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1.
Sidney W. Carter Bettina Wiegand Gail A. Mahood Francis O. Dudas Joseph L. Wooden Alan P. Sullivan Samuel A. Bowring 《Geoarchaeology》2011,26(2):189-218
Through a novel application of strontium (Sr) isotopic analysis, we evaluate geological sources for prehistoric ceramics in the eastern Grand Canyon region of northern Arizona, focusing on two gray‐ware traditions in the Upper Basin of the Coconino Plateau. Building on a conceptual framework for the general potential of Sr isotopes in the analysis of geological materials, we suggest that the eastern Grand Canyon is specifically well suited archaeologically and geologically for: (1) exploring the utility of Sr isotopes for ceramic provenance research and (2) testing long‐standing hypotheses that gray‐ware ceramics were invariably made with local materials. Sr isotopic compositions indicate that the ceramic samples represent at least three different geological sources, and that different raw materials were used in the manufacture of the two gray‐ware traditions found in the Upper Basin. One of the gray‐ware traditions is not compositionally consistent with local geology, indicating that either the ceramics or the raw materials were transported at least 20 km to the Upper Basin. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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通过系统总结贺兰山地区晚三叠世的物源研究成果,结合研究区周缘地质概况、上三叠统延长组地层厚度变化和主
微量元素分析,对延长组物源时空演化进行了综合研究,认为贺兰山地区晚三叠世延长组早期（T3y1-T3y2） 物源主要来
自西北部、西部和南部,晚期（T3y3-T3y5） 物源主要来自西北部、西部、南部和东部。在物源综合研究的基础上,对现
今主微量元素常用的物源分析方法做了对比分析,认为主量元素/UCC、碎屑岩主量元素源区岩性函数判别图、微量元素/
UCC,La/Th与Hf判别图、Co/Th与La/Sc判别图、Th/Sc与Zr/Sc判别图以及Th/U与Th判别图在物源分析过程中均有较好效
果,总体判别结果比较接近,但也存在一些差异。岩性判别、CIA指数、Eu异常、Rb/Sr判别分析对反映不同性质母岩有很
好的效果,可以推广并作为判断物源复杂程度的重要参考手段。文章详细阐述了几种物源分析方法的优势与问题,得出了
一些新的认识和见解,对完善物源分析手段提供了一定的参考。 相似文献
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The potters' quarter of the ancient city of Sagalassos, southwest Turkey, was one of the largest and most enduring ceramic‐producing manufactories in the eastern Mediterranean. The objective of our study was to determine environmental circumstances that favored development of different clay resources in the territory of Sagalassos and to assess utilization of these resources in the local pottery manufactory. The potters' quarter was established where, owing to favorable geological circumstances, a large clay body had developed. The bedrock in the potters' quarter, a tectonized ophiolite sequence, has synclinal structure; hence, surface runoff and groundwater tend to accumulate in its center. The weathering of the basic rock formed a smectite‐rich clay with vertic properties. This clay was mined in antiquity, and mineralogical and chemical analyses indicate that it was used for the production of local ceramics from Hellenistic to Byzantine times. It is likely that colluvium on top of the ophiolitic clay at the potters' quarter is related to deforestation and slope processes after the potters' quarter was abandoned. In sum, environmental circumstances determined the location of the artisanal quarter of Sagalassos, with its clay quarrying operation and ceramic manufactory. However, for the local mass‐produced Sagalassos red slip ware, the results of our chemical and mineralogical analyses indicate that a different, more suitable clay was used: detrital lake sediments, rich in chlorite and chlorite/smectite mixed layers, located about 8 km from the original artisanal quarter. The choice for this clay was determined both by the presence of a suitable clay deposit, as well as socio‐economic circumstances such as land ownership. The site of Sagalassos yielded unique evidence of mining of clay at a ceramic production site, as well as import of nearby clays. The local and imported clays were used side‐by‐side, but one for the production of common wares and building ceramics, and the other for the manufacturing of luxury fine tablewares. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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海拉尔盆地是中新生代断陷盆地,盆地内断裂发育、物源多且近、地层相带变化快、纵向多层位。这些地质特征导致海拉尔盆地岩性剖面结构复杂,不仅存在着火山熔岩和一般陆源沉积岩,且广泛发育火山过渡岩性。在岩石岩性多样纷杂、录井取心标定资料有限的前提下,如何构建合理的复杂岩性剖面已成为该盆地储层评价的关键。尽管常规测井资料在一定程度上可反映出岩层岩石颗粒成分及分布状况,同时又可提供岩层纵向上的连续变化趋势,但若给出高精度的纵向岩层岩性剖面,仍存在两项关键问题： 1）各测井项目对复杂岩性的反映能力问题, 2）沉积厚度薄、成分复杂的过渡岩性的识别问题。本文将岩层地质沉积信息作为测井资料识别岩性的约束条件,系统建立岩性剖面的有约束连续模式识别技术,实现了海拉尔盆地复杂岩性剖面的高精度构建。经过取心井的验证,综合岩性判别符合率达到80％以上。 相似文献
5.
The Neoproterozoic Wadi Kid metamorphic belt in southeastern Sinai in Egypt represents a structurally and metamorphically complex assemblage of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks folded into a series of ENE–WSW-trending antiforms and synforms. Geological mapping in this region is challenging, primarily due to difficult access, complexity of structures, and lack of resolution and areal integrity of lithological differentiation using conventional mapping techniques. Spectral ratioing of selected bands of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data of the area, in synergy with geological field observation, proved effective in resolving geological mapping problems in the region. A new ASTER band-ratio image 4/7-4/6-4/10 is applied successfully for lithological mapping in the Wadi Kid area, showing improvement over previous techniques in detailing the main rock units. These are gneiss and migmatite, amphibolite, volcanogenic sediments with banded iron formation, meta-pelites, talc schist, meta-psammites, meta-acidic volcanics, meta-pyroclastics volcaniclastics, albitites and granitic rocks. Validating the use of the new ASTER band-ratio image relied on both calculating statistical optimum index factor (OIF) and matching interpreted lithological boundaries to field data and previously published geologic maps. The adopted ASTER band-ratio image demonstrates the benefit of using ASTER remote sensing data in lithological mapping of the Wadi Kid area and therefore for lithological mapping in the Arabian–Nubian shield and other arid areas. 相似文献
6.
The transformation of marine and glaciomarine clay deposits into high sensitive and quick clays is largely dependent on the influence of local and regional geologic history and the resulting stratigraphy. The general conditions that facilitate quick-clay development are well known from numerous laboratory investigations during the last century, but their local and regional in-field variation is less understood. In this study, the geographic distribution of quick clay in SW Sweden is predicted using a multicriteria evaluation model that incorporates both qualitative information (established theory and expert judgment concerning the influences on both quick-clay development and the stratigraphic and geomorphologic distribution of sediment types) and observational data (maps of surficial deposits, geotechnical records and digital elevation data). This information duality cannot be avoided if knowledge from different disciplines is utilized. Considering this, model transparency is important for improvements and for characterizing its reliability for risk analysis. The model was constructed stepwise by an initial parameterization with subsequent hierarchical structuring, weighting and standardization of criteria, before running the full analysis. Comparisons between regional model results and geotechnically documented localities have yielded promising results concerning the model’s ability to predict general trends. However, the large natural and site-specific variability of clay sensitivities is not always captured by the model. These deviations are examined and suggestions are given for minimizing their effect. Applications of model methodology and results are briefly discussed. 相似文献
7.
中国沙漠物源研究:回顾与展望 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
沙漠物源研究不仅在风沙地貌学上有重大的理论和实践意义,而且对联结大气粉尘排放、黄土堆积、气候系统和海洋生物地球化学循环也有重要价值。在简要回顾中国沙漠研究的基础上,梳理了中国沙漠物源研究的理论、方法和主要成果,结合国际上沉积物物源分析的趋向,指出目前世界沙漠物源的研究都是基于沉积物组份属性统计的反演模型,这种研究范式在数据获取、处理与解释方面存在缺陷,如沉积物的取样设计与测试分析、未消除"粒级依赖"对沉积物组份影响、数据未进行对数变换、忽视Dickinson图解应用的前提条件等。提出今后中国沙漠物源研究的方向:①采用正确统一的取样设计和分析方法对各沙漠的沉积物组份属性进行系统研究,建立中国沙漠沉积物组份的属性数据库;②选择若干典型沙漠,利用其周边山地详尽的地质构造、母岩和气候数据,定量构建沉积物生成的正演模型,模拟源区生成沉积物的数量、成分和结构,并用建成的沉积物组份属性数据验证和校正;③定量评估河流冲积物、冲积-湖积物、洪积-冲积物和基岩风化的残积、坡积物对中国各沙漠物源的贡献率与迁移路径,研究中国各沙漠中细颗粒物质的形成机制,对比中国沙漠与低纬度沙漠物源的形成机制;④定量研究历史和地质时间尺度沙漠-黄土-深海沉积物物源的内在联系及其驱动因素,建立陆地-大气-海洋物质循环的机理模型。 相似文献
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中国地质环境图系数据库,是中国首套统一结构、统一格式、统一编码的涵盖地质环境、地质灾害、地下水、矿山地质环境、地质遗迹5个专业领域的全国性数据库。该套数据库是基于1：1 000 000数据源的地理信息库,以分省1：500 000环境地质调查、县市地质灾害调查、重点地区1：50 000地质灾害调查、新一轮地下水资源评价、第二轮全国矿山地质环境摸底调查和矿产资源集中开采区矿山地质环境调查、首轮地质遗迹调查等数据为基础,集成近20年来水工环地质调查监测数据和最新综合研究成果,根据统一的建库技术要求建立而成。该套数据库具有统一的系统库（符号库、颜色库、图案库、线型库）,属性按照统一的编码规则和要求建立,图件按照统一的图饰图例进行了规范化处理,共包含163个专业图层,图元数量共337 833个,容量约8.8 GB。该套数据库为实现成果图件的动态管理与更新、构建数字地质环境奠定了基础,可为地质环境保护管理、国土空间规划、生态修复、地质灾害防治提供详细的基础信息资料。 相似文献
10.
Priyom Roy A. Sai Krishnaveni K. Vinod Kumar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2017,90(1):51-61
New generation high resolution gravity models derived from space-borne gravity data, integrated with land based surveys, have enabled understanding of regional gravity field over regions, which are till date considered to be inaccessible for land surveys, especially in mountainous terrains. In this study, we evaluate two high resolution gravity models EIGEN-6C4 and GO_CONS_GCF_2_TIM_R5 in order to understand its usability in identification of meso-scale regional geological features and lithological boundaries around the Karakoram shear zone, in Leh, India. The EIGEN-6C4 is a “hybrid” model integrating data from space-borne sensors and terrestrial data, whereas GO_CONS_GCF_2_TIM_R5 is a model derived from the latest space-borne GOCE sensor. Bouguer gravity anomaly has been derived for both the models and compared. It is seen that, the GOCE derived model pertains to the regional gravity field of the region and compares well with the regional derivative of the EIGEN-6C4 model. Further, the EIGEN-6C4 has been analyzed using horizontal derivatives (dx, dy), analytical signal (ANS) and tilt derivative (TDR) techniques. These, derived maps are then overlain on published geological map of the area to understand the correlation between sub-surface geology vis a vis gravitational signal. The major and distinct geological signatures as derived from the various derivative maps correlate well with the existing geological map. The source boundaries derived from the TDR map agrees reasonably well with the lithological boundaries. Further, the anomaly and derivative maps from EIGEN-6C4 indicates towards a possible continuation of the Shyok suture zone in the region. Therefore, for the given spatial extent of the area under consideration, the GOCE derived model represents the regional field, whereas the EIGEN-6C4 data and derivatives are of sufficient resolution for understanding the geological variability in and around the Karakoram shear zone. 相似文献
11.
区域化探数据包含丰富的地质信息,可用于浅覆盖区区域地质填图。笔者系统研究了浅覆盖区水系沉积物化学成分与基岩化学成分的关系,利用水系沉积物氧化物成分,以区域岩石化学成分为约束,提出了基岩化学成分推断方法;根据水系沉积物与其矿物化学成分间质量平衡关系,提出了基岩矿物组成推断方法。在此基础上提出了地球化学推断地质图的编制方法,并在典型森林-沼泽浅覆盖区进行了试验,地质调查和钻探工程验证了该方法的有效性。充分利用区域化探资料,提取地质填图信息,是提高浅覆盖区地质填图质量的有效途径。 相似文献
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瓦斯地质规律和瓦斯地质区划研究是煤矿瓦斯宏观管理和瓦斯资源科学利用的基础和依据。根据陕西省"三级"瓦斯地质编图成果,系统分析和研究了陕西省瓦斯地质规律。结果显示:陕西省瓦斯地质条件复杂,多样化特点明显;瓦斯赋存与分布受多种地质因素影响,其中地质构造是主控因素。文章还根据陕西瓦斯地质条件和瓦斯分布与变化特征,在全区划分出榆林单斜低瓦斯带、延安单斜低瓦斯带、黄河断褶高瓦斯带、渭北断隆高瓦斯带和秦巴构造系高瓦斯带等5个区域性瓦斯地质带。这不仅对全省煤矿瓦斯管理与煤层气开发利用具有重要的现实意义,而且对于全国瓦斯地质规律研究和丰富瓦斯地质理论与方法也有一定的理论意义。 相似文献
14.
作为西太平洋陆源沉积"源-汇"过程的重要场所,南海海盆半封闭的构造环境使得其与开放大洋的物质交换十分有限,沉积物保存基本完整,可以建立起南海沉积过程与区域重大构造事件、气候变化、海平面变化等之间的系统联系.选取南海西南与西北两个次海盆为对比研究区,基于穿越海盆的高分辨率多道地震测线和国际大洋发现计划(International Ocean Discovery Program,简称IODP)在南海获取的钻井数据,井震结合划分沉积单元,计算不同地质历史时期沉积通量,从而对海盆的沉积过程进行半定量化约束,并对控制因素和可能物源进行探讨.结果表明:南海西北次海盆和西南次海盆深海盆区的沉积过程整体上受到大型构造事件(青藏高原隆升-剥蚀作用)、东亚季风演化、陆缘水系(珠江、湄公河等)发展和相对海平面变化的控制,但在不同的区域会由于所处地理位置不同,以及局部构造事件影响而变得复杂化,从而使得西北次海盆与西南次海盆沉积通量在相同的地质时期呈现出不同的特征.西北次海盆沉积物主要源自华南大陆,并有少量来自红河、海南岛、北部陆架区局部隆起(如东沙隆起)的贡献.而西南次海盆的沉积物在晚中新世之前主要来自印支半岛、南沙地区和巴拉望,而在之后主要来自于现代湄公河. 相似文献
15.
This paper presents an analytical study of LateBronze andIronAge ceramics and natural clay deposits from the archaeological site ofPuig deSa Morisca in southwestMallorca,Spain. In our study, we combine petrographic, micropaleontological, mineralogical (X‐ray powder diffraction) and textural (laser particle size) analyses of sherds and local clays that may have been used as raw material in ceramic production. This approach allowed us to compare the ceramics’ formal characteristics with those observed in nearby plastic clays and assess raw clay procurement and paste preparation. The results indicate the use of local (<500 m distance) calcareous clays throughout theLateBronze andIron ages. This raw material was mixed with other coarser clays or crushed calcite, as well as other calcareous tempers, such as breccias or calcarenites, located close to the site. The results demonstrate that the same clay deposit was used to make ceramic vessels following different technological choices and recipes. Thus, local communities established a strong connection with the same raw materials through time that were located within the potters’ preferential range of exploitation. 相似文献
16.
Alberto De Bonis Celestino Grifa Giuseppe Cultrone Pantaleone De Vita Alessio Langella Vincenzo Morra 《Geoarchaeology》2013,28(5):478-503
We performed petrophysical analyses on 34 clayey samples of different geological origin within the Campania region of Italy in order to determine possible sources of raw materials used to produce ancient pottery. Possible raw material sources can be grouped into high‐CaO clays (HCC) and low‐CaO clays (LCC). HCC are mainly represented by more recent (Miocene‐Pleistocene) basinal sediments whereas LCC tend to be associated with basinal, alluvial, and pyroclastic deposits. A chemical comparison between clayey raw materials, modern ceramic replicas, and Campanian archaeological ceramics of several typologies (common ware, cooking ware, fine tableware, amphorae, and bricks) from 8th century B.C. to the Middle Ages (a total of 350 ceramic samples) indicates that HCC were extensively used for common wares and that these were either mixed with temper or levigated. In contrast, most of the LCC were used for the production of cookware. We also analyzed the technological potential of the sampled raw materials, taking into consideration their actual and possible uses. We observed that most HCC deposits were well suited for tableware and amphorae, whereas LCC were better for cookware and some fine tableware. 相似文献
17.
黄土物源研究对揭示第四纪以来东亚大气环流格局的演化和构造—气候之间的相互作用具有重要意义。目前已应用多种物源示踪方法对黄土物源开展了大量研究,但对黄土物源时空差异规律及其动力学机制尚未取得较为一致的认识。在综合分析黄土物源研究现状的基础上,重点从影响87Sr/86Sr值和 143Nd/144Nd 值组成及单颗粒碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱构成的因素角度,分析了第四纪黄土的物源及可能变化,获得以下认识: (1)第四纪黄土沉积物的87Sr/86Sr值变化幅度可达0.002 580~0.004 949,远远超出实验室分析测试误差(<0.000 018)或由Sr同位素衰变带来的影响(2.6 Ma时段小于0.000 026,1个冰期旋回小于0.000 001); 143Nd/144Nd 值亦发生了较显著变化(0.000 095~0.000 240),其变化幅度远大于实验室的分析测试误差(<0.000 010)及衰变导致的 143Nd/144Nd 值(<0.000 013)变化。因此,在黄土中检测到的Sr-Nd同位素组成的变化应具有较明确的地质意义。(2)第四纪黄土沉积物中无论全岩还是主要粒径组分的87Sr/86Sr值和 143Nd/144Nd 值的变化都与气候代用指标变化不同步,难以从气候变化角度进行解释,可能更多地反映了源区的变化。(3)与Sr-Nd同位素示踪体系相比,单矿物或单颗粒的物源示踪体系对物源区变化的响应更为敏感,在追踪第四纪黄土沉积物源区时空差异方面具有较明显的优势。(4)基于碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱对黄土物源的有限研究揭示黄土高原的黄土在地质历史时期可能发生了原始物源区显著的时空分异,特别是不同剖面都反映出了1.2 Ma前后黄土主要源区的变化,表明通过锆石U-Pb年龄谱研究黄土物源时空差异规律具有揭示岩石圈、大气圈、水圈耦合作用过程及历史的巨大潜力。 相似文献
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遥感技术是地质填图的一种重要手段,充分运用遥感技术能够有效提高填图效率和质量。本研究以北巴颜喀拉山地区SPOT5、ETM系列数据为基础影像,从岩性、构造解译入手进行最大程度的信息挖掘。从4个方面详细阐述岩性判识依据,建立北巴颜喀拉山可视化解译标志系统,并对地层岩性进行基于影像的重新厘定,细分了各地层岩段或岩性组合。通过构造详细解译,识别了多种、不同级别的构造形迹,建立研究区新的构造格架,并对构造块体进行详细划分。本研究翔实、细致的工作,为北巴地区地层岩性对比、构造重新认识提供新视角,为该区区域地质调查提供新资料。 相似文献
19.
岷江上游叠溪古堰塞湖沉积物粒度特征及环境意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用古堰塞湖沉积物中连续的地质记录来研究区域过去气候变化规律,这一方法是继通过深海沉积、极地与高山冰芯、黄土、湖泊、洞穴石笋、珊瑚等沉积物中的地质记录来研究全球气候变化途径之后的又一新途径。反映沉积物中环境信息的代用指标有多种,其中粒度特征就是其中一种,它可以反映沉积过程中的古环境、古气候特征。通过该项研究可以建立青藏高原东部边缘(岷江上游叠溪地区)2万年以来的古环境古气候演化规律以及地质环境的演化规律,找到气候环境变化与地质环境演化的相关性。本文采用精细粒度分析和系统粒度分析等方法提取了堰塞湖相沉积物的粒度特征资料,并与已有的冰川湖沉积物的研究成果进行了对比分析。通过精细分析得到了堰塞湖相沉积物多为粉土和黏土;深色沉积物与粗颗粒相对应,浅色沉积物与细颗粒相对应的关系;并结合有机质测试发现:深色沉积物有机质含量多于浅色沉积物,表明粗颗粒土代表的是雨水充沛水动力条件好且植被相对茂盛的气候环境特征,细颗粒土则与其相反;沉积物中深浅交替的纹层厚度约为2～5 cm;这些特征与冰川湖沉积物特征差别很大,因此其代表的气候环境意义也完全不同。通过整个剖面的系统粒度分析得到了整个沉积过程的粒度变化特征,并据此结合年代测试结果将整个沉积剖面划分了7个粒度变化周期,揭示了该沉积过程中该地区经历了7次气候环境的变迁。 相似文献
20.
《Applied Geochemistry》1995,10(1):97-109
Overbank sediment sequences in central Mexico display vertical changes in chemistry which can be related to both anthropogenic contamination and natural geological sources and processes. They also show significant lateral chemical variation, at both local and regional levels, which makes the design of a sampling strategy for regional geochemical mapping or contamination studies difficult. This variation is particularly pronounced in drainage basins which have been contaminated by mining activity and limits the use of overbank sediment as a systematic regional geochemical mapping medium. To be used with confidence, overbank sediments require detailed studies of fluvial geomorphology and history, accompanied by accurate age dating. Active drainage sediments are a more viable alternative in areas of historical mining activity, but must be examined carefully in the light of the regional background where levels of contamination are low or the contaminants are buried within the river floodplain. 相似文献