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1.
城市化对平原河网水系结构及功能的影响——以苏州市为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对城市化对平原河网水系结构的影响所引起的洪涝灾害频发等一系列水文问题,以我国典型平原河网地区苏州市为例,根据不同城市化程度分为主城区、市辖区、其他市县区,基于1991、2001和2015年三期遥感影像与1960s、1980s和2010s三个时期的水系数据,应用RS/GIS等技术,构建水系结构参数指标,重点探讨了城市化对河网水系结构及功能的影响.结果表明：城镇用地迅速增长,主要以牺牲水田、水域等土地利用方式为代价,到2015年全区城镇用地面积所占比重已达到41.35%,土地利用类型的变化规律与城市化进程的差异性保持一致;水系结构变化主要受城市化影响,且基本与城市化进程呈现同步性.近50年来,全区的水面率、河网密度、支流发育系数、主干河流面积长度比、河网复杂度和河网结构稳定度分别减少了19.63%、6.91%、7.34%、1.06%、5.49%和7.87%,城市化水平与各指数均呈负相关关系;人类活动不仅直接影响河流功能,也间接地通过改变平原河网的水系结构导致其功能发生改变,如河网调蓄能力下降、河流生态功能受损等.该研究为城市化地区河流水系保护及防洪减灾提供参考与理论支撑. 相似文献
2.
城市化对水系结构及其连通性的影响——以秦淮河中、下游为例 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
针对当前城市化所引起水系衰减、河流连通受阻以及由此所引起洪涝与水环境的问题,以秦淮河中、下游为例,选取1979和2006年两期流域遥感影像,分析了城市化影响下的下垫面变化特征;选取1980s和2009年的地形图对河流水系进行提取,借鉴景观生态学中河流廊道空间结构分析方法,通过不同时期水系分级,探讨了城市化对水系结构及其连通性的影响.结果表明:(1)城市化使得2006年城镇用地面积相比1979年增加84.54 km2,增加了9倍多,大量林草地、耕地以及水域转变成城镇用地;(2)河流长度在过去的30年里减少了41%,河道主干化趋势明显;河流发育呈现由多元到单一、由复杂到简单的趋势;(3)连通性参数连接率、实际结合度分别由原来的1.28、0.43下降到0.79、0.26,河流的连通性呈下降趋势.该研究将为城市化地区河流水系保护提供支持与参考. 相似文献
3.
太湖流域城市化对平原河网水系结构与连通性影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
太湖流域的快速城市化使河流形态发生了改变,影响了平原河网水系结构与连通性本文以近几年城市化发展较为迅速的张家港地区为例,基于景观生态学和图论的相关理论,利用2002与2015年的水系数据,对全区以及各行政分区水面率、河网密度、河频率等指标进行研究,旨在揭示该地区河网水系结构与连通性参数变化及城市化对其影响结果表明:研究区2015年与2002年相比全区各水系结构指标都呈减小趋势,水面率、河网密度、河频率的衰减率分别为15.7%、12.6%、33.3%,河网有主干化趋势,干流面积与长度发育的同步性较好;不同行政区的水系变化有明显的空间分异,张家港南部水系较北部水面率、河频率衰减更剧烈;东北部地区河网密度与河网复杂度变化明显;张家港全区河网连通性略有提高,但地区分异明显,沿江的西北部地区河网连通能力有所加强,而东南部内河区域河网畅通程度减弱,被圩区、水闸与泵站切断的水系需要更合理的调度方案才能增强并维持水体的连通度;水面率、河网密度与人口、GDP之间相关水平较高,各地区水系结构参数与其变化率的空间分异和该地区人口、经济发展水平密切相关;河网河链数、节点数受城市化影响较大,线点率、实际连通度的变化与城市化指标相关性较弱本研究可以为后期张家港地区优化水系结构及防洪排涝建设提供基础,并帮助基于各片区的特点开展因地制宜的管理. 相似文献
4.
应用新安江-海河模型研究下垫面变化对设计洪水的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了探明流域产汇流参数变化特征及其演变机理,分析流域下垫面条件变化对设计洪水的影响.通过新安江海河模型研究卫河流域代表区下垫面变化情况,采用综合线性权重法对元村集站设计洪水资料系列进行一致性修正.结果表明:自由水蓄水容量、河网水流退水系数、地表填洼蓄水能力和地下水库出流初始水深这4个参数在1980年后都变大,可见代表区下垫面1980年前、后发生了明显的变化,导致流域内径流量大幅减少;合河—新村—五陵区间在1980年前15场洪水和1980年后32场洪水的预报径流深合格率都超过80%,达到乙等精度;元村集站最大5日洪量修正后比修正前平均减小27.1%;最大15日洪量修正后比修正前平均减小25.4%;最大30日洪量修正后比修正前平均减小23.0%.本研究可为水利工程的建设规模的确定提供科学依据,保障地区的防洪安全,满足人民生活和生产用水需求. 相似文献
5.
由于气候变化和人类活动等多重影响,流域河湖水系格局与连通程度发生了显著变化,进而引发洪涝灾害等一系列水资源问题。本文以鄱阳湖流域为研究区,基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)提取1989—2020年5期水系数据,采用图论方法构建水系评价体系,定量分析该地区近30年来水系格局和结构连通性的时空演变特征,并结合该时期地形、土地利用和归一化植被指数(NDVI)等数据,利用连通性指数(index of connectivity,IC)评估功能连通性的动态变化,进而探讨水文连通与径流量和输沙量的联系。结果表明,近30年来鄱阳湖流域水系结构趋于复杂化,主要体现在流域北部。除干流外,其他等级河流的数量和长度均有所增加,其中Ⅲ级河流最为明显。河网密度、水面率、河网复杂度和发育系数均呈增加趋势,2000年后的变化率约为2000年前的两倍。水系连通环度、节点连接率和水系连通度总体增加,结构连通性呈好转趋势且变化幅度较小。功能连通分析表明,近30年来大部分流域IC减少,流域下游靠近主河道的平坦地区IC较高,上游远离河道的植被密集区域IC较低。此外,IC与年径流量和输沙量表现为显著的正相关性(... 相似文献
6.
太湖流域土地利用变化的水文响应模拟 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
以城市化快速发展的太湖流域为研究对象,采用1985、1995和2000年TM/ETM土地利用解译资料,应用区域尺度单元格网分布式水文模型,进行长序列水文模拟,定量评估太湖流域土地利用变化及其水文响应特征,为流域用地规划、水资源管理以及灾害防治提供决策参数.研究显示,自1985年到2000年,太湖流域城镇面积扩展了40.38%,增加量占太湖流域总面积的3.88%.在1980-2000年的雨情下,全流域土地利用变化导致产流量平均增加4.11%,约为7.56×108 m3,最高值为11.76%,约为10.0×108 m3.受土地利用变化空间差异影响,产流量增加具有较大区域差异,城镇快速扩展的苏锡常地区和浦东浦西地区,土地利用变化导致产流量平均增加为10.07%和7.03%,最高增量达20%-30%. 相似文献
7.
1990s长江流域降水趋势分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
依据国家气象局提供的实测月降水和日降水资料,运用Mann-Kendall(M-K)非参数检验法验证了降水趋势,并通过空间插补法,由点扩展到面,分析了1990s长江流域降水变化特征,发现1990s长江流域降水变化以降水在时间和空间分布上的集中度的增加为主要特点:时间上,年降水的增加趋势以冬季1月和夏季6月降水的集中增加为主;一日降水量大于等于50mm的暴雨日数和暴雨量在1990s也有了较明显的增加.空间上,年降水、夏季降水、冬季降水的增加都以中下游区的增加为主,尤其以鄱阳湖水系、洞庭湖水系的降水增加为主.1990s长江流域春季和秋季降水的减少以5月和9月两个汛期月份的降水减少为主,除金沙江水系和洞庭湖水系等少数地区外,流域大部分地区降水呈减少趋势.上述1990s出现的降水趋势明显与近年来全球变暖背景下长江流域各地区不同的温度及水循环变异有关. 相似文献
8.
近40 a西藏那曲当惹雍错湖泊面积变化遥感分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
西藏著名圣湖之一的当惹雍错,是藏北高原腹地内陆封闭大湖,对湖泊面积变化的长时间序列研究较少,本文通过高分辨率陆地资源卫星Landsat TM/ETM+数据源,利用遥感和地理信息系统软件,通过人工目视解译方法对1977-2014年当惹雍错湖泊面积变化进行系统分析,并结合流域临近气象站资料,流域冰川等辅助数据对其湖泊面积变化原因进行综合分析.结果表明,1977-2014年当惹雍错湖泊平均面积为835.75 km~2,1977-2014年湖泊面积总体呈上升趋势,1970s湖泊平均面积为829.15 km~2,1980s和1990s湖泊平均面积分别为827.50和826.42 km~2,2000年之后湖泊面积明显增加,2000s湖泊平均面积与1970s相比,增幅为8.04 km~2.当惹雍错湖泊空间变化特点是,位于最大河流入口处达尔果藏布的湖泊东南部扩大明显,湖泊西南部小湖1于2014年9月开始明显扩大并与当惹雍错有相连趋势;流域冰川融水是当惹雍错主要补给源,近40 a当惹雍错湖泊面积变化是在气温升高的背景下,冰川、降水量和蒸发量三者共同变化作用的结果. 相似文献
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城市群是国家工业化和城镇化发展到高级阶段的产物,是高度一体化的城市群体,天山北坡城市群是国家"十三五"期间推动建设的19个城市群之一,也是国家重点建设的两个边疆地区城市群之一和新疆新型城镇化主体区与经济发展的战略核心区.采用1980～2015年土地利用遥感监测数据分析发现,天山北坡城市群建设用地扩展对生态环境造成了显著影响.结果表明,近35年来,城市群内的草地是生态价值的最主导贡献类型,生态价值贡献率高达66.27%,年际变化幅度仅5%;城乡居民点及工矿用地生态价值贡献率很低(0.82%),但年际变化幅度很大(86%).城市群建设用地面积由1067km~2扩展至2586km~2,用地类型变动对生态价值的影响差异很大,变动幅度最大的是低覆盖度草地和旱地.生态用地转化为建设用地的规模多达1685km~2,其中69.91%来自于耕地和草地,仅旱地和低覆盖度草地转变面积达1082km~2,占生态用地向建设用地转变总量的64.21%, 2000年以来至城市群建设用地扩展后期(2000～2015年),戈壁(172km~2)、裸土地(65km2)、盐碱地(65km2)等未利用地类型向建设用地转化比重明显增加.而建设用地转化为生态用地的规模仅不到166km~2.城市群建设用地的重点扩展区集中在乌鲁木齐、克拉玛依和昌吉,扩展面积分别达到399、186和126km~2,快速扩展区集中在奎屯、托克逊和乌苏.城市群扩展后期建设用地变更对生态环境的积极影响较前期(1980～2000年)明显.奎屯市、石河子市和五家渠市属于建设用地扩展引发生态价值变动的高值区,其余城市建设用地扩展引发的生态价值变动相对较小且后期扩展有所减缓.未来天山北坡城市群的发展必须充分考虑其脆弱生态环境的敏感性和承载力,以可容许的水资源与生态环境容量调控城市群的人口与产业集聚规模,降低城市群建设用地扩展对生态环境的压力,提升其发展的可持续性. 相似文献
10.
近40a西藏羊卓雍错湖泊面积变化遥感分析 总被引：11，自引：8，他引：3
羊卓雍错(以下简称羊湖)作为西藏高原三大圣湖之一和藏南重要的高原特色风景旅游景区,其具体面积众说纷纭.本文利用遥感和地理信息空间分析方法对1972-2010年羊湖面积变化进行了系统研究,并结合流域气象站资料对其原因进行初步分析.结果表明,1972-2010年湖泊平均面积为643.98 km2.1972-2010年羊湖面积呈波动式减少趋势,其中,1970s平均面积为658.78 km2,之后至1999年面积显著减少;1980s面积为636.55 km2;1990s为635.06 km2;1999-2004年面积有所增加;2004-2010年持续缩小,减幅为8.59 km2/a.湖泊空间变化特点是除了空母错和珍错两个小湖面积变化较小之外,羊湖整体面积呈现萎缩态势,其中东部嘎马林曲入口附近退缩程度最大,达1.62 km.流域气象站资料分析表明,湖泊面积和降水的变化波动存在显著耦合关系,降水变化是羊湖面积变化的主要原因;其次,流域蒸发量的明显增加,特别是2004年来连续较高的蒸发量是导致近期面积显著减少的重要原因,气温的升高进一步加剧了这一过程.羊湖的面积变化基本反映了西藏高原南部半干早季风气候区以降水补给为主的高原内陆湖泊对气候变化的响应. 相似文献
11.
ABSTRACTRapid urbanization in China has severely disturbed the underlying surface and river systems. The stream structure parameters of Suzhou City were analysed to study the evolution and spatial differentiation of a water system undergoing urbanization. The influencing pattern of different urbanization processes on river system structure and hydrological processes was detected by statistical methods and simulation analysis. The results show that urban sprawl is influenced by both the natural environment and the social economy. At different stages of urbanization, the spatial urban expansion and the natural river characteristics influence the evolution of the river network: during rapid urbanization, the decline in surface water ratio and river density is more intense. The decrease of surface water ratio and river density in rapidly urbanized areas was greatest, followed by that in area urbanized in the 1980s, with few changes in the old town. Under high urbanization, river system indicators tend to stabilize. The rivers’ hydrological features were affected by urbanization, with water yield in the study area increasing from 0.81 to 0.95 m3/m2 (1991–2015). The same rainfall intensity results in higher flood levels and greater risk of flooding under rapid urbanization. 相似文献
12.
Elga Apsīte Oļģerts Nikodemus Guntis Brūmelis Ainis Lagzdiņš Didzis Elferts Zigmārs Rendenieks 《水文科学杂志》2017,62(15):2558-2570
The aim of the study was to determine the effects of climate variability, agricultural land drainage and afforestation of agricultural land on river discharge. The study was conducted in the Vienziemīte stream basin (6 km2), where discharge was monitored on a daily basis during the time period of 1946–2010. In the stream basin, natural afforestation of agricultural land began in the 1950s, and in the mid-1970s artificial drainage systems were installed in all agricultural land (70% of the total basin area). Climate variability and artificial drainage were the main factors observed to be affecting stream discharge. The changes were most evident in annual and seasonal mean, minimum and maximum streamflow. There was no effect of afforestation of agriculture land on stream discharge. 相似文献
13.
近20年来巢湖流域景观生态风险评估与时空演化机制 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于1995、2005、2013年3期Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像及DEM,应用GIS方法开展巢湖流域景观格局特征分析及生态风险网格化定量评估.研究表明:(1)近20年来,巢湖流域景观格局特征变化明显,表现为建设用地景观破碎度、分离度均呈先下降后上升趋势;农地、林地与水体景观破碎度、分离度均呈上升趋势.(2)生态风险时序分析表明,19952013年,巢湖流域低、较低和中等级生态风险区域面积在逐渐缩小,而较高和高等级生态风险区域范围在不断蔓延.近20年来,巢湖流域生态风险主要由低级向高级转化,面积达6025 km2,是由高级向低级转化面积的2.30倍.(3)生态风险时空演化机制分析表明,巢湖流域生态风险变化区域主要集中在北、西南和东南部,具有明显的阶段性和区域性.近20年来,巢湖流域经历了快速的城市化、工业化以及受到行政区划调整的政策影响,高强度土地利用模式及县域经济活力的释放叠加于本身脆弱的流域生态条件,对景观生态系统造成的强烈干扰促进流域生态风险整体有恶化趋势,需重点加强中级以上生态风险区域的生态保护与建设工作.因此,生态风险演化趋势体现了该流域自然特点和区域社会经济发展对景观生态系统干扰的压力响应. 相似文献
14.
We calibrated an integrated flow–tracer model to simulate spatially distributed isotope time series in stream water in a 7.9‐km2 catchment with an urban area of 13%. The model used flux tracking to estimate the time‐varying age of stream water at the outlet and both urbanized (1.7 km2) and non‐urban (4.5 km2) sub‐catchments over a 2.5‐year period. This included extended wet and dry spells where precipitation equated to >10‐year return periods. Modelling indicated that stream water draining the most urbanized tributary was youngest with a mean transit time (MTT) of 171 days compared with 456 days in the non‐urban tributary. For the larger catchment, the MTT was 280 days. Here, the response of urban contributing areas dominated smaller and more moderate runoff events, but rural contributions dominated during the wettest periods, giving a bi‐modal distribution of water ages. Whilst the approach needs refining for sub‐daily time steps, it provides a basis for projecting the effects of urbanization on stream water transit times and their spatial aggregation. This offers a novel approach for understanding the cumulative impacts of urbanization on stream water quantity and quality, which can contribute to more sustainable management. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
Stream flow regimes are determined by watershed characteristics: climate, geology, topography, soil, vegetation and human activities. In the process of urbanisation, natural land surfaces are replaced by man made artificial coverage, such as paved roads, parking lots and roofs, which usually also implies vegetation clearing and soil compaction. Gutters, drains and storm sewers are built to accelerate the conveyance of runoff to stream channels, thus affecting the drainage system. The impact of urbanisation is complex and affects different elements of the hydrological cycle. The commonly observed hydrological responses of the watershed to urbanization are increased volume and peak of floodwaters. Concerning the ecological status of stream water, the intensified rainfall runoff induces increased pollution risks and diminishes the value of the stream water body as a habitat, especially during dry periods. In order to improve the flood safety, the regulations of the stream channel have further devaluated the ecological role of the urban streams. The magnitude of the impact is usually enlarged with the decrease in the stream size. The present paper aims at presenting the results of a two-year study monitoring the impacts of the urban environment on the watershed of the Glinscica stream situated in the central part of Slovenia. The study area of 19.3 km2 represents a great complexity in terms of the land use pattern. The watershed was equipped with three rainfall stations, a Doppler velocity meter and a water quality multiprobe. In a short period of time more than 10 thunderstorm events were recorded and analyzed. The hydrological response of the watershed was analyzed and, interestingly, it did not show the “typical” urban impact on the runoff processes. The main water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, TDS, ORP, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and especially the concentrations of nitrate and ammonium, were measured to obtain an insight into seasonal and short time dynamics of the water quality. The results show substantial seasonal and along-the-channel variations of concentration of dissolved oxygen, nitrate and ammonium content due to biochemical processes in the channeled stream. The continuous tracing of nitrate and ammonium showed significant influence of stream regulation works on short time variations of the measured water quality parameters. 相似文献
16.
Distribution of surface imperviousness in small urban catchments predicts runoff peak flows and stream flashiness 
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下载免费PDF全文 Urban growth is a global phenomenon, and the associated impacts on hydrology from land development are expected to increase, especially in peri‐urban catchments. It is well understood that greater peak flows and higher stream flashiness are associated with increased surface imperviousness and storm location. However, the effect of the distribution of impervious areas on runoff peak flow response and stream flashiness of peri‐urban catchments has not been well studied. In this study, a new geometric index, Relative Nearness of Imperviousness to the Catchment Outlet (RNICO), is defined to correlate imperviousness distribution of peri‐urban catchments with runoff peak flows and stream flashiness. Study sites include 21 suburban catchments in New York representing a range of drainage area from 5 to 189 km2 and average imperviousness from 10% to 48%. On the basis of RNICO, all development patterns are divided into 3 classes: upstream, centralized, and downstream. Results showed an obvious increase in runoff peak flows and decrease in time to peak when moving from upstream to centralized and downstream urbanization classes. This indicates that RNICO is an effective tool for classifying urban development patterns and for macroscale understanding of the hydrologic behavior of small peri‐urban catchments, despite the complexity of urban drainage systems. We also found that the impact of impervious distribution on runoff peak flows and stream flashiness decreases with catchment scale. For small catchments (A < 40 km2), RNICO was strongly correlated with the average (R2 = .95) and maximum (R2 = .91) gaged peak flows due to the relatively efficient subsurface routing through stormwater and sewer networks. Furthermore, the Richards–Baker stream flashiness index in small catchments was positively correlated with fractional impervious area (R2 = .84) and RNICO (R2 = .87). For large catchments (A > 40 km2), the impact of impervious surface distribution on peak flows and stream flashiness was negligible due to the complex drainage network and great variability in travel times. This study emphasizes the need for greater monitoring of discharge in small peri‐urban catchments to support flood prediction at the local scale. 相似文献
17.
The study simulated the effect of using reservoir storage for reducing flood peaks and volumes in urban areas with the Dzorwulu basin in Accra, Ghana as case study. A triangulated irregular network surface of the floodplain was created using ArcGIS from ESRI by integrating digital elevation model and the map of the study area. The weighted curve number for the basin was obtained from the land use and soil type shape files using ArcGIS. The Soil Conservation Service curve number unit hydrograph procedure was used to obtain an inflow hydrograph based on the highest rainfall recorded in recent history (3–4 June 1995) in the study area and then routed through an existing reservoir to assess the impact of the reservoir on potential flood peak attenuation. The results from the analysis indicate that a total of 13.09 × 106 m3 of flood water was generated during this 10‐h rainstorm, inundating a total area of 6.89 km2 with a depth of 4.95 m at the deepest section of the basin stream. The routing results showed that the reservoir has capacity to store 34.52% of the flood hydrograph leading to 45% reduction in flood peak and subsequently 38.5% reduction in flood inundation depth downstream of the reservoir. From results of the study, the reservoir storage concept looks promising for urban flood management in Ghana, especially in communities that are over‐urbanized downstream but have some space upstream for creating the storage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献