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1.
Marilena Cardu Giorgio Iabichino Pierpaolo Oreste Andrea Rispoli 《Acta Geotechnica》2017,12(2):293-304
The use of tunnel boring machines (TBMs) is increasingly popular in tunnelling. One of the most important aspects in the use of these machines is to assess with certain accuracy the effectiveness of the action of the discs on the cutter-head in the different rock types to be excavated. A specific machine, called an intermediate linear cutting machine (ILCM), has been developed at the Politecnico di Torino in order to study, on a reduced scale in detail in the laboratory, the interaction between the discs of the TBM and the rock: this machine allows a series of grooves to be cut on a rock sample of 0.5 × 0.3 × 0.2 m, through the rolling of a 6.5-in. disc, and evaluation, during testing, of the parameters associated with the action of the cutting tool. The parameters measured during the tests were compared with the results obtained employing two analytical methods widely used for predicting the performance of TBMs: the Colorado School of Mines (CSM) model and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) model. The latter showed a greater ability to reproduce tests conducted using the ILCM. However, as with the CSM model, it does not allow the optimal excavation condition (the ratio, which minimizes the specific energy of excavation, between the groove spacing and the penetration of the disc), necessary for the correct design of the TBM cutter-head, to be identified. An example, based on a real case of a tunnel in Northern Italy, allowed a demonstration of how the NTNU model provides results in line with the measurements taken during the excavation and represents, therefore, a model that is able to reliably simulate both laboratory tests and the action of a TBM on site. The NTNU model, together with the results of the tests with ILCM targeted on the identification of the optimal conditions of excavation, may allow the correct dimensioning of the TBM cutter-head to be attained in order to effectively implement the excavation. 相似文献
2.
TBM滚刀破岩过程影响因素数值模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
全断面岩石掘进机（TBM）的破岩效率主要受刀盘设计和岩体特征的影响。采用颗粒流方法建立了岩石试件与滚刀的数值模型,对TBM滚刀破岩过程的影响因素进行了分析。研究表明,单刃滚刀交替作用下强度较低的岩石中易形成规则的张拉裂纹而生成较大岩碴;强度较高的岩石中滚刀的侧向挤压促使形成块度较小的片状岩碴;双刃滚刀作用下岩石表面受到强烈挤压后出现较大的拉应力,使岩石更易破碎,且仅在强度较高的岩石中才易形成透镜状岩碴。滚刀破岩过程中存在能耗最小的最佳间距,该最佳间距随着岩石强度的增大而减小。滚刀破岩过程中,结构面对裂纹扩展具有显著的控制性作用,并阻隔损伤向结构面下的岩石中渗透;随着结构面与滚刀侵入方向夹角的减小,结构面将引导裂纹向岩石深部扩展,而当夹角较大时,结构面则会引导裂纹横向扩展,易导致大块岩碴的形成 相似文献
3.
为了验证高能激光技术能够辅助隧道掘进机(tunnel boring machine,简称TBM)盘形滚刀（以下简称滚刀）实现高效破岩,以滚刀破岩过程中基本的运动形式——侵岩为研究对象,参照17 inch（432 mm）工程用滚刀,按1:8的比例制备了缩尺比例滚刀压头（以下引述为滚刀压头）,开展了以孔孔距（2、3、4、5 mm）、刀孔距（3、4、5、6、7 mm）为变量的激光辅助滚刀压头侵岩L20(4×5)正交试验以及无激光作用的对照组试验。试验研究结果表明：随着刀孔距的增加,滚刀压头的破岩量与岩石破碎块度均增加,而垂直力和比能耗均降低,最优刀孔距为6 mm;随着孔孔距的增加,破岩量、垂直力和岩石侵入难度系数均降低,而岩石破碎块度和比能耗均增加,最优孔孔距为3 mm。与传统滚刀回转滚压破岩方式相比,在激光辅助作用下,可促进岩石张拉裂纹的产生,提高了滚刀侵岩效率。所提出的激光辅助滚刀耦合破岩模式在未来TBM极硬岩层隧道掘进中具有一定的应用前景。 相似文献
4.
Cardu M. Rispoli A. Iabichino G. Oreste P. Vagnon F. 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2021,39(5):3573-3597
The intermediate linear cutting machine (ILCM) is a machine designed to work on an intermediate scale between the full- and the small-scale. The reduced scale involves several advantages compared to full-scale tests, especially in terms of sample supplying and transportation. On the other hand, it has an impact on the testing conditions, resulting in a limitation of the cutting penetration and spacing during the test, as well as in a smaller disc cutter. This affects most of the results, which cannot be directly used for the on-site machine performance prediction. However, some experimental results provided in the literature show that the optimal spacing/penetration ratio is not significantly affected by the changes involved. On this basis, the results obtained from ILCM tests should provide reliable information about the optimal cutting conditions of a tunnel boring machine in massive rock mass. The work performed included the development of some improvements of the testing rig, as well as a modified ILCM testing procedure, according to the one typically used in standard LCM tests. The results provide information about the attitude of the tested lithotypes to mechanical excavation by means of disc tools, including the optimal cutting conditions. Additional work was developed in terms of detailed characterisation of the rock samples involved and assessment of the size distribution of the debris produced during the ILCM tests. Nevertheless, further tests are necessary, in order to assess the consistency of the experimental procedure employed and to investigate the scale effect.
相似文献5.
盘形滚刀破岩过程的数值研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究全断面岩石掘进机盘形滚刀的破岩过程以及盘形滚刀的结构参数（刀刃宽、刀刃角）对滚刀破岩特性的影响,利用离散元方法建立岩石与盘形滚刀的二维数值模型,研究了滚刀侵入岩石过程中贯入度、切削力以及裂纹数三者的关系,在此基础上通过仿真得到滚刀结构参数与岩石破碎特性的规律。研究结果表明：裂纹的扩展与滚刀受到的切削力密切相关;破岩过程中切削力先增大后减小的循环模式,证实了岩石跃进破碎特性。在盘形滚刀作用下,岩石中的应力是向下、向四周无限扩展的对称的应力泡。滚刀刀刃作用区域,应力值最高,随着滚刀贯入度增加,最大应力减小;远离滚刀刀刃区域,应力呈应力泡形式逐层降低至0。选择滚刀刀刃宽在10～15 mm之间,既避免滚刀受到的推力过大,又能提高滚刀的破岩效率;岩石破碎以滚刀刀刃下方向下发展裂纹的扩展为主,刀刃角在10°～20°之间,既能减少滚刀的磨损又能提高破岩效率。 相似文献
6.
G. Exadaktylos M. Stavropoulou G. Xiroudakis M. de Broissia H. Schwarz 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2008,41(6):797-834
Summary Basic principles of the theory of rock cutting with rolling disc cutters are used to appropriately reduce tunnel boring machine
(TBM) logged data and compute the specific energy (SE) of rock cutting as a function of geometry of the cutterhead and operational
parameters. A computational code written in Fortran 77 is used to perform Kriging predictions in a regular or irregular grid in 1D, 2D or 3D space based on sampled data referring to rock mass classification
indices or TBM related parameters. This code is used here for three purposes, namely: (1) to filter raw data in order to establish
a good correlation between SE and rock mass rating (RMR) (or tunnelling quality index Q) along the chainage of the tunnel,
(2) to make prediction of RMR, Q or SE along the chainage of the tunnel from boreholes at the exploration phase and design
stage of the tunnel, and (3) to make predictions of SE and RMR or Q ahead of the tunnel’s face during excavation of the tunnel
based on SE estimations during excavation. The above tools are the basic constituents of an algorithm to continuously update
the geotechnical model of the rock mass based on logged TBM data. Several cases were considered to illustrate the proposed
methodology, namely: (a) data from a system of twin tunnels in Hong Kong, (b) data from three tunnels excavated in Northern
Italy, and (c) data from the section Singuerlin-Esglesias of the Metro L9 tunnel in Barcelona.
Correspondence: G. Exadaktylos, Department of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece 相似文献
7.
In-situ Rock Spalling Strength near Excavation Boundaries 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
It is widely accepted that the in-situ strength of massive rocks is approximately 0.4 ± 0.1 UCS, where UCS is the uniaxial compressive strength obtained from unconfined tests using diamond drilling core samples with a diameter around 50 mm. In addition, it has been suggested that the in-situ rock spalling strength, i.e., the strength of the wall of an excavation when spalling initiates, can be set to the crack initiation stress determined from laboratory tests or field microseismic monitoring. These findings were supported by back-analysis of case histories where failure had been carefully documented, using either Kirsch’s solution (with approximated circular tunnel geometry and hence σ max = 3σ 1 ?σ 3) or simplified numerical stress modeling (with a smooth tunnel wall boundary) to approximate the maximum tangential stress σ max at the excavation boundary. The ratio of σ max /UCS is related to the observed depth of failure and failure initiation occurs when σ max is roughly equal to 0.4 ± 0.1 UCS. In this article, it is suggested that these approaches ignore one of the most important factors, the irregularity of the excavation boundary, when interpreting the in-situ rock strength. It is demonstrated that the “actual” in-situ spalling strength of massive rocks is not equal to 0.4 ± 0.1 UCS, but can be as high as 0.8 ± 0.05 UCS when surface irregularities are considered. It is demonstrated using the Mine-by tunnel notch breakout example that when the realistic “as-built” excavation boundary condition is honored, the “actual” in-situ rock strength, given by 0.8 UCS, can be applied to simulate progressive brittle rock failure process satisfactorily. The interpreted, reduced in-situ rock strength of 0.4 ± 0.1 UCS without considering geometry irregularity is therefore only an “apparent” rock strength. 相似文献
8.
基于UDEC的隧道掘进机滚刀破岩数值模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
现今全断面隧道掘进机（TBM）施工方法在长大深埋隧道工程中已被广泛采用,对滚刀破岩关键技术的进一步认识具有重要的工程价值。为了研究滚刀破岩机制,分析刀圈断面形态、岩石强度和节理角度对其的影响,运用UDEC方法建立了滚刀贯切岩石的二维数值系列模型,对TBM滚刀破岩过程进行了仿真。分析表明：滚刀破岩是滚刀下岩石拉破坏和剪破坏的综合反映,拉破坏是裂纹萌生与扩展的主要驱动机制;刃宽较大的平刀与刃角较大的楔刀破岩效果较好;平刀与楔刀在软岩中破岩效果相近,平刀在硬岩施工中比楔刀的破岩效果好;滚刀对节理角度为30°～60°的岩石破坏效果较好,由于楔刀的“劈裂”作用,楔刀比平刀更适合用于贯切含有节理的岩石。 相似文献
9.
Effect of Rapid Thermal Cooling on Mechanical Rock Properties 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Laboratory tests have been conducted to investigate the effects of rapid thermal cooling on various rock specimens including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. At first, various types of thermal loading were conducted: heating up to 100, 200, and 300 °C, followed by rapid cooling with a fan. In addition, multiple cyclic thermal cooling (10, 15 and 20 cycles) with a maximum temperature of only 100 °C was conducted. Experiments included edge notched disc (END) tests to determine the Mode I fracture toughness, Brazilian disc tests to determine tensile strength, seismic tests to determine P-wave velocity, and porosity tests leading to meaningful results. Even though only small changes of temperature (rapid cooling from 100 °C to room temperature) were applied, the results showed that crack growth occurred in some rock types (granite, diabase with ore veins, and KVS) while crack healing occurred in other rock types (diabase without ore veins, quartzite, and skarn). To better understand the results, 3D transient thermo-mechanical analysis was conducted using the ANSYS program. The results indicated that there was a thin region near the outside of the specimen where large tensile stresses occur and microcracking would be expected, and that there was a large area in the middle of the specimen where lower magnitude compressive stresses occur and crack closure would be expected. It was found that the more heterogeneous and more coarse-grained rock types are more likely to exhibit crack growth, while less heterogeneous and more fine-grained rocks are more likely to exhibit crack healing. 相似文献
10.
在对盾构切刀顺次破岩实际工况提出合理简化的基础上,从岩土细观角度出发,采用颗粒离散元法建立了切刀破岩的二维数值模型,研究了两把盾构切刀顺次作用下的破岩机制和影响因素,并通过试验对切刀破岩过程中切屑堆积现象及破岩力学特性进行了验证。研究表明,刀具尖端的破坏作用最为明显;切削岩石时切削力随着切削行程不断波动,水平切削力大于垂直切削力;不同于单刀切削,切刀顺次作用时前刀刮过的岩面留下了大量残余裂纹,使得后刀所受的切削力减小;从切削性能来看,随着切削深度的增加,岩石破碎块度不断增大,切削力和裂纹数迅速增加,说明切深与切削力密切相关;切削试验观测到了切屑在前刀面堆积和切削力的波动现象,与数值模拟具有较好的一致性。 相似文献
11.
M. Mirahmadi M. Tabaei M. Soleiman Dehkordi 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2017,35(5):1991-2002
The specific energy (SE) is the most important parameter to estimate the energy consumption in tunnel boring machines (TBMs). It is defined as the amount of required energy to excavate a unit volume of rock mass which used to predict the performance of TBMs. Several models are used to estimate the SE based on different parameters such as the rock mass properties, disc cutter dimensions and cutting geometry. The aim of this work is to propose new relations between the SE and the strain energy of rock mass (W) using the geological mappings of rock mass and TBM operational parameters from Amir-Kabir Water Transferring Tunnel of Iran. W is an appropriate criterion to estimate SE because it is a function of different parameters such as rock mass behavior, pre and post failure properties and peak and residual strains. In this study, to increase the correlation coefficient of relation between the mentioned parameters, the rock mass is classified in two methods, in the first method according to the geological strength index (GSI) all data is classified in three classes such as weak, fair and good and in the second method using the drop to deformation modulus ratio (η) the classification of data is performed in three classes such as η < 0.05, 0.05 ≤ η < 10 and η ≥ 10. The results show that there are direct relations between both parameters. It is suggested to estimate SE in all rock mass classes using the proposed relations based on GSI classification. 相似文献
12.
Pan Yucong Liu Quansheng Kong Xiaoxuan Liu Jianping Peng Xingxin Liu Qi 《Acta Geotechnica》2019,14(4):1249-1268
In this study, determination of some machine parameters and performance prediction for tunnel boring machine (TBM) are conducted based on laboratory rock cutting test. Firstly, laboratory full-scale linear cutting test is carried out using 432-mm CCS (constant cross section) disc cutter in Chongqing Sandstone. Then, the input parameters for TBM cutterhead design are extracted; some TBM specifications are determined and then compared to the manufactured values. Finally, laboratory full-scale linear cutting test results are compared with the field TBM excavation performance data collected in Chongqing Yangtze River Tunnel. Results show that laboratory full-scale linear cutting test results, combined with some engineering considerations, can be used for the preliminary and rough design of TBM machine capacity. Meanwhile, combined with some modification factors, it can also well predict the field TBM excavation performance.
相似文献13.
A Review of the Tensile Strength of Rock: Concepts and Testing 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A review of the tensile strength of rock was conducted to determine the relationship between direct tensile strength (DTS) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) and to examine the validity of estimating tensile strength from other measured properties, such as the crack initiation (CI) threshold. A data set was gathered from the existing literature where tensile values could be reliably correlated with unconfined compressive strength or CI values. It was determined that the BTS obtained in standard testing is generally greater than the equivalent DTS and that this relationship is rock type dependent. CI yields a reasonable estimate of tensile strength and this correlation is improved when the BTS values are reduced to DTS values by rock type specific correlations. The factor f, in DTS = f BTS, can be considered to be approximately 0.9 for metamorphic, 0.8 for igneous and 0.7 for sedimentary rocks. The relationships presented demonstrate that there is wide scatter in the available data for estimating tensile strength likely due to both specimen variability and testing configuration, including platen geometry and relative stiffness. Estimates of tensile strength should only be used for preliminary design purposes and measurements should be made to confirm preliminary assumptions for each design. 相似文献
14.
The rock cutting performance of an abrasive waterjet is affected by various parameters. In this study, rock cutting tests are conducted with different energy (i.e., water pressure, traverse speed, and abrasive feed rate), geometry (i.e., standoff distance), and material parameters [i.e., uniaxial compressive strength (UCS)]. In particular, experimental tests are carried out at a long standoff distance (up to 60 cm) to consider field application. The effective parameters of the rock cutting process are identified based on the relationships between the cutting performance indices (depth, width, and volume) and parameters. In addition, the cutting efficiency is analyzed with effective parameters as well as different pump types and the number of cutting passes considering the concept of kinetic jet energy. Efficiency analysis reveals that the cutting depth efficiency tends to increase with an increase in the water pressure and traverse speed and with a decrease in the standoff distance and UCS. Cutting volume efficiency strongly depends on standoff distance. High efficiency of cutting volume is obtained at a long standoff distance regardless of the pump type. The efficiency analysis provides a realistic way to optimize parameters for abrasive waterjet rock excavation. 相似文献
15.
Various types of conical picks in different shapes are produced and widely employed on mechanical excavators. Depending on the mechanical and abrasivity properties of rocks, appropriate shape of pick is selected. In order to obtain maximum efficiency from the pick during excavation, the interaction between the pick and rock and the cutting mechanism play very important role. In this context, linear cutting tests were conducted by using a conical pick at the cutting depths between 3 and 18 mm and also at the various line spacings on sandstones exhibiting different mechanical properties. The results indicated that cutting depth and line spacing have significant influences on the tool forces acting on the pick, the ratio of normal to cutting force, and the specific energy. Accordingly, strong correlations and empirical models were developed. In conclusion, the empirical models proposed for estimating the forces and specific energy would be used for producing the conical bits and also designing the cutter heads of mechanical excavators on soft and medium-hard strength sandstones. 相似文献
16.
A Study of Optimal Rock-Cutting Conditions for Hard Rock TBM Using the Discrete Element Method 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The efficiency of TBM performance affected by the specific s/p (s: spacing and p: penetration) ratio of the disc cutter is a research issue in demand. This article presents a multi-indentation simulation using discrete element method (DEM) analysis to study the optimal rock-cutting phenomena in terms of the interaction of the s/p ratio with intact rock properties. The multi-indentation simulation attempts to represent a linear cutting machine (LCM) test, which is a full-scale test for evaluating the optimal rock-cutting condition and measuring required reaction forces based on the intact rock condition in general practice. A governing equation relating mechanical rock properties with geometric characteristics for the optimal rock-cutting condition is derived by the numerical simulation, and its performance is evaluated with the result of the laboratory LCM tests. The results of simulations and real LCM tests show that the effective rock-cutting condition corresponding to the minimum specific energy can be estimated by an optimized s/p ratio, which, in turn, is linearly proportional to the square of the material brittleness, B 2, and cutter tip width, t (i.e., s/p?=?cB 2 t, where c is coefficient). The limitation of the numerical simulation associated with the sample preparation is also discussed. 相似文献
17.
TBM掘进经常遇到复合岩层,在该地层中施工对滚刀破岩非常不利。为了提高掘进效率,降低工程造价,开展复合岩层滚刀破岩效率研究很有必要。鉴于此,采用滚刀岩机作用综合试验台对砂岩、花岗岩复合(复合比例为4(25) 6)而成的岩层进行5组刀间距下3种贯入度的3把滚刀同步旋转切割试验;试验过程中监测破岩总法向力、总扭矩,并分别收集两种岩石的岩渣进行筛分、称重;依据试验结果分析不同刀间距、贯入度下的法向力、扭矩及比能的关系。研究表明:不同刀间距时,平均法向力、平均扭矩随贯入度的增加而增大但两者的增加趋势不同,即平均法向力随着贯入度的增加几乎呈直线增大,而平均扭矩随着贯入度的增加其递增趋势减小;不同贯入度下存在不同的最优刀间距;砂岩、花岗岩切割轨迹长度比例为4:6时刀间距与贯入度的比值在14左右,破岩效率最高。 相似文献
18.
Mei Jie Zhang Wanzhi Xu Bangshu Zhu Yongxue Wang Bingkun 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2021,39(7):5309-5323
For large cross-section tunnel in horizontal layered rock mass, blasting excavation often causes serious overbreak and underbreak. In this study, blasting excavation tests of tunnel upper face were conducted, blast-induced excavation damage and the influence mechanisms of weak beddings and joints were analyzed based on the Panlongshan tunnel. In order to achieve fine excavation, the cut mode of “center holes and four-wedge cutting holes”, the blasthole pattern of “empty holes, long holes, short holes and additional relief holes”, the maximum single-hole charge and the air-deck charge structure were proposed. Compared with the damage characteristics, overbreak and underbreak, and deformations of surrounding rock before and after optimization, the latter was better in tunnel contour formation and surrounding rock stability. The results show that after optimization, the large-area separation of vault rock mass is solved, the step-like overbreak of spandrel rock mass is reduced and the large-size rock block and underbreak are avoided. The maximum linear overbreak of vault, spandrel, and haunch surrounding rock is decreased by 42.3%, 53.7% and 45.1%, respectively. The underbreak at the bottom of the upper face is reduced from ??111.5 to ??16.5 cm. The average overbreak area is decreased by 61.1%. The surrounding rock displacement after optimization finally converges to the smaller value. The arch crown settlement and the horizontal convergence of haunch are reduced by about 21.6% and 18.3%, respectively. Furthermore, from the completion of blasting excavation to the stabilization of surrounding rock, it takes less time by using the optimized blasting scheme.
相似文献19.
In this paper, the limestone specimens are heated from room temperature 25 to 800 °C in a high temperature furnace and then are subjected to Brazilian test with the AG-I250 electronic precision material testing machine. The physical properties, mechanical properties, disc failure pattern, energy absorbed per unit area and damage characteristics of disc are comprehensively investigated. The results show that: with the increase of temperature, the changing trends of tensile strength, peak strain, tensile modulus and accumulated energy absorbed per unit area of disc are similar, they are first increases, then decrease, the energy consumption index is consistent with the macroscopic damage characteristics; the value of εs increase first and then reduce, reaches the maximum at 600 °C. The value of n is increasing and fluctuating, but the change trend of Dc is opposite, which is decreasing and fluctuating. The slope of the damage variable-strain curves decreases first and then increases, the minimum value at 600 °C. This study is of significance to the prediction and evaluation of the stability and safety of rock mass post-high temperature. 相似文献
20.
Influence of Sample Height-to-Width Ratios on Failure Mode for Rectangular Prism Samples of Hard Rock Loaded In Uniaxial Compression 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Surface-parallel slabbing is a failure mode often observed in highly stressed hard rocks in underground excavations. This
paper presents the results of experimental studies on slabbing failure of hard rock with different sample height-to-width
ratios. The main purpose of this study was to find out the condition to create slabbing failure under uniaxial compression
and to determine the slabbing strength of hard rock in the laboratory. Uniaxial compression tests were carried out using five
groups of granite specimens. The mechanical parameters of the sample rock, Iddefjord granite from Norway, were measured on
the cylindrical and Brazilian disc specimens. The transition of the failure mode was studied using rectangular prism specimens.
The initiation and the propagation of slabbing fractures in specimens were identified by examining the relationship among
the applied stress, strain and the acoustic emission. The stress thresholds identified were compared to those reported by
other authors for crack initiation and brittle failure. It is observed that the macro failure mode will be transformed from
shear to slabbing when the height/width ratio is reduced to 0.5 in the prism specimens under uniaxial compression. Micro σ
1-parallel fractures initiate when the lateral strain departs from its linearity. Slabbing fractures are approximately parallel
to the loading direction. Labotatory tests show that the slabbing strength (σ
sl) of hard rock is about 60% of its uniaxial compression strength. It means that if the maximum tangential stress surrounding
an underground excavation reaches about the slabbing threshold, slabbing fractures may take place on the boundary of the excavation.
Therefore, the best way to stop or eliminate slabbing failure is to control the excavation boundary to avoid the big stress
concentration, so that the maximum tangential stress could be under the slabbing threshold. 相似文献