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1.
2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级地震是近50年来在我国大陆发生的震级最大、地表破裂最长的地震事件.地震地表破裂带全长426km,宽数米至数百米,总体走向90°～110°,具有明显的破裂分段特征,自西向东由5条次级破裂段组成.各破裂段又由若干更次级左阶或右阶斜列的破裂组成,具有自相似的分形结构特征.地震破裂带以左旋走滑为主,倾滑量很小.宏观震中区位于库赛湖东北93.0°～93.5°E一带的昆仑山南麓断层谷地内.最大地表同震左旋水平位移6.4m,最大垂直位移为4m.地表水平位移沿地震破裂带走向出现6个峰值,各峰值之间存在相对独立的衰减序列,这表明此地震具有多点破裂特征. 相似文献
2.
XU Xiwei YU Guihua CHEN Guihua RAN Yongkang LI Chenxia CHEN Yuegau CHANG Chungpai Institute of Geology China Eathquake Administrative Beijing 《《地质学报》英文版》2009,83(4)
On May 12th,2008,the M_w7.9 Wenchuan earthquake ruptured the Beichuan,Pengguan and Xiaoyudong faults simultaneously along the middle segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt at the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau.Field investigations constrain the surface rupture pattern, length and offsets related to the Wenchuan earthquake.The Beichuan fault has a NE-trending rightlateral reverse rupture with a total length of 240 km.Reassessment yields a maximum vertical offset of 6.5±0.5 m and a maximum right-lat... 相似文献
3.
在西藏安多地区进行活动断裂研究过程中,进行地表调查和探槽开挖,证实错那－安多地堑北缘主边界断裂上的最新地表断层陡坎实际是该区史前大地震的地表遗迹。根据地表观察和实地测量结果可知,该区最新古地震断坎的延伸范围可达 26～36km,平均垂直位移量达 1.0～1.4m。相关地层－地貌体的年代学测试结果和古地震破裂参数表明,最新的古地震发生在距今约 10.0～8.1ka期间,估计当时的古地震震级介于 6.9～7.3级之间,当时的极震区烈度可能≥Ⅸ度。此古地震破裂的发现表明,青藏高原中部正断层型大地震之后的沉寂时间可以长达近万年,明显长于藏南裂谷带上的正断层型古地震活动间隔。由于安多地区最新大地震之后的离逝时间已足以积累类似强度的大地震,因此,该区未来的大地震危险性较高。 相似文献
4.
Metamorphism and deformation at different structural levels in a strike-slip fault zone, Ross Lake fault, North Cascades, USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
S. M. GORDON D. L. WHITNEY R. B. MILLER N. McLEAN N. C. A. SEATON 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2010,28(2):117-136
Continental crust is displaced in strike-slip fault zones through lateral and vertical movement that together drive burial and exhumation. Pressure – temperature–deformation ( P–T–d ) histories of orogenic crust exhumed in transcurrent zones record the mechanisms and conditions of these processes. The Skagit Gneiss Complex, a migmatitic unit of the North Cascades, Washington (USA), was metamorphosed at depths of ∼25–30 km in a continental arc under contraction, and is bounded on its eastern side by the long-lived transcurrent Ross Lake fault zone (RLFZ). The P–T–d conditions recorded by rocks on either side of the RLFZ vary along the length of the fault zone, but most typically the fault separates high-grade gneiss and plutons from lower-grade rocks. The Ruby Mt–Elijah Ridge area at the eastern margin of the Skagit Gneiss exposes tectonic contacts between gneiss and overlying rocks; the latter rocks, including slivers of Methow basin deposits, are metamorphosed and record higher-grade metamorphism than in correlative rocks along strike along the RLFZ. In this area, the Skagit Gneiss and overlying units all yield maximum P–T conditions of 8–10 kbar at >650 °C, indicating that slices of basin rocks were buried to similar mid-crustal depths as the gneiss. After exhumation of fault zone rocks to <15 km depth, intrusion of granitoid plutons drove contact metamorphism, resulting in texturally late andalusite–cordierite in garnet schist. In the Elijah Ridge area of the RLFZ, an overlapping step-over or series of step-overs that evolved through time may have facilitated burial and exhumation of a deep slice of the Methow basin, indicating that strike-slip faults can have major vertical displacement (tens of kilometres) that is significant during the crustal thickening and exhumation stages of orogeny. 相似文献
5.
Parameters of Coseismic Reverse‐ and Oblique‐Slip Surface Ruptures of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake,Eastern Tibetan Plateau 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
XU Xiwei YU Guihu CHEN Guihu RAN Yongkang LI Chenxi CHEN Yuegau CHANG Chungpai 《《地质学报》英文版》2009,83(4):673-684
Abstract: On May 12th, 2008, the Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake ruptured the Beichuan, Pengguan and Xiaoyudong faults simultaneously along the middle segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt at the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. Field investigations constrain the surface rupture pattern, length and offsets related to the Wenchuan earthquake. The Beichuan fault has a NE-trending right-lateral reverse rupture with a total length of 240 km. Reassessment yields a maximum vertical offset of 6.5±0.5 m and a maximum right-lateral offset of 4.9±0.5 m for its northern segment, which are the largest offsets found; the maximum vertical offset is 6.2±0.5 m for its southern segment. The Pengguan fault has a NE-trending pure reverse rupture about 72 km long with a maximum vertical offset of about 3.5 m. The Xiaoyudong fault has a NW-striking left-lateral reverse rupture about 7 km long between the Beichuan and Pengguan faults, with a maximum vertical offset of 3.4 m and left-lateral offset of 3.5 m. This pattern of multiple co-seismic surface ruptures is among the most complicated of recent great earthquakes and presents a much larger danger than if they ruptured individually. The rupture length is the longest for reverse faulting events ever reported. 相似文献
6.
地表调查和初步的沉积物年代测试结果表明,晚第四纪期间,在安多-错那地堑中主要发育了分别形成于44.2kaB.P.和9～7kaB.P.左右的两套湖泊沉积物和约42kaB.P.以来的5套冲、洪积物。在安多-错那地堑的边界主要发育了包括安多南缘断裂、北缘断裂、错那湖东缘断裂和西缘断裂共4条第四纪正断层。其中活动强度最大的为安多北缘断裂,其第四纪最小垂直活动速率为0.24±0.02mm/a;其次为安多南缘断裂和错那湖东、西两侧边界断裂,它们的最小垂直速率分别为0.19mm/a,0.12～0.16mm/a和0.10～0.12mm/a。晚第四纪以来的断裂活动主要集中在平均垂直活动速率为0.41±0.22mm/a的安多北缘断裂带的西段。安多及邻区现今的地表构造格局及断裂带的几何学和运动学特征符合近南北向地壳缩短背景下由于近东西向伸展变形而引发的菱形断块发育模式。根据断层的活动速率估算结果,晚第四纪期间安多-错那地堑的平均伸展速率为0.25±0.15mm/a,而整个羌塘块体总的东西向伸展变形速率可能达到11±8mm/a。 相似文献
7.
四川汶川MS 8.0大地震地表破裂带的遥感影像解析 总被引：21，自引：1，他引：20
2008年5月12日发生于四川盆地西部龙门山断裂带的汶川MS 8.0级大地震造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失,并形成了空间上基本连续分布的地表破裂带（地震断层）。根据地表破裂带的解译标志及影像特征,我们充分利用震后中国科学院航空遥感飞机所获取的高分辨率航空遥感图像以及我国台湾福卫-2卫星遥感图像进行详细解译分析,并结合震后的多次野外科学考察与验证,初步查明了四川汶川MS 8.0级大地震所产生地表破裂带的空间分布特征。遥感解译分析表明汶川大地震产生的地表破裂带总计长约300 km,其几何学特征十分复杂,主要沿先存的NE走向活动断裂带呈不连续展布;变形特征以逆冲挤压为主兼具右旋走滑分量。按同震地表破裂带所在断裂带位置,可将其分为两条： 中央地表破裂带：沿映秀-北川断裂带分布,从西南开始呈北东向延伸至平武县水观乡石坎子北东一带,长约230 km,最大垂直位移量达6.0 m左右,最大右旋水平位移达5.8 m;山前地表破裂带：沿灌县-安县断裂带分布,由都江堰市向峨乡一带开始呈北东向延伸至安县雎水镇一带,长约70 km,以逆冲挤压为主,最大垂直位移量可达2.5 m。此外,遥感图像分析还表明上述地表破裂带与地质灾害分布在空间上具有十分密切的相关性,因此,挤压逆冲-走滑型地震断层的致灾效应研究是未来应该加以重视的研究课题。 相似文献
8.
Agust Gudmundsson 《地学学报》1992,4(4):464-471
The divergent plate boundary in Iceland is characterized by 40–80 km long and 5–10 km wide swarms of tension fractures (∼102 m long) and normal faults (∼103 m long). The upper part of the crust is mainly composed of lava flows, with abundant columnar joints that are mostly perpendicular to the lava contacts. The lava flows are horizontal at the surface of the rift zone but become tilted at the rate of 1° for every 150 m depth in the crust. At the surface of the rift zone the joints are vertical and parallel to the vertical principal stress. Because of tilting of the lava pile, the columnar joints become oblique to this stress, hence becoming potential shear fractures, and form echelon sets at greater depths in the crust. Theoretical considerations suggest that normal faults start to nucleate on sets of en echelon columnar joints and/or large-scale tension fractures at crustal depths of 0.5–1.5 km. The width (depth) must be the smallest (controlling) dimension of many faults. Nevertheless, there is a positive linear relation (r = 0.91) between maximum throw and length of the Holocene faults. If the faults grow as self-similar structures, the throw-length relationship can be explained by a similar relation between fault length and width. 相似文献
9.
M. Ortuo P. Queralt A. Martí J. Ledo E. Masana H. Perea P. Santanach 《Tectonophysics》2008,453(1-4):246
The Spanish Central Pyrenees have been the scenario of at least two damaging earthquakes in the last 800 years. Analysis of macroseismic data of the most recent one, the Vielha earthquake (19 November 1923), has led to the identification of the North Maladeta Fault (NMF) as the seismic source of the event. This E–W trending fault defines the northern boundary of the Maladeta Batholith and corresponds to a segment of the Alpine Gavarnie thrust fault. Our study shows that the NMF offsets a reference Neogene peneplain. The maximum observed vertical displacement is 730 m, with the northern downthrown sector slightly tilting towards the South. This offset provides evidence of normal faulting and together with the presence of tectonic faceted spurs allowed us to geomorphically identify a fault trace of 17.5 km. This length suggests that a maximum earthquake of Mw = 6.5 ± 0.66 could occur in the area. The geomorphological study was improved with a resistivity model obtained at Prüedo, where a unique detritic Late Miocene sequence crops out adjacent to the NMF. The section is made up of 13 audiomagnetotelluric soundings along a 1.5 km transect perpendicular to the fault trace at Prüedo and reveals the structure in depth, allowing us to interpret the Late Miocene deposits as tectonically trapped basin deposits associated with normal faulting of the NMF. The indirect age of these deposits has been constrained between 11.1 and 8.7 Ma, which represents a minimum age for the elevated Pyrenean peneplain in this part of the Pyrenees. Therefore, we propose the maximum vertical dip-slip rate for the NMF to be between 0.06 and 0.08 mm/a. Normal faulting in this area is attributed to the vertical lithospheric stress associated with the thickened Pyrenean crust. 相似文献
10.
通过汶川地震震区大量的实地考察已证实沿着早先活动断裂主要发育了两条地表破裂带：一条是沿着映秀－北川断裂产生的逆冲伴随右旋走滑破裂带,长275km,最大垂直位移达11m,水平位移达12m; 另一条纯逆冲性质的破裂带,沿着灌县－安县断裂发育,最大垂直位移达4m。活动断裂之上的地表破裂带是野外工作中确定地震断裂性质的重要现象。另外,在活动断裂相邻区域和远离区域的路面以及建筑体还大量存在变形现象。通常沿活动断裂产生的地表破裂是典型的同震破裂,相邻区域的地表路面及建筑体发育的变形属于次生变形,远离区域发育的变形则属于震后变形。对次生变形和震后变形测量数据的应用容易影响活动断裂特征的确定和性质的判断,因为路面等建筑体上的挤压拱起、叠置以及水平错断等现象多是受到地震过程中通过断裂活动突然释放的巨大能量作用在局部地表建筑体产生的变形。但是,分布广泛的挤压现象暗示了区域上挤压应力场环境,有利于地表同震破裂位置的推测及地震断裂性质的判断。 相似文献
11.
2008年5月12日14时28分04秒,四川省汶川县发生MS8.0大地震。发震断裂为龙门山断裂带,地震地表破裂带分布在北川-映秀断裂上的映秀-石坎子段和江油-灌县断裂上的磁峰-睢水段。平武县平通镇地表破裂现象典型,在T1和T2阶地上形成了地震断坎和裂缝。应用高精度GPSRTK技术对平通镇地震断坎及两侧作详细的地形测量,并测量了线性显著的路面中线和鱼塘西边壁。在室内生成高分辨率DEM与大比例尺地形剖面图,量取同震垂直与水平位移,并估算压缩缩短量和断层产状。结果显示汶川8.0级地震在平通镇形成的同震垂直位移为3.0±0.1m,右旋水平位移为4.0±0.2m,压缩缩短量为2.5m,断层产状为NE40°/NW∠50°。平通镇的同震右旋位移与本次地震的最大右旋位移相近,而逆冲垂直位移有所降低。 相似文献
12.
The 2009 L'Aquila sequence activated a normal fault system 50 km long in the Central Apennines, composed of two main NW-trending faults 12–16 km long: the main high angle L'Aquila segment and the Campotosto listric fault.The MW 6.1 L'Aquila mainshock nucleated on the Paganica fault at a depth of ∼8.6 km and cut through the upper crust producing coseismic surface slip of up to 10 cm observed along a strike length of ∼13 km. Analysis of historical seismicity and data collected in paleo-seismological trenches suggest that this event filled a >500-year gap. In contrast, the blind Campotosto listric fault is composed of different fault segments displaying abrupt changes in dip at a depth where major events nucleate suggesting a rheological and geometrical control on stress concentration.A foreshock sequence that started around 4 months before the L'Aquila mainshock activated the deepest portion of the Paganica fault and marked the onset of large variations in elastic properties of the crustal volume. The variations have been modelled in terms of dilatancy and diffusion processes, corroborating the hypothesis that fluids play a key role in the nucleation process of extensional faults in the crust. 相似文献
13.
There are two co-seismic faults which developed when the Wenchuan earthquake happened. One occurred along the active fault zone in the central Longmen Mts.and the other in the front of Longmen Mts.The length of which is more than 270 km and about 80 km respectively.The co-seismic fault shows a reverse flexure belt with strike of N45°-60°E in the ground,which caused uplift at its northwest side and subsidence at the southeast.The fault face dips to the northwest with a dip angle ranging from 50°to 60°.The... 相似文献
14.
MA Yinsheng LONG Changxing TAN Chengxuan WANG Tao GONG Mingquan LIAO Chunting WU Manlu SHI Wei DU Jianjun PAN Feng 《《地质学报》英文版》2009,83(4):713-723
Abstract: There are two co-seismic faults which developed when the Wenchuan earthquake happened. One occurred along the active fault zone in the central Longmen Mts. and the other in the front of Longmen Mts. The length of which is more than 270 km and about 80 km respectively. The co-seismic fault shows a reverse flexure belt with strike of N45°–60°E in the ground, which caused uplift at its northwest side and subsidence at the southeast. The fault face dips to the northwest with a dip angle ranging from 50° to 60°. The vertical offset of the co-seismic fault ranges 2.5–3.0 m along the Yingxiu-Beichuan co-seismic fault, and 1.5–1.1 m along the Doujiangyan-Hanwang fault. Movement of the co-seismic fault presents obvious segmented features along the active fault zone in central Longmen Mts. For instance, in the section from Yingxiu to Leigu town, thrust without evident slip occurred; while from Beichuan to Qingchuan, thrust and dextral strike-slip take place. Main movement along the front Longmen Mts. shows thrust without slip and segmented features. The area of earthquake intensity more than IX degree and the distribution of secondary geological hazards occurred along the hanging wall of co-seismic faults, and were consistent with the area of aftershock, and its width is less than 40km from co-seismic faults in the hanging wall. The secondary geological hazards, collapses, landslides, debris flows et al., concentrated in the hanging wall of co-seismic fault within 0–20 km from co-seismic fault. 相似文献
15.
郯庐断裂带潜在滑动趋势对于区域地壳稳定性评价具有重要的意义。对郯庐断裂带中段(新沂至渤海段)附近12个钻孔共65条实测地应力数据分析,得出该区段最大和最小水平主应力与垂直应力之比Kmax和Kmin的范围,结果表明郯庐断裂带中段主要表现为逆断层的应力状态,局部地区呈现出有利于走滑断层的特征。研究区内应力比K值由西向东逐渐增大,并在东北部达到最大。通过计算得出断层面上的剪应力与有效正应力比值小于Byerlee准则所定义的摩擦系数,说明目前郯庐断裂带中段处于相对稳定状态;同时发现北西向断裂面上的剪应力与有效正应力比值比北东向断裂的大。区内应力积累指标μm的计算结果和地震的分布特征表明,郯庐断裂带中段北西向断裂上地震活动频繁,应力积累程度低;而北东向断层上应力积累程度高,特别是处于郯庐断裂带中段东北部的北东向断层,在应力集中的区域出现地震空白区,推测为断层的锁固段。最终认为在现今应力场下郯庐断裂带中段更易沿北西向的断裂滑动。 相似文献
16.
Francisco H.R. Bezerra Mrio K. Takeya Maria O.L. Sousa Aderson F. do Nascimento 《Tectonophysics》2007,430(1-4):27-39
Northeastern Brazil is, within the present knowledge of historical and instrumental seismicity, one the most seismic active areas in intraplate South America. Seismic activity in the region has occurred mainly around the Potiguar basin. This seismicity includes earthquake swarms characterized by instrumentally-recorded events ≤ 5.2 mb and paleoseismic events ≥ 7.0. Our study concentrates in the João Câmara (JC) epicentral area, where an earthquake swarm composed of more than 40,000 aftershocks occurred mainly from 1986 to 1990 along the Samambaia fault; 14 of which had mb > 4.0 and two of which had 5.1 and 5.0 mb. We describe and compare this aftershock sequence with the present-day stress field and the tectonic fabric in an attempt to understand fault geometry and local control of seismogenic faulting. Earthquake data indicate that seismicity decreased steadily from 1986 to 1998. We selected 2,746 epicenters, which provided a high-quality and precise dataset. It indicates that the fault trends 37° azimuth, dips 76°–80° to NW, and forms an alignment 27 km long that cuts across the NNE–SSW-trending ductile Precambrian fabric. The depth of these events ranged from 1 km to 9 km. The fault forms an echelon array of three main left-bend segments: one in the northern and two in the southern part of the fault. A low-seismicity zone, which marks a contractional bend, occurs between the northern and southern segments. Focal mechanisms indicate that the area is under an E–W-oriented compression, which led to strike–slip shear along the Samambaia fault with a small normal component. The fault is at 53° to the maximum compression and is severely misoriented for reactivation under the present-day stress field. The seismicity, however, spatially coincides with a brittle fabric composed of quartz veins and silicified-fault zones. We conclude that the Samambaia fault is a discontinuous and reactivated structure marked at the surface by a well-defined brittle fabric, which is associated with silica-rich fluids. 相似文献
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18.
马袅-铺前断裂为1605年海南琼山7.5级大地震的发震断裂之一,其活动历史研究对琼北地区地壳稳定性评价、防震减灾以及琼州海峡跨海大桥等重大工程建设有重要意义。地质地貌调查结果表明,马袅-铺前断裂西段由三条近东西向平行展布的北倾阶梯状正断层组成,并构成南北宽约2.5 km的断裂带。老城人工开挖南北宽达70 m的断裂带剖面揭露了该断裂晚更新世活动历史,道堂组光释光(OSL)年代学测试结果表明断裂在距今16~31 ka期间经历了两期活动:第一期表现为南、北相向倾斜的正断活动,累计垂直位移3.3 m;第二期为南倾的正断活动,活动强度较大。马袅-铺前断裂错断不同时代地层的位移量表明该断裂自上新世以来开始活动,第四纪活动强烈,现今仍是琼北控制地震活动的重要断裂。 相似文献
19.
The 20 October 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake killed over a thousand people and caused extensive damage to property in the Garhwal Himalaya region. The body wave magnitude of the earthquake was 6.6, and the fault plane solution indicates reverse faulting. The hypocenrre was located at a focal depth of about 12 km between the Chail and Jutogh Thrusts, but movement propagated southward along the Jamak–Gangori Fault (JGF) and Dunda fault (DF) which are developed as blind faults related to the growing Uttarkashi antiform. 相似文献
20.