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1.
Cheryl McEwan 《Geoforum》2003,34(4):469-481
This paper considers the ongoing political transformations in South Africa in the context of debates about good governance and participatory democracy. It first appraises the current transformations of local government in South Africa, focusing specifically on relationships between gender equality and citizenship on the one hand, and local government policy, legislation, and community participation on the other, and then explores meanings of participation and how they inform approaches towards local socio-economic development. The findings of primary research conducted with civil society organisations and black women in communities in the Cape Town metropolitan area are explored through three interrelated themes. First, the model of structured participation that is central to South Africa’s democratic transformation is assessed from the perspective of black women. Second, cultures of alienation, both within local governance structures and amongst black women and the extent to which recent restructuring is combating or contributing to these are explored. Third, how participation policies are dealing with conflict within and between target groups are analysed, whether stakeholder group politics obliterate important differences in interests and whether alternative structures might be more effective in terms of women’s participation and empowerment. Finally, the findings are interpreted in relation to theoretical concepts of good governance and participatory democracy, and the potential and problems of realising South Africa’s transformation process toward developmental local government are assessed. 相似文献
2.
Brij Maharaj 《GeoJournal》2002,56(1):47-57
While South Africa's political transformation has been lauded internationally, one of the greatest challenges facing the post-apartheid
democratic government is undocumented immigration. There has been a xenophobic tendency to stigmatise immigrants, particularly
those from other African countries as criminals, as people who undermine economic development and take jobs from locals. The
aim of this paper is to critically review changing policies towards undocumented migration in post-apartheid South Africa.
More specifically, the paper will present a historical context to migration; question whether there are millions of illegal
immigrants in South Africa; identify reasons for the increasing influx of migrants into the country; analyse the rise of xenophobia
in the Republic; discuss problems associated with migrants; and assess changing immigration policies. The main reason for
leaving their home countries was a lack of employment opportunities. Therefore the migrants could be regarded as economic
refugees.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
P. Q. Siyongwana 《GeoJournal》2005,64(3):199-213
The political changes in South Africa after 1994 necessitated that the Bantustans, the main servers of apartheid planning,
be re-incorporated into the mainstream of South Africa, implying the transformation of apartheid residential planning. Since
then there has been much speculation about the type of transformation that would be implemented in the Bantustans to effect
change in a non-racial South Africa. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effects of post-apartheid territorial restructuring
in the former South African Bantustans. Examining and elucidating the manner in which the diverse social, economic and political
factors have manifested themselves in the process of transformation of spatial residential planning in Umtata (the former
capital city of the Transkei Bantustan) since 1994 is the central theme of this paper. Using property registers together with
changes in legislative policies and land ownership, the transformation pattern was analysed in the former Bantustan capital
city (Umtata). The findings indicate that the new South African policies and development strategies have been partially successful
in eliminating the incongruencies of the past with regard to access to housing in Umtata. More critical is that this paper
suggests that there still remains a greater challenge lingering from the influence of the Bantustan government in the city. 相似文献
4.
Transforming the South African tourism industry: The emerging black-owned bed and breakfast economy 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Christian M. Rogerson 《GeoJournal》2004,60(3):273-281
In South Africa the tourism industry has been targeted as one of the key sectoral drivers for economic development and transformation
of the country over the next two decades. A special feature of the South African tourism economy, which is a legacy of the
apartheid period, is that the overwhelming majority of tourism enterprises and of the tourism economy as a whole is under
the ownership of the white minority. With the post-apartheid transition, the national government recognizes that this unequal
ownership structure in tourism needs to be addressed through a programme of transformation and consolidated support for the
development of black owned tourism enterprises, especially of small tourism enterprises. The objective in this paper is to
examine the problems and challenges that face the transformation of South Africa's contemporary tourism economy by investigating
the development and constraints upon the country's emergent small black-owned accommodation sector in the form of bed and
breakfast establishments. 相似文献
5.
Local music policies within a global music industry: cultural quarters in Manchester and Sheffield 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
This paper will explore the relationship between the local and the global in the music industry through the lens of place-based cultural policies.The first part of the paper will outline current debates around the complex interaction of the local and the global in culture in general and the popular music industry in particular. Alongside the continuous expansion of globalisation has been a reassertion of ‘place', of ‘locality'. Whilst this has been investigated to some extent at the level of local music scenes it has never been fully addressed in terms of music industry policy as part of an economic development strategy. Yet it is here that the particular values of ‘place' are asserted in the face of some ‘global' music industry with a view to developing (or at least retaining some of the benefits of) a local music industry.Whilst situating itself within these debates about the relationship of local and global musical production and consumption, the paper explores the different strategies of two northern English cities and their attempts to promote culture, and music, within each cities ‘cultural quarter': Sheffield's Cultural Industries Quarter and Manchester's Northern Quarter. The paper analyses the role and appropriateness of local authority policy intervention, the importance of ‘soft' networks within local music scenes and the different ways in which authorities in each example have tried to overcome dichotomies of art and industry, cultural and economy. 相似文献
6.
Natural disasters, like hurricanes, can damage properties and critical infrastructure systems, degrade economic productivity, and in extreme situations can cause injuries and mortalities. This paper focuses particularly on workforce disruptions in the aftermath of hurricanes. We extend the dynamic inoperability input?Coutput model (DIIM) by formulating a workforce recovery model to identify critical industry sectors. A decision analysis tool is utilized by integrating the economic loss and inoperability metrics to study the interdependent effects of various hurricane intensities on Virginia??s workforce sectors. The extended DIIM and available workforce survey data are incorporated in the decision support tool to simulate various hurricane scenarios. For a low-intensity hurricane scenario, the simulated total economic loss to Virginia??s industry sectors due to workforce absenteeism is around $410 million. Examples of critical sectors that suffer the highest losses for this scenario include: (1) miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services; (2) federal general government; (3) state and local government enterprises; (4) construction; and (5) administrative and support services. This paper also explores the inoperability metric, which describes the proportion in which a sector capacity is disrupted. The inoperability metric reveals a different ranking of critical sectors, such as: (1) social assistance; (2) hospitals and nursing and residential care facilities; (3) educational services; (4) federal government enterprises; and (5) federal general government. Results of the study will help identify the critical workforce sectors and can ultimately provide insights into formulating preparedness decisions to expedite disaster recovery. The model was applied to the state of Virginia but can be generalized to other regions and other disaster scenarios. 相似文献
7.
Kee-Bom Nahm 《GeoJournal》1999,49(3):289-299
In recent years, central Seoul has been experiencing a dynamic transformation. In the process of reorganization of the urban
industrial structure including tertiarization and quaternarization of the economic base of Seoul, business services are growing
very rapidly and large scale urban renewal projects are quickly implemented. Downtown office activities become a nucleus for
economic performance of Seoul and high-rise office buildings steer the landscape transformation of central Seoul. Even though
there appears to exist some evidence that office districts have dispersed to several subcenters, major office activities are
still concentrated in central Seoul. This paper redefines office industry in a narrow sense comprising only relevant economic
sectors and office buildings as office activity-functioning units. It then explores the industrial networking and territorial
specialization of office activities focusing on the dual process of concentration and dispersion in Seoul. The changing characteristics
of the downtown linkages of office activities in this post-industrial era transforms the spatial economy of central Seoul
into a more flexible and volatile system, while territorial concentration of power and control functions are fortified at
the same time. Finally, the paper addresses the development of manufacturing- tertiary-quaternary industrial complexes, which
can be regarded as emerging industrial clusters, producing the cultural economy of urban space and images for clients and
customers, in relation to urban competitiveness and territorial specialization of large metropolitan areas.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
Mariama Awumbila 《GeoJournal》2006,67(2):149-161
Poverty trends in Ghana show a decline over the last two decades. However, the period also shows evidence of the intensification
of vulnerability and exclusion among some groups, including women. Among several variables accounting for women’s vulnerability
to poverty are gender inequalities, which it is argued, undermines development and the prospects for improving standards of
living. Therefore it has been suggested that policies, which aim at reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development
must integrate gender equality, equity and women’s empowerment in its goals. Despite these, the interconnections between a
reduction in gender inequality and a reduction in poverty are complex. The paper explores the gender dimensions of poverty
in Ghana, and how gender inequalities are manifested and implicated in the reproduction of poverty. It also assesses the extent
to which these have been taken into account in poverty reduction strategies and policies to enhance the situation of women.
It concludes that if strategies to engender poverty reduction programmes are to be sustainable it is important to recognize
unequal gender relations and the structures of power that women confront at all levels in Ghana and how these increase women’s
vulnerability to poverty. 相似文献
9.
本文在研究未来全球矿产资源发展趋势和国际矿产资源经济贸易管理方面出现的主要问题,以及全球能源与重要矿产资源供需形势基本估计基础上,重点进行评价-安全机制、应对策略、产业政策、协调-合作和管理立法等有关转型方面的论述,并将其诸方面转型视为一个系统,提出资源经济贸易管理系统的思想,该思想的核心是将国际资源经济贸易中所涉及到多个学科(经济学、矿床学和管理学等)和数个环节作为一个有机的整体进行系统性地运作,针对现存问题进行统一管理和研究,最大限度分享境外资源以及预先设定矿产资源全球性配置工作,处理好未来矿产资源形势评估与国际经济贸易转型管理之间的关系。 相似文献
10.
Agatha Herman 《Geoforum》2012,43(6):1121-1130
This paper explores the spaces and power relations of ethical foodscapes. Ethics can offer a commodity a valuable unique selling point in a competitive marketplace but managing the changeable and multiple motivations for stakeholder participation throughout the commodity chain in order to utilise this opportunity is a complex negotiation. Through exploring the spaces and relations within three South African–UK ethical wine networks, the discursive tactics used to sustain these are uncovered. The discourses of Fairtrade, Black Economic Empowerment and organics are highly adaptive, interacting with each other in such a way as to always be contextually appealing. This ‘tactical mutability’ is combined with ‘scales of knowing’, which, this paper argues, are essential for network durability. ‘Scales of knowing’ refers to the recognition by stakeholders of the potential for different articulations of a discourse within the network, which combines with ‘tactical mutability’ to allow for a scalar, contextual and ’knowing’ (im)mutability to ensure the discourse’s continued appeal. However, even when one discourse is the ‘lead’ it always folds within it linkages to other ethical discourses at work, suggesting that ethical practice is mutually supportive discursively. This means that at the producer end ethical interactions may offer more capacity to enact genuine transformation than the solo operations of a discourse. 相似文献
11.
This paper examines the participation of women in local government in the Durban Metro Area in the post-apartheid era. The
primary purpose is to ascertain the degree of representation of women in local government structures and their influence on
decision-making processes. The paper further attempts to determine the gender sensitivity of the male counterparts and their
level of collaboration with female councillors. The gendered needs of women in local government and the various problems they
experienced in office are highlighted. Finally, strategies to increase the participation of women in local government as well
as to eradicate impediments, which they encounter, are advocated. The paper revealed that women have been under-represented
in local government. Women who are elected into local government are discriminated against on grounds of gender and often
race. They tend to be side-lined and marginalised in decision-making and in positions of power.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
《Geoforum》2013
The volatility of British Columbia’s (BC’s) forest industries over the last three decades has not only reflected the immediate impacts of demand fluctuations arising from the broader vicissitudes of capitalist economies but the evolutionary implications of industrial and resource dynamics. The 1980s recession in particular marked a turning point in the evolutionary trajectory of BC’s forest industries, associated with global paradigmatic changes driven by flexibility imperatives, the maturation of the forestry resource cycle to the plateau or fall-down stage, and conflicts caused by environmental, social and trade protectionist opposition to vested industry interests. This paper focuses on the broad contours of the restructuring of BC’s forest industries since 1980. Conceptually, the paper elaborates a resource industry life-cycle model (RILCM) that integrates industry and resource cycle dynamics and the implications of economic crisis. Empirically, the analysis uses longitudinal output and employment data, summaries of the policy re-regulation of the BC forest economy since 1980, and comparative static plant-level data, 1980–2008. The analysis reveals the 1980s recession as a turning point in the transformation of BC’s forest industries, characterized by high levels of volatility and long-term decline in the main commodities. Industrial restructuring has also witnessed a fragmentation of production, the emergence of small firm dominated value-added activities, and broad changes to the coreperiphery structure of the forest industries within BC. It is argued that evolutionary approaches to economic geography need to incorporate resource peripheries and crisis and acknowledge the role of crisis and non-economic factors in shaping regional transformation. 相似文献
13.
While scholarly concentration has been given to the challenges and opportunities for urban transformation in democratic South Africa, there are still pockets of areas which fall short of intensive examination, particularly in the topic of transforming hidden urban communities. In order to interrogate the socio-economic transformation of the hidden urbanites in a post-apartheid policy regime, this paper draws heavily from empirical evidence of Mdantsane, the second largest township in South Africa. It triangulates data obtained through unstructured in-depth interviews with that gathered from census surveys and other government reports. The study indicates that despite notable policy strides to facilitate the much sought after transformation, Mdantsane’s urban landscape still suffers from development gaps that are largely reflected in socio-economic spatial inequalities. Although these findings generally resonate with scholarly evidence established in other urban areas in South Africa, we argue about the peculiarity of Mdantsane’s case, which is chiefly associated with a complex matrix of policy events and physiographic constraints that would need a revisit if the envisaged development plans are to become a reality. 相似文献
14.
《Geoforum》1988,19(3):367-379
It is difficult, if not impossible, to completely separate political from economic relationships in any political system at any scale; this is no less true for Australia than it is for other countries. Changes in Australian Federal-State political relationships must be viewed in the context of changes in the overall system of international trade, the increasing economic power of the Pacific States and the economic restructuring of the Australian economy. However, explanations of political relationships cannot merely focus on the economic issues; the legal, historical and geographical contexts are also relevant. This paper explores Federal-State relations within the overall framework of a centre-periphery model within which jurisdictional conflicts revolve around Federal Government attempts to maintain power at the centre at the expense of the periphery. It takes the viewpoint that any meaningful discussion of political relationships must encompass aspects of human conflict which take place in particular political-geographical and legal contexts. 相似文献
15.
The role of power in economic activity has been researched across the social sciences but there has been little engagement with the spatialities of power relations. This paper thus draws on a recent reinvigorated interest in power within economic geography to develop an approach for understanding how the spatiality of power relations in economic practices are constituted through different forms of proximity. It argues that proximity needs to be conceptualised as multi-dimensional including physical, cultural, virtual and organizational proximity between firms and actors. It further contends that the development of different forms of proximity shape the agency of empowered actors in industry clusters and regional economies. This general proposition is explored by presenting research into a case study: the UK-based private equity industry. The research focuses on the nature, role and development of different forms of proximity between private equity firms and the investee firms that are the subject of investments. 相似文献
16.
South Africa is unique in that its globally significant biodiversity, which is under significant threat, coexists with an apartheid history of dispossession that produced a starkly unequal land ownership pattern and widespread rural poverty. It is in this context that the post-apartheid government must fulfil constitutional and international obligations to safeguard environmental assets as well as undertake land reform benefiting the previously dispossessed. Consequently, there is a continuous challenge of reconciling complex and often conflicting relationships between poverty, inequitable access to resources, and the protection of biodiversity. Current efforts to conserve the Cape Floral Kingdom emphasize partnerships between private landowners and existing nature reserves to promote sustainable utilisation of biodiversity. This paper presents a case study exploring how this approach might be reconciled with land rights and opportunities for land-based livelihoods among farm dwellers in the Baviaanskloof area of the Eastern Cape. The paper identifies systemic and structural tensions in current attempts to reconcile biodiversity conservation and farm dwellers’ interests, and documents issues of process and principle that could become important in the future. In doing so, it highlights the influence of on-farm power relations and overly complex institutional arrangements in determining the real extent of participation by affected farm dwellers and the efficacy of social safeguard policies. Findings also caution against an over-reliance on ecotourism as the major occupation and the paper argues instead for support for multiple livelihood strategies. 相似文献
17.
Parama Roy 《Geoforum》2010,41(2):337-348
Arguments regarding citizen involvement and empowerment within neoliberal urban politics are ample in geographic literature. Existing discussions often define and evaluate empowerment as either some social, political, or economic end-product of a specific event. Such singular conceptualization is problematic. First, different kinds of social, political, and economic changes can simultaneously empower/disempower communities in contradictory ways. In addition, the view of empowerment as an end-product of a present event obscures a more nuanced understanding of empowerment as an ongoing process of state-civil society relation-building. An in-depth assessment of such a process is only possible with reference to the past and the potential future occurrences. Elwood’s (2002) multi-dimensional conceptualization of empowerment recognizes the limitations of a singular definition of empowerment. However, it falls short of operationalizing empowerment as a temporal process with a historically and geographically contingent past, dynamic present, and future in the making. Therefore, in this paper I expand on Elwood’s framework to show how a process-based view as opposed to a narrow end-product-based or event-based one can provide a deeper understanding of state-civil society interaction and community empowerment. This paper analyzes the interaction between the City of Milwaukee, the residents of a predominantly black inner-city neighborhood, the Walnut Way, and their community organization, the Walnut Way Conservation Corp. within a land-use dispute related to the development of a park space into a housing project. Using data collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews, archival research, and participant observation, this paper emphasizes that despite methodological limitations of collecting long-term data, community empowerment can and should be studied as a process with reference to the past, present, and potential future state-civil society interactions. 相似文献
18.
Divergent growth trajectories in China’s chemical industry: the case of the newly developed industrial parks in Shanghai,Nanjing and Ningbo 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the late 1990’s, the “new-economy” industries in China proved to be relatively vulnerable and were strongly hit by the
financial crisis in Asia. As a result, a new economic support policy was introduced in China’s Yangtze Delta region, which
put greater emphasis on the support of traditional industrial sectors, including the chemical industry. This paper investigates
the effects of the growth of this industry, as well as the potential and current problems emerging from new growth paths.
It compares the growth of three newly developed chemical industry parks in Shanghai, Nanjing and Ningbo. The paper is based
on an institutional perspective of clustering processes arguing that regional industrialization is subject to formal and informal
institutions which shape the growth paths and contribute to divergent regional trajectories. Although these industrial parks
all benefit from the general economic upswing in China, their development is influenced by different business models, economic
contexts, goals and strategies, leaving room for divergence and specialization. Due to the existing structure of operations,
these parks have a great deal of potential but also face substantial challenges, such as the establishment of internal networks
and close customer linkages. It is argued that this might limit their innovative capability in the future. Furthermore, their
growth prospects differ depending on future government policies. 相似文献
19.
《Geoforum》2014
Social enterprise is increasingly viewed by governments worldwide as a promising means of promoting development. In South Africa, too, this sector is identified as a strategic growth area. Although there is no final consensus on the definition of social enterprise, certain characteristics are generally agreed. These include the idea that social enterprise prioritises social needs over profit maximisation, and involves marginalised people within viable businesses that have socially beneficial outcomes. Academic research on social enterprise has largely come from business studies, focusing on the internal functioning of social enterprise organisations, the figure of the social entrepreneur, the relationship between the social enterprise sector and the state, and on what the sector needs to flourish commercially. Social issues, especially analyses of power within the sector, have been relatively neglected. This paper addresses that gap, drawing on a wider development studies literature on the social economy to inform an examination of power relationships in the craft industry in South Africa, where narratives of social enterprise are pervasive. I argue that although empowerment is an explicit aim of many craft organisations, the most prominent discourses within the industry often rely on and perpetuate objectifying constructions of producers. These manifest particularly through notions of ’saving’, shaping a moral economy that entrenches difference along lines of black–white, north–south, and healthy-diseased. Such discourses run counter to the aims of empowerment that are central to the ethos of social enterprise, and should challenge both policymakers and academics to think carefully about how power works within the sector. 相似文献
20.
IJ Van der Merve 《GeoJournal》1995,37(4):513-523
In the changing multi-ethnic South African society of the nineties, language planning has become a top priority on the national agenda of reform. Comprehension of the territorial dimensions of language is crucial if we are to penetrate its true cultural, economic and political effect. South Africa's language policy, as defined in the interim constitution, focuses mainly on the fact that in future the country will accommodate eleven official languages with equal status. Obviously, the nine provinces do not each have eleven official languages. A provincial legislative may, by a two-thirds majority vote, declare any of the national languages a provincial official language for the whole province or a part thereof. In the light of this it is of vital importance that the country's regional language patterns be analysed on a geographical basis. A visual and statistical representation of the geolinguistic realities in South Africa could support the planning and transformation process currently taking place at all levels of government in this multilingual country. The aim of this paper is to address the following geolinguistic issues on a national scale:
- The spatial identification of the official language distribution on a macro level;
- The time-space pattern of language change between 1980 and 1991;
- The demographic and socio-economic profile of language speakers;
- The consequences of the findings for ethno-linguistic restructuring in a post-apartheid South Africa.