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1.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2015,(10)
A new method for the retrieval of ocean wave parameters from SAR imagery is developed,based on the shape-from-shading(SFS)technique.Previously,the SFS technique has been used in the reconstruction of 3D landform information from SAR images,in order to generate elevation maps of topography for land surfaces.Here,in order to retrieve ocean wave characteristics,we apply the SFS methodology,together with a method to orient the angular measurements of the azimuth slope and range slope,in the measurement of ocean surface waves.This method is applied to high resolution fine-quad polarization mode(HH,VV,VH and HV)C-band RADARSAT-2 SAR imagery,in order to retrieve ocean wave spectra and extract wave parameters.Collocated in situ buoy measurements are used to validate the reliability of this method.Results show that the method can reliably estimate wave height,dominant wave period,dominant wave length and dominant wave direction from C-band SAR images.The advantage of this method is that it does not depend on modulation transfer functions(MTFs),in order to measure ocean surface waves.This method can be used in monitoring ocean surface wave propagation through open water areas into ice-covered areas,especially the marginal ice zone(MIZ)in polar oceans. 相似文献
2.
Sea ice dynamic and thermodynamic processes are important and highly variable elements of the marginal ice zone (MIZ). This study examines the detection and classification of statistically separable sea ice classes in the MIZ through a range of temporal and spatial scales. A helicopter‐based laser system was used to obtain large‐scale and a ship‐based laser profiler to identify small‐scale roughness types, respectively. The analysis of variance of surface height data from helicopter‐ and ship‐based laser systems, active microwave (AMW) C‐band backscattering data and passive microwave (PMW) (37 and 89 GHz) brightness temperature data reveal different classes that statistically differ from one another. We found significant statistical difference in variances in AMW data with six classes that differ in VV polarization, three classes in VH polarization, and five classes in HH polarization in the MIZ (e.g. snow‐covered first‐year ice, ice rubble, pancake ice, frost flowers, melt pond, flooded ice, and ice edge) of southeastern Beaufort Sea. The PMW emission was not as effective at discrimination, yielding only one statistically separable class. The results can potentially be extended to satellite‐based investigations of the MIZ at regional scales. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
Marginal ice edge zones (MIZ) are unique frontal systems with air-ice-sea interfaces. Phytoplankton blooms, which occur along the edge of the melting ice pack in spring, are strongly related to the air-ice-sea interactive processes. In spring 1982, during a cruise to the Bering Sea ice pack, hydrographic sections, including standard biological oceanographic parameters, were collected across the MIZ showing such enhanced phytoplankton bloom populations in the ice edge. During this period the ice edge retreated at speeds of 6 to 38 cm s?1. Associated with the retreating ice edge were a faster moving upper layer oceanic front that kept pace with the retreating ice edge, and a nearly stationary deeper front. In the presence of light, the phytoplankton blooms are shown to be associated with, and primarily controlled by enhanced density stratification and frontal structure due to ice melt during the spring ice retreat. The ice melt water forms stratification that helps to maintain the phytoplankton within the photic zone. The ice edge blooms can be differentiated from open water blooms by the stratification mechanism; in MIZ blooms stratification is due to low salinity melt water as opposed to temperature derived stratification in most open water blooms. In addition, in the series of cross sections collected, a unique biophysical interaction was observed when the MIZ front moving north with the spring retreat, came in contact with a fixed shelf front forming a ‘dish’ shaped hydrographic structure within which a major phytoplankton bloom was observed. We suggest that upwelling from the tidally driven shelf front supplied nutrients to the surface waters extending the life of the bloom. Wind-driven ice edge upwelling was also observed but was difficult to distinguish from the shelf front circulation.In this same set of ice edge cross sections, a cold water mass was observed at the surface in the MIZ. This water mass was subsequently overridden by warmer water forming a cold tongue structure above the pycnocline and seaward of the shelf front. We suggest that this cold tongue was transient in nature, and illustrative of one mechanism by which the T-S characteristics of high latitude shelf waters are formed and altered. 相似文献
4.
Tsunami Wave Analysis and Possibility of Splay Fault Rupture During the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake
The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was observed by two satellites, close in space and time, that traversed the Indian Ocean 2?h after the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake, but which observed different tsunami lead wave morphologies. The earlier satellite, Jason-1, recorded a lead wave with two peaks of similar amplitude and wavelength, while the later satellite, TOPEX/Poseidon, recorded a lead wave with only one longer wavelength uplift. To resolve this disparity, we examine the travel paths of long wavelength waves over the seafloor bathymetry. Waves traveling from the margin will traverse significantly different paths to arrive at the two satellite transects. The result is that the satellites are sensitive to different parts of the margin; Jason-1 is highly sensitive to the margin in the area of the epicenter, while TOPEX is sensitive to a more northerly section. By developing solutions of the ocean gravity wave equations, accounting for dispersion, we show that the double peak of the Jason-1 satellite observations are consistent with coseismic rupture of a splay fault of limited along-strike extent, located north of Simeulue Island. The doubly peaked morphology can be reproduced with co-activation of the subduction zone interface and the splay fault, which creates a seafloor uplift pattern with two distinct areas of uplift. The Jason-1 satellite is sensitive to a splay fault in this portion of the margin, whereas the TOPEX satellite would not be significantly affected by this uplift pattern. By back-projecting satellite observation points to the margin, we constrain the location of the proposed splay fault and find that it correlates with a bathymetric high. The aftershock locations, uplift of corals on Simeulue Island and a fault scarp on Pulau Salaut Besar are also consistent with the activation of a splay fault in the area delimited by the back-projection. Our work also shows that it is critical to fully capture gravity wave dispersion in order to represent features of the lead wave profile that may not be as well characterized by the shallow water (long-wavelength) model. It is also necessary to account for dispersion so as to precisely assess wavefront travel times; this leads us to conclude that the rupture must have reached very near to the trench and propagated with an updip rupture velocity of order 2.0?km/s or more. 相似文献
5.
Recent satellite observations of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets show accelerated ice flow and associated ice sheet thinning along coastal outlet glaciers in contact with the ocean. Both processes are the result of grounding line retreat due to melting at the grounding line (the grounding line is the contact of the ice sheet with the ocean, where it starts to float and forms an ice shelf or ice tongue). Such rapid ice loss is not yet included in large-scale ice sheet models used for IPCC projections, as most of the complex processes are poorly understood. Here we report on the state-of-the art of grounding line migration in marine ice sheets and address different ways in which grounding line migration can be attributed and represented in ice sheet models. Using one-dimensional ice flow models of the ice sheet/ice shelf system we carried out a number of sensitivity experiments with different spatial resolutions and stress approximations. These are verified with semi-analytical steady state solutions. Results show that, in large-scale finite-difference models, grounding line migration is dependent on the numerical treatment (e.g. staggered/non-staggered grid) and the level of physics involved (e.g. shallow-ice/shallow-shelf approximation). 相似文献
6.
利用地震海洋学方法研究海洋内波已成为海洋地球物理学家与物理海洋学家共同关注的前沿问题.本文尝试利用当今时频分析的新手段——希尔伯特-黄变换中的经验模态分解（EMD）方法对南海东北部地震数据处理获得的垂直位移分布数据进行分解,获得了一些有新意的结果.分解结果表明,南海东北部海盆上方区域的内波包含波长约1.2、2.5、4、12.5 km的组成成分,其中波长约1.2、2.5 km的内波在200~1050 m的深度范围内上、下各层的波动基本耦合;波长约4 km与12.5 km的内波以600~700 m的水层为分界,其上、下部分的内波相位差90°,指示低波数内波能量的斜向传播.这些研究表明,EMD方法在内波运动学特征的地震海洋学研宄方面有良好的应用前景. 相似文献
7.
The temporal and spatial distributions of Antarctic sea ice play important roles in both the generation mechanisms and the signal characteristics of microseisms. This link paves the way for seismological investigations of Antarctic sea ice. Here we present an overview of the current state of seismological research about microseisms on Antarctic sea ice. We first briefly review satellite remote-sensing observations of Antarctic sea ice over the past 50 years. We then systematically expound upon the generation mechanisms and source distribution of microseisms in relation to seismic noise investigations of sea ice, and the characteristics of Antarctic microseisms and relationship with sea ice variations are further analyzed. We also analyze the continuous data recorded at seismic station BEAR in West Antarctica from 2011 to 2018 and compare the microseism observations with the corresponding satellite remote-sensing observations of Antarctic sea ice. Our results show that:(1) the microseisms from the coastal regions of West Antarctica exhibit clear seasonal variations, SFM with maximum intensities every April-May and minimum intensities around every October-November; while DFM intensities peak every February-March, and reach the minimum around every October. Comparatively, the strong seasonal periodicity of Antarctic sea ice in better agreement with the observed DFM; and (2) microseism decay is not synchronous with sea ice expansion since the microseism intensity is also linked to the source location, source intensity (e.g., ocean storms, ocean wave field), and other factors. Finally, we discuss the effect of Southern Annular Mode on Antarctic sea ice and microseisms, as well as the current limitations and potential of employing seismological investigations to elucidate Antarctic sea ice variations and climate change. 相似文献
8.
Achim Stössel Jin-Song von Storch Dirk Notz Helmuth Haak Rüdiger Gerdes 《Ocean Dynamics》2018,68(3):347-361
This study is on high-frequency temporal variability (HFV) and meso-scale spatial variability (MSV) of winter sea-ice drift in the Southern Ocean simulated with a global high-resolution (0.1°) sea ice-ocean model. Hourly model output is used to distinguish MSV characteristics via patterns of mean kinetic energy (MKE) and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) of ice drift, surface currents, and wind stress, and HFV characteristics via time series of raw variables and correlations. We find that (1) along the ice edge, the MSV of ice drift coincides with that of surface currents, in particular such due to ocean eddies; (2) along the coast, the MKE of ice drift is substantially larger than its TKE and coincides with the MKE of wind stress; (3) in the interior of the ice pack, the TKE of ice drift is larger than its MKE, mostly following the TKE pattern of wind stress; (4) the HFV of ice drift is dominated by weather events, and, in the absence of tidal currents, locally and to a much smaller degree by inertial oscillations; (5) along the ice edge, the curl of the ice drift is highly correlated with that of surface currents, mostly reflecting the impact of ocean eddies. Where ocean eddies occur and the ice is relatively thin, ice velocity is characterized by enhanced relative vorticity, largely matching that of surface currents. Along the ice edge, ocean eddies produce distinct ice filaments, the realism of which is largely confirmed by high-resolution satellite passive-microwave data. 相似文献
9.
Traditionally, ocean tides have been modeled in frequency domain with a forcing from selected tidal constituents. It is a natural approach; however, it implicitly neglects non-linearities of ocean dynamics. An alternative approach is time-domain modeling with a forcing given by the full lunisolar potential, i.e., all tidal waves are a priori included. This approach has been applied in several ocean tide models; however, some challenging tasks still remain, for example, assimilation of satellite altimetry data. In this paper, we introduce the assimilative scheme applicable in a time-domain model, which is an alternative to existing techniques used in assimilative ocean tide models. We present results from DEBOT, a global barotropic ocean tide model, which has two modes: DEBOT-h, a purely hydrodynamical mode, and DEBOT-a, an assimilative mode. The accuracy of DEBOT in both modes is assessed through a series of tests against tide gauge data which demonstrate that DEBOT is comparable to state-of-the-art global ocean tide models for major tidal constituents. Furthermore, as signals of all tidal frequencies are included in DEBOT, we also discuss modeling of minor tidal constituents and non-linear compound tides. Our modeling approach can be useful for those applications where the frequency domain approach is not suitable. 相似文献
10.
John W. Miles 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(1):155-171
AbstractA Kelvin wave in a semi-infinite ocean with a narrow (compared with the wavelength) continental shelf is diffracted by a narrow gap that feeds any of a second semi-infinite ocean, a semi-infinite channel, a closed channel of finite length, a small bay, or a channel terminated by a bay. An equivalent electrical circuit is constructed, in which the incident-wave displacement in the gap appears as the input voltage and the flow into the gap appears as the input current. Approximations to the elements of this circuit are constructed from a quadratic functional that is derived from the integral equation implied by the boundary-value problem. The phase shift in the diffracted Kelvin wave is calculated, and numerical results are given for representative configurations. The general results are applicable to other tidal waves in the semi-infinite ocean, e.g., a Poincaré wave. A model of San Francisco Bay, opening into the ocean through a short, narrow channel (the Golden Gate) and fed by rivers through a long channel (Carquinez Straits), is constructed. It yields a resonant period of 4.6h and a time delay of 3.6 sec for a semi-diurnal (12.4h) Kelvin wave. 相似文献
11.
The role of seamounts in the formation and evolution of sea ice is investigated in a series of numerical experiments with
a coupled sea ice–ocean model. Bottom topography, stratification and forcing are configured for the Maud Rise region in the
Weddell Sea. The specific flow regime that develops at the seamount as the combined response to steady and tidal forcing consists
of free and trapped waves and a vortex cap, which is caused by mean flow and tidal flow rectification. The enhanced variability
through tidal motion in particular modifies the mixed layer above the seamount enough to delay and reduce sea-ice formation
throughout the winter. The induced sea-ice anomaly spreads and moves westward and affects an area of several 100 000 km2. Process studies reveal the complex interaction between wind, steady and periodic ocean currents: all three are required
in the process of generation of the sea ice and mixed layer anomalies (mainly through tidal flow), their detachment from the
topography (caused by steady oceanic flow) and the westward translation of the sea-ice anomaly (driven by the time-mean wind). 相似文献
12.
Impacts of climate changes on ocean surface gravity waves over the eastern Canadian shelf 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
A numerical study is conducted to investigate the impact of climate changes on ocean surface gravity waves over the eastern Canadian shelf (ECS). The “business-as-usual” climate scenario known as Representative Concentration Pathway RCP8.5 is considered in this study. Changes in the ocean surface gravity waves over the study region for the period 1979–2100 are examined based on 3 hourly ocean waves simulated by the third-generation ocean wave model known as WAVEWATCHIII. The wave model is driven by surface winds and ice conditions produced by the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CanRCM4). The whole study period is divided into the present (1979–2008), near future (2021–2050) and far future (2071–2100) periods to quantify possible future changes of ocean waves over the ECS. In comparison with the present ocean wave conditions, the time-mean significant wave heights (H s ) are expected to increase over most of the ECS in the near future and decrease over this region in the far future period. The time-means of the annual 5% largest H s are projected to increase over the ECS in both near and far future periods due mainly to the changes in surface winds. The future changes in the time-means of the annual 5% largest H s and 10-m wind speeds are projected to be twice as strong as the changes in annual means. An analysis of inverse wave ages suggests that the occurrence of wind seas is projected to increase over the southern Labrador and central Newfoundland Shelves in the near future period, and occurrence of swells is projected to increase over other areas of the ECS in both the near and far future periods. 相似文献
13.
Synergy and fusion of optical and synthetic aperture radar satellite data for underwater topography estimation in coastal areas 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Andrey Pleskachevsky Susanne Lehner Thomas Heege Claudius Mott 《Ocean Dynamics》2011,61(12):2099-2120
A method to obtain underwater topography for coastal areas using state-of-the-art remote sensing data and techniques worldwide
is presented. The data from the new Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite TerraSAR-X with high resolution up to 1 m are
used to render the ocean waves. As bathymetry is reflected by long swell wave refraction governed by underwater structures
in shallow areas, it can be derived using the dispersion relation from observed swell properties. To complete the bathymetric
maps, optical satellite data of the QuickBird satellite are fused to map extreme shallow waters, e.g., in near-coast areas.
The algorithms for bathymetry estimation from optical and SAR data are combined and integrated in order to cover different
depth domains. Both techniques make use of different physical phenomena and mathematical treatment. The optical methods based
on sunlight reflection analysis provide depths in shallow water up to 20 m in preferably calm weather conditions. The depth
estimation from SAR is based on the observation of long waves and covers the areas between about 70- and 10-m water depths
depending on sea state and acquisition quality. The depths in the range of 20 m up to 10 m represent the domain where the
synergy of data from both sources arises. Thus, the results derived from SAR and optical sensors complement each other. In
this study, a bathymetry map near Rottnest Island, Australia, is derived. QuickBird satellite optical data and radar data
from TerraSAR-X have been used. The depths estimated are aligned on two different grids. The first one is a uniform rectangular
mesh with a horizontal resolution of 150 m, which corresponds to an average swell wavelength observed in the 10 × 10-km SAR
image acquired. The second mesh has a resolution of 150 m for depths up to 20 m (deeper domain covered by SAR-based technique)
and 2.4 m resolution for the shallow domain imaged by an optical sensor. This new technique provides a platform for mapping
of coastal bathymetry over a broad area on a scale that is relevant to marine planners, managers, and offshore industry. 相似文献
14.
YIN XiaoBin WANG ZhenZhan & LIU YuGuang Center for Space Science Applied Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Physical Oceanography Laboratory Ocean University of China Qingdao 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2010,(6)
A new simple two-scale model on the polarimetric microwave emission of ocean surface is derived at first, which can be ex-pressed as an integral of weighting functions (M0 and M2) and ocean surface curvature spectrum coefficients (C0 and C2). This provides a simple way to investigate the effect of curvature spectrum on ocean emission. It is found that ocean waves with wavelengths both comparable to and much greater than the electromagnetic wavelength can contribute to the harmonics of ocean surface microwav... 相似文献
15.
We utilise a global finite-element sea ice–ocean model (FESOM), focused on the Antarctic marginal seas, to analyse projections of ice shelf basal melting in a warmer climate. Ice shelf–ocean interaction is described using a three-equation system with a diagnostic computation of temperature and salinity at the ice–ocean interface. A tetrahedral mesh with a minimumhorizontal resolution of 4 km and hybrid vertical coordinates is used. Ice shelf draft, cavity geometry, and global ocean bathymetry have been derived from the RTopo-1 data set. The model is forced with the atmospheric output from two climate models: (1) the Hadley Centre Climate Model (HadCM3) and (2) Max Planck Institute’s ECHAM5/MPI-OM coupled climate model. Results from experiments forced with their twentieth century output are used to evaluate the modelled present-day ocean state. Sea ice coverage is largely realistic in both simulations; modelled ice shelf basal melt rates compare well with observations in both cases, but are consistently smaller for ECHAM5/MPI-OM. Projections for future ice shelf basal melting are computed using atmospheric output for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios E1 and A1B. In simulations forced with ECHAM5 data, trends in ice shelf basal melting are small. In contrast, decreasing convection along the Antarctic coast in HadCM3 scenarios leads to a decreasing salinity on the continental shelf and to intrusions of warm deep water of open ocean origin. In the case of the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf (FRIS), this water reaches deep into the cavity, so that basal melting increases by a factor of 4 to 6 compared to the present value of about 90 Gt/year. By the middle of the twenty-second century, FRIS becomes the dominant contributor to total ice shelf basal mass loss in these simulations. Our results indicate that the surface freshwater fluxes on the continental shelves may be crucial for the future of especially the large cold water ice shelves in the Southern Ocean. 相似文献
16.
Clement Ubelmann Jacques Verron Jean-Michel Brankart Pierre Brasseur Emmanuel Cosme 《Ocean Dynamics》2012,62(6):867-880
Tropical instability waves (TIWs) are not easily simulated by ocean circulation models primarily because such waves are very sensitive to wind forcing. In this study, we investigate the impact of assimilating sea surface height (SSH) observations on the control of TIWs in an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) context based on a regional model configuration of the tropical Atlantic. A Kalman filtering method with suitable adaptations is found to be successful when altimetric data are assimilated in conjunction with sea surface temperature and some in situ temperature/salinity profiles. In this rather realistic system, the TIW phase is roughly controlled with a single nadir observing satellite. However, a right correction of the TIW structure and amplitude requires at least two nadir observing satellites or a wide swath observing satellite. The significant impact of orbital parameters is also demonstrated: in particular, the Jason or GFO satellite orbits are found to be more suitable than the ENVISAT orbit. More generally, it is found that as soon as adequate sub-sampling exists (with periods of 5–10?days), the length of the repetitivity cycle of orbits does not have a significant impact. 相似文献
17.
Ocean Dynamics - This study modeled Stokes drift in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) of the Arctic Ocean using WAVEWATCH III. Applying two viscoelastic and one empirical frequency-dependent... 相似文献
18.
A numerical model (two horizontal dimensions, vertically integrated) is used to investigate the generation of long ocean waves, ranging from 20 min to almost 2 h, at Buenos Aires continental shelf. The domain includes the Río de la Plata estuary and the continental shelf together and extends from 33.5° to 40.5°S latitude, and from 51° to 63°W longitude. Sea-level oscillations are modeled by forcing with passage of atmospheric cold fronts and atmospheric gravity waves. Both forcing mechanisms, which have been present during high activity lapses of long ocean waves, are mathematically implemented. After several numerical simulations, it is concluded that the pressure and wind fields associated to cold fronts do not generate long ocean waves in the area, though they do produce disturbances with periods longer than the tidal ones. On the other hand, it is so concluded that atmospheric gravity waves are an effective mechanism to force long ocean waves. Results obtained show that generation of long ocean waves is highly sensitive depending on the propagation direction and the phase speed of the atmospheric gravity waves. The long ocean wave event detected during the large-amplitude gravity-wave event of 13 October 1985 is successfully simulated. Finally, all our results suggest that atmospheric gravity waves are a highly effective mechanism forcing for the generation of long ocean waves in Buenos Aires coastal waters. 相似文献
19.
This study examines the flexural-gravity wave scattering by a semi-circular ridge submerged in the ocean covered by a thin ice sheet. The ice sheet is treated as an elastic plate and its deflection is modelled using the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation. The fluid motion is described by linear potential theory. The series solutions of velocity potentials for obliquely and normally incident waves are both developed using multipole expansions. The unknowns in the series solutions are determined in terms of the impermeable condition on the ridge surface. Accurate results for the reflection and transmission coefficients of ridge and the deflection of ice sheet are presented. The effects of ridge radius, ice thickness, wave frequency and wave incident angle on the hydrodynamic quantities are shown. 相似文献
20.
ZHANG Zizhan & LU Yang . Institute of Geodesy Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China . Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China . Unite Center for Astro-geodymics Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(11):2040-2048
The mean sea surface height (MSSH) refers to the average of the long-term sea height. The quasi-sea surface topography (QSST) is usually defined as the height difference between the MSSH and the geoid. As to 100 years of time yardstick of geodesy, the time that satellite altimetry data sets spanned is relatively shorter, in this paper, the QSST refers to the residual sea surface height (RSSH) that shows the height dif-ference between MSSH derived from altimetry and the geoid[1]. As w… 相似文献