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1.
Structure and evolution of the Rockeskyllerkopf Volcanic Complex, West Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany
Cliff S. J. Shaw Alan B. Woodland Jens Hopp Nesha D. Trenholm 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2010,72(8):971-990
The Rockeskyllerkopf Volcanic Complex (RVC) comprises three overlapping monogenetic volcanic centers: Southeast Lammersdorf (SEL), Mäuseberg (M) and Rockeskyllerkopf (RKK). Each volcanic center comprises proximal wall deposits with a well defined crater wall unconformity and crater fill deposits that partially to completely cover the outer crater wall. The SEL Center is a phreatomagmatic tuff ring composed of lithic rich tephra deposited by pyroclastic falls and surges. The second center, Mäuseberg, with its crater to the northwest of the SEL Center is predominantly magmatic. Topographic and outcrop patterns suggest that this center may have formed a series of overlapping scoria cones along a N–S trending fissure. The youngest center, RKK, which lies on a poorly developed palaeosol within the earlier Mäuseberg deposits, comprises a well developed proximal crater wall sequence. This sequence of magmatic, likely Strombolian, fall and grain avalanche deposits passes upward into a crater fill sequence that comprises variably welded bombs. The final eruptions in the center were massive lava flows that were ponded within the RKK crater. Ar–Ar age dating of reequilibrated fragments of phlogopite megacrysts in the SEL lavas indicates volcanic activity began at 474?±?39 ka. Literature K–Ar dates for the youngest lava flows in the RKK Center give ages of 360?±?60 to 470 ka. Our interpretation of the age data and the presence of the poorly developed palaeosol between the Mäuseberg and RKK centers indicates that volcanism in the RVC began around 470 ka with the eruption of the SEL and Mäuseberg centers followed a few thousand years later by the eruption of the RKK Center. 相似文献
2.
This paper is concerned with the petrology and geochemistry of rocks found in the Karymskii Volcanic Center (KVC), which is
the largest volcanic center in the Eastern volcanic belt of Kamchatka. The KVC has been built in a rhythmic manner since the
Late Pliocene, forming successive differentiated rock complexes. The pattern of variation for major and minor elements in
the KVC volcanic rocks can be explained by the fractionation of mineral phases from the parent melt. The process involved
enrichment of the residual melts with alkalis and lithophile elements (Rb, Ba, Sr, Pb, Th, U, REE), as well as depletion in
coherent elements (Ni, Cr, Sc, Ti). A geochemical study of the KVC volcanic rocks shows that these are typical island arc
formations. The relationships between incompatible elements suggest a two-component magma generation system: a depleted mantle
source (N-MORB) and suprasubduction fluids (an island arc component). The melt may have been contaminated by a metasomatically
altered substratum in the top of the intermediate chamber with added crystalline cumulus phases (and melts) of the earlier
magma generation phases in the KVC. 相似文献
3.
无论是靠近还是远离火山的地方都会遭受到火山活动带来的灾害 ,火山灾害大多是由火山喷发直接造成 ,也有一些是火山平静时产生的。火山喷发的气体、火山泥流 ,火山引起的山崩 ,火山熔岩流 ,火山碎屑流和火山灰都会造成人类生命财产的损失。例如 ,1980年美国华盛顿州的圣海伦斯山的火山泥流、山崩、火山碎屑流和火山灰 ,1989年至 1990年阿拉斯加多面堡头山的火山泥流 ,196 0年、1986年和 1990年夏威夷 kilanea火山喷出的气体和熔岩流 ;195 0年、1984年 ,冒纳罗亚火山溶岩流 ;哥伦比亚内华达德1985年的火山泥流 ;Hulla火山 1994年的火山泥流… 相似文献
4.
长白山天池火山地震类型及火山活动性的初步研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
2002年以来，长白山天池火山区出现了地震活动增强、地形变加剧和多种地球化学异常等现象，火山口附近发生的多次有感地震在社会上产生了较大影响。本文利用2002年以来的流动地震观测资料，采用频谱分析、时频分析和多台站资料对比的方法，对火山区地震事件的类型进行了分析；对火山活动的危险性进行了初步研究。结果表明，目前天池火山区出现的大量地震活动仍然属于火山构造地震，少量台站地震记录中表现出的低频特征主要是由于局部介质影响造成的，排除了长周期地震引起的可能。尽管长白山天池火山地震活动明最增强，震群活动较为频繁，但仍属于岩浆活动的早期阶段，短期内发生火山喷发的危险性较小。 相似文献
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In October 1980, a National Civil Defence Planning Committee on Volcanic Hazards was formed in New Zealand, and solicited reports on the likely areas and types of future eruptions, the risk to public safety, and the need for special precautions. Reports for eight volcanic centres were received, and made available to the authors. This paper summarises and quantifies the type and frequency of hazard, the public risk, and the possibilities for mitigation at the 7 main volcanic centres: Northland, Auckland, White Island, Okataina, Taupo, Tongariro, and Egmont. On the basis of Recent tephrostratigraphy, eruption probabilities up to 20% per century (but commonly 5%), and tephra volumes up to 100 km3 are credible. 相似文献
7.
G. G. Pe 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1974,38(1):270-290
Cale-alkalic lavas and associated intrusives and cognate xenoliths, from the peninsula of Methana, are comparable geochemically with similar lavas from elsewhere in the South Aegean arc. At least four differentiation series have been recognized, largely of basaltic andesite to rhyodacite type, in which hydrous and dry conditions alternated. The compositional range of minerals other than plagioclase is limited. The chemical mineralogy of olivines and pyroxenes has been studied in detail. An aluminous bronzite that is found, contrary to previous interpretations, does not appear to be a high pressure phase. The chemical composition of the basic rocks and basic xenoliths suggests that the parent material of these lavas was of high alumina basalt composition. The abundance of accumulative xenoliths and the change of the mafic minerals to more iron-rich compositions towards the more acid end of each series, suggest that phenocryst fractionation has been the major process for the later stages of the evolution of all these rocks. 相似文献
8.
The Western Volcanic Zone in Iceland (64.19° to 65.22° N) has the morphological characteristics of a distinct Mid-Atlantic ridge segment. This volcanic zone was mapped at a scale of 1:36.000, and 258 intraglacial monogenetic volcanoes from the Late Pleistocene (0.01–0.78?Ma) were identified and investigated. The zone is characterized by infrequent comparatively large volcanic eruptions and the overall volcanic activity appears to have been low throughout the Late Pleistocene. Tholeiitic basaltic rocks dominate in the Western Volcanic Zone with about 0.5?vol.?% of intermediate and silicic rocks. The basalts divide into picrites, olivine tholeiites, and tholeiites. Three main eruptive phases can be distinguished in the intraglacial volcanoes: an effusive deep-water lava phase producing basal pillow lavas, an explosive shallow-water phase producing hyaloclastites and an effusive subaerial capping lava phase. Three evolutionary stages therefore charcterize these volcanoes; late dykes and irregular minor intrusions could be added as the fourth main stage. These intrusions are potential heat sources for short-lived hydrothermal systems and may play an important role in the final shaping of the volcanoes. Substantial parts of the hyaloclastites of each unit are proximal sedimentary deposits. The intraglacial volcanoes divide into two main morphological groups, ridge-shaped volcanoes, i.e., tindars (including pillow lava ridges) and subrectangular volcanoes, i.e., tuyas and hyaloclastite or pillow lava mounds. The volume of the tuyas is generally much larger than that of the tindars. The largest tuya, Eiríksj?kull, is about 48?km3 and therefore the largest known monogenetic volcano in Iceland. Many of the large volcanoes, both tuyas and tindars, show a similar, systematic range in geochemistry. The most primitive compositions were erupted first and the magmas then changed to more differentiated compositions. The ridge-shaped tindars clearly erupted from volcanic fissures and the more equi-dimensional tuyas mainly from a single crater. It is suggested that the morphology and structure of the intraglacial volcanos mainly depends on two factors, (a) tectonic control and (b) availability of magma at the time of eruption. 相似文献
9.
Yu. I. Blokh V. I. Bondarenko A. S. Dolgal’ P. N. Novikova V. V. Petrova O. V. Pilipenko V. A. Rashidov A. A. Trusov 《Journal of Volcanology and Seismology》2018,12(4):252-267
This paper reports a study of the Rikord volcanic massif. The massif consists of four volcanic edifices that coalesce in their bases, and is most likely Quaternary. The massif discharged basaltic and basaltic andesite lavas during its earlier life. The observed high natural remanent magnetization that was found in dredged rocks is due to high concentrations of single-domain and pseudo-single-domain grains of titanomagnetite and magnetite. We have identified the directions of the conduits and the presence of peripheral magma chambers. A 3D model has been developed for the central part of the Rikord volcanic massif; the model includes ten large disturbing magnetic blocks that are most likely cooled, nearly vertical, conduits. 相似文献
10.
Richard B Moore 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1990,52(8):602-614
Six volcanic zones comprise São Miguel, the largest island in the Azores. All are Quaternary in age except the last, which is partly Pliocene. From west to east the zones are (1) the trachyte stratovolcano of Sete Cidades, (2) a field of alkali-basalt cinder cones and lava flows with minor trachyte, (3) the trachyte stratovolcano of Agua de Pau, (4) a field of alkali-basalt cinder cones and lava flows with minor trachyte and tristanite, (5) the trachyte stratovolcano of Furnas, and (6) the Nordeste shield, which includes the Povoação caldera and consists of alkali basalt, tristanite, and trachyte. New radiocarbon and K-Ar ages augment stratigraphic data obtained during recent geologic mapping of the entire island and provide improved data to interpret eruption frequency. Average dormant intervals for the past approximately 3000 years in the areas active during that time are about 400 years for Sete Cidades, 145 for zone 2, 1150 for Agua de Pau, and 370 for Furnas. However, the average dormant interval at Sete Cidades increased from 400 to about 680 years before each of the past two eruptions, and the interval at Furnas decreased from 370 to about 195 years before each of the past four eruptions. Eruptions in zone 4 occurred about once every 1000 years during latest Pleistocene and early Holocene time; none has occurred for about 3000 years. The Povoação caldera truncates part of the Nordeste shield and probably formed during the middle to late Pleistocene. Calderas formed during latest Pleistocene time at the three younger stratovolcanoes in the sequence: outer Agua de Pau (between 46 and 26.5 ka), Sete Cidades (about 22 ka), inner Agua de Pau (15.2 ka), and Furnas (about 12 ka). Normal faults are common, but many are buried by Holocene trachyte pumice. Most faults trend northwest or west-northwest and are related to the Terceira rift, whose most active segment on São Miguel passes through Sete Cidades and zone 2. A major normal fault displaces Nordeste lavas 150–250 m and may mark the location of an ancestral Terceira rift. Recent seismicity (e.g., in the 1980s) generally has been scattered, but some small earthquake swarms have occurred beneath the north-eastern flank of Agua de Pau. 相似文献
11.
Dacites form a relatively small proportion of lavas in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand (5km3), and occur mainly on the eastern side. In this paper their origin is considered in terms of three processes: (a) partial melting of crustal rocks; (b) fractional crystallisation of basalt and andesite; and (c) sub-surface mixing of basic and acid magma. Modelling techniques are used to calculate the most acceptable degree of fractional crystallisation and magma mixing to fit major-element data, and these values are used to compare calculated and observed trace-element values. The success or failure of the model is determined by the closeness of the two sets of values. For partial-melt models, trace-element values alone are calculated by the batch-melting equation.Results indicate that White Island dacite can best be modelled by fractional crystallisation; Manawahe by fractional crystallisation plus limited crustal contamination; Maungaongaonga by partial melting of Western Basement greywacke, and Tauhara by partial melting of this greywacke together with minor mixing with a more basic magma. Results from Parekauau and Horohoro indicate that these lavas are unlikely to have formed by any of the processes examined. 相似文献
12.
长白山天池火山地震类型与地震分布 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：13
根据１９８５￣１９９５年天池火山地震观测，对天池火山地震类型及地震分布进行了讨论，并对天池火山地震的波形特征作了分析，最后，对天池火山地震与监测提出了３点建议。 相似文献
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<正>0全球火山活动概况2023年7—9月全球共有63座火山出现活动,其中,警戒级别Ⅰ级的火山15座,警戒级别Ⅱ级的火山23座,警戒级别Ⅲ级的火山25座,无警戒级别Ⅳ级的火山(表1)。从空间分布上看,绝大多数活动火山位于环太平洋火山链上,少数分布在印度洋板块与欧亚板块碰撞带上,个别活动火山处于其他板块交界地带、板块内部(图1)。从国家分布来看,活动火山多集中在美国、印度尼西亚、日本等国, 相似文献
16.
This study is concerned with the Ushishir volcanic massif, which is an ideal place for routine observations of the interaction between products of gas-charged hydrothermal activities and seawater. The Kraternaya Bay was studied by performing a detailed echo sounding and continuous seismoacoustic profiling, while the environs of Ushishir Island were echo-sounded and studied by continuous seismoacoustic profiling and hydromagnetic surveying. We provide results from an interpretation of these surveys. The Ushishir massif structure is described. The hypothesis is proposed that an ancient caldera exists in the area of Yankich Island that is up to 5 km across. The evolution of the Ushishir volcanic massif is inferred. 相似文献
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<正>0全球火山活动概况2022年10—12月全球共有67座火山出现活动,其中,警戒级别Ⅰ级的火山15座,警戒级别Ⅱ级的火山21座,警戒级别Ⅲ级的火山27座,警戒级别Ⅳ级的火山4座(表1)。从空间分布上看,绝大多数活动火山位于环太平洋火山带上,少数分布在地中海火山带西南段,个别活动火山处于板块交汇处和板块内部(图1);从分布国家来看,活动火山多集中在美国、俄罗斯、印度尼西亚、日本等国;“一带一路”沿线有7座火山出现活动,其中,印度尼西亚5座,意大利2座。2022年10—12月全球火山活动水平有所减弱, 相似文献
20.
《Astronomy& Geophysics》2008,49(4):4.07-4.07
Mercury, while resembling the Moon, has much more volcanism apparent at the surface, and a rich collection of species in the plasma of its magnetosphere, according to first results from NASA's Messenger mission. And there's a mystery, too: there appears to be much less iron in these rocks than expected. 相似文献