutions are of importance for verification of results that include diffraction phenomena modelled by general numerical approximate methods, e.g. finite differences, finite elements and spectral methods. Examples of such applications of the method of solution are given. 相似文献