共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
学校分区问题混合元启发算法研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
中国城市义务教育学校采用单校划片或多校划片的方式确定招生范围,落实就近入学的法律要求。针对多校划片这一新的学校分区问题,提出“先学校分组,再学生分派”的策略进行划片,并设计了学校分组线性规划模型和学校分区混合元启发算法。分区算法包括初始解构造、邻域搜索算子、破坏重建扰动、集合划分问题（SPP）建模与求解等基本模块,在多启动迭代局部搜索（ILS）算法框架中进行问题求解。通过多启动、随机搜索、破坏重建扰动等机制提升算法的多样性,并引入SPP模型提升算法的全局寻优能力。选择一个县级市和一个市辖区分别进行学校划片实验,结果表明：混合元启发算法优化性能优异且收敛性好,适用于求解单校划片和多校划片问题;SPP模型在单校划片问题中具有明显的优势。 相似文献
2.
Huanfa Chen Tao Cheng Xinyue Ye 《International journal of geographical information science》2019,33(2):269-290
In police planning, a territory is often divided into several patrol districts with balanced workloads, in order to repress crime and provide better police service. Conventionally, in this districting problem, there is insufficient consideration of the impacts of street networks. In this study, we propose a street-network police districting problem (SNPDP) that explicitly uses streets as basic underlying units. This model defines the workload as a combination of different attributes and seeks an efficient and balanced design of districts. We also develop an efficient heuristic to generate high-quality districting plans in an acceptable time. The capability of the algorithm is demonstrated in comparison to an exact linear programming solver on simulated datasets. The SNPDP model is successfully implemented and tested in a case study in London, and the generated police districts have different characteristics that are consistent with the crime risk and land use distribution. Besides, we demonstrate that SNPDP is superior to an aggregation grid-based model regarding the solution quality. This model has the potential to generate street-based districts with balanced workloads for other districting problems, such as school districting and health care districting. 相似文献
3.
The classical geographic research problem of regionalization and resource allocation is most commonly tackled by means of location-allocation methods. This paper introduces the spatial-order method as an alternative for creating regions or clusters. The spatial-order method utilizes space-filling curves, also known as Peano curves, to determine the nearness or spatial order of areal units, such as counties. Given a capacity constraint, the areal units are grouped consecutively according to their spatial order values. We applied the method to create clusters of rural counties for a national sampling survey of HIV/AIDS patients in the United States. Using the criteria that each cluster had approximately 50 new AIDS cases in 1991–1993 and that contiguity of areal units was maximized, 226 clusters were created from the 1,853 rural counties or health districts. The rural clusters generated by this method have been adopted as the national rural sampling frame in the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS) being undertaken by RAND. In addition to its simplicity and fast computational speed, the spatial-order method produces satisfactory results. With minor modifications, this method can be an efficient alternative to the location-allocation method for solving a wide variety of locational problems, such as routing, political districting, and facilities location and allocation. This paper also demonstrates how a classical geographic research methodology, with the enhancement of GIS, can contribute to the multidisciplinary study of a pressing societal problem in our nation. 相似文献
4.
Robert G. Cromley Jie Lin David A. Merwin 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(3):495-517
A common problem in location-allocation modeling is the error associated with the representation and scale of demand. Numerous researchers have investigated aggregation errors associated with using different scaled data, and more recently, error associated with the geographic representation of model objects has also been studied. For covering problems, the validity of using polygon centroid representations of demand has been questioned by researchers, but the alternative has been to assume that demand is uniformly distributed within areal units. The spatial heterogeneity of demand within areal units thus has been modeled using one of two extremes – demand is completely concentrated at one location or demand is uniformly distributed. This article proposes using intelligent areal interpolation and geographic information systems to model the spatial heterogeneity of demand within spatial units when solving the maximal covering location problem. The results are compared against representations that assume demand is either concentrated at centroids or uniformly distributed. Using measures of scale and representation error, preliminary results from the test study indicate that for smaller scale data, representation has a substantial impact on model error whereas at larger scales, model error is not that different for the alternative representations of the distribution of demand within areal units. 相似文献
5.
Wenwen Li Michael F. Goodchild Richard Church 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(6):1227-1250
A measure of shape compactness is a numerical quantity representing the degree to which a shape is compact. Ways to provide an accurate measure have been given great attention due to its application in a broad range of GIS problems, such as detecting clustering patterns from remote-sensing images, understanding urban sprawl, and redrawing electoral districts to avoid gerrymandering. In this article, we propose an effective and efficient approach to computing shape compactness based on the moment of inertia (MI), a well-known concept in physics. The mathematical framework and the computer implementation for both raster and vector models are discussed in detail. In addition to computing compactness for a single shape, we propose a computational method that is capable of calculating the variations in compactness as a shape grows or shrinks, which is a typical application found in regionalization problems. We conducted a number of experiments that demonstrate the superiority of the MI over the popular isoperimetric quotient approach in terms of (1) computational efficiency; (2) tolerance of positional uncertainty and irregular boundaries; (3) ability to handle shapes with holes and multiple parts; and (4) applicability and efficacy in districting/zonation/regionalization problems. 相似文献
6.
中国畜禽养殖的空间格局与重心曲线特征分析 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
以中国畜禽养殖的空间格局为研究目标, 利用2007 年分县的统计数据及农业调查数据, 构建标准猪、地均猪、人均猪等指标, 使用GeoDa、ArcGIS 等软件, 借助全局和局部空间自相关分析、空间分布图系、重心曲线等方法, 对中国县域畜禽养殖空间分布规律、空间格局进行分析。主要结论:① 空间聚类趋势分析表明, 标准猪和人均猪在全国和局部聚集特征都显著, 而地均猪在全国的聚集特征不明显, 局部有聚集特征;② 虽然标准猪、地均猪和人均猪等不同的刻画方式对应着不同的分布图系、重心曲线和不同的分区方案, 但是却存在着潜在的统一分区方案。只是, 每一分区中各级别重心的归属依据与相邻级别重心的间距进行调整。由此, 中国畜禽养殖可分为畜养极疏区、稀疏区、相对稀疏区、一般稀疏区、一般区、相对密集区、密集区、高密区等8 个区;③ 存在着一条畜禽养殖疏密分界线, 该线自内蒙古新巴尔虎左右旗交界处到海南省东方市西海岸。 相似文献
7.
8.
9.
Quantitative research of urban geography has benefited greatly from the rapid development of big geo-data. Spatial assembly is an essential analytical step to summarize and perceive geographical environment from individual behaviours. Most research focuses on the methodology of how to utilize the big data, while the adopted spatial units for data aggregation remain areal in nature. This article conceptually proposes an idea of sensing cities from a street perspective, emphasizes the significance of street units in quantitative urban studies. Using a three-month taxi trajectory dataset and the major streets in Beijing, we explore the spatio-temporal patterns of urban mobility on streets, cluster streets into nine types based on their dynamic functions and capacities. Additionally, we discuss the differences and connections between the linear street unit and traditional areal units, investigate the possibility of uncovering urban communities using streets, and point out the complexity of streets. We conclude that street unit as a supplement to areal units, is able to effectively minify the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP), sense urban dynamics, depict urban functions, and understand urban structures. 相似文献
10.
在该文中,产业区是指从事同一生产过程不同阶段的生产和服务活动的专业化的中小企业组成特色的地方系统.在过去的10年中,我国专业化产业区和意大利式产业区的相似性已经被广泛关注.但是,我国的大量产业区因其非创新性的大批量制造而难以走出"低端道路"的困局,遭受经济危机的冲击.该文重温了意大利产业区模式.以新的视角探讨其核心价值,指出产业社区的文化根基以及持续创新的工业设计是其发展的动力源泉.在危机影响下变化的市场环境中,将大规模定制的生产模式引入产业区研究,并通过对比我国产业区与意大利式产业区,提出以设计为中心、加强技术创新与服务创新的产业区发展战略. 相似文献
11.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(2):127-151
This study deals with the use of quantitative methods to build up uniform or formal regions, the construction of farming-type regions in eastern Norway being used as an example. To achieve reasonable uniformity in the size of the basic areal units, some of the original administrative areas are first combined; the resulting areal units are then described by four orthogonal variables extracted by principal component analysis. Six different methods of aggregating the basic units to form regions are discussed, each method using the same measure of similarity (D2) between the basic units. The homogeneity of the regions produced by these methods is compared, and Ward's method (Ward 1963) shown to give the best (though not necessarily the optimal) solution. 相似文献
12.
Tilespatialdistribuhonsandthespatialprocessesofcrimeachvihesinurbatlareasareincreasingl}'brininggeographers'andcrhaologistS'attenhon.mespahalstUdiesofulbancrimeinWesterncountriescanbedividedintotWoschools,oneofwhichistorevealthegeneralspatialchrenhahonofurbancrimefromthemacro-angle,andaleotheristoanalysetheSPahalprocessesofanindividualcriminalfronlalemicro-angle.AsforthemacrostUdiesofulbancrime,therehavebeenmuchcasestUdyandsometheories.Forexample,thelawofdistancedeca}'showsthatthereisanegah… 相似文献
13.
本文以湖北大别山区为例,提出了自然条件复杂,资料缺乏的山区土地资源第一性生产力的估算方法,并计算了湖北大别山区土地资源的生产力。即在土地资源带及类型(组合)区划分的基础上,以资源类型(组合)区为基本单元,通过典型地区抽样获取资料,运用多种数学模型测算,并经过综合判定,求得各类型(组合)区,资源带主要作物的第一性生产力。 相似文献
14.
人口统计数据的空间转换 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
在经济和社会研究中,所要研究的区域之上经常没有数据,而这些数据需要由已知区域的数据求得,即统计数据需要空间转换,这就通常涉及到面积内插。本文从GIS的角度研究如何解决人口内插问题,认为面积内插和GIS中的叠加分析是一致的。在传统的面积内插方法的基础上是提出了基于人口真实分布的面积内插方法,并推导出了公式。同时提出了人口密度的递归算法,即把居住区分为人口稀疏地区和人口稠密地区,估计出人口稀疏地区的人口密度,就可以求出人口密集地区的人口密度;再把人口密集区分为新的人口稀疏区和密集区,此过程反复直至求出接近于人口真实分布的人口模型。 相似文献
15.
Pilar Moreno-Regidor Jésus García López de Lacalle Miguel-Ángel Manso-Callejo 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(10):1811-1829
Territory or zone design processes entail partitioning a geographic space, organized as a set of areal units, into different regions or zones according to a specific set of criteria that are dependent on the application context. In most cases, the aim is to create zones of approximately equal sizes (zones with equal numbers of inhabitants, same average sales, etc.). However, some of the new applications that have emerged, particularly in the context of sustainable development policies, are aimed at defining zones of a predetermined, though not necessarily similar, size. In addition, the zones should be built around a given set of seeds. This type of partitioning has not been sufficiently researched; therefore, there are no known approaches for automated zone delimitation. This study proposes a new method based on a discrete version of the adaptive additively weighted Voronoi diagram that makes it possible to partition a two-dimensional space into zones of specific sizes, taking both the position and the weight of each seed into account. The method consists of repeatedly solving a traditional additively weighted Voronoi diagram, so that each seed's weight is updated at every iteration. The zones are geographically connected using a metric based on the shortest path. Tests conducted on the extensive farming system of three municipalities in Castile-La Mancha (Spain) have established that the proposed heuristic procedure is valid for solving this type of partitioning problem. Nevertheless, these tests confirmed that the given seed position determines the spatial configuration the method must solve and this may have a great impact on the resulting partition. 相似文献
16.
简评关于新产业区的国际学术讨论 总被引：36，自引：3，他引：36
２０世纪７０年代末和８０年代初，当发达国家的绝大部分地区陷入衰退与停滞时，少数几个地区的经济却呈复苏甚至增长的势头，这些地区在经济运作模式上的相似性，引起了研究者的兴趣。由于它们和历史上马歇尔所描述过的产业区有惊人的相似之处，学者们将他们归为一类，称之为新产业区。本文对正在向纵深发展的关于新产业区的国际学术讨论作了简要的评述，并探讨了新产业区理论在我国的研究背景与进展。 相似文献
17.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(3):113-124
The economic importance of periodic and daily markets as well as the crucial role played by women in these markets has been well noted in the development literature on West Africa. While markets in Ghana have been examined in various aspects, not enough work has been done on their potential role within the context of the current decentralized district development process. This article makes the case for market development with the study of markets in two district capitals in the Central Region of Ghana. In both districts, with little industry and a weak tax base, levies on markets serve as a major source of internally generated revenue to local government, namely District Assemblies. The study also indicated that, for many people, the markets in the district capitals serve as the main avenue for interacting with the ‘centre’ (urban), thereby promoting rural‐urban interactions. However, these markets are underdeveloped. This article emphasizes the need to upgrade the infrastructure in these markets in order to generate more revenue for district development, improve agriculture and income, and reduce poverty, especially among women, and generally provide an alternative means to district development. 相似文献
18.
基于ERGM模型的江苏省城市网络紧凑性形成机理研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
城市网络紧凑性指区域紧凑在城市网络空间结构上的呈现形态,城市网络组织语境下,指各级城市在网络空间中的协同互补关系。为了探究此关系的影响因素,论文选取多元流网络拓扑结构中的节点和连接边属性指标,运用一级模糊综合评价法测算网络紧凑度,并构建网络紧凑度的空间关联图谱,引入指数随机图模型(exponential random graph model,ERGM)定量分析江苏省城市网络紧凑性的形成机理。研究发现,江苏省网络紧凑性具有显著的三角闭合结构,局部紧凑水平的提升并不依赖第三方城市的组织协调;网络紧凑性表现出较强的规模导向,经济规模越高的城市之间越倾向于形成紧凑关系;网络紧凑性的形成受益于多城市的空间集聚,但江苏省区域分割带来的要素流动限制,制约了城市间紧凑关系的建立,从而网络紧凑性在区域层面呈现出畸形集聚现象。 相似文献
19.
在地理信息系统(GIS)中,点、线、面等基本图形要素不仅直接表示了各种地理现象,而且隐含地表示了地理现象的空间结构,例如斑块结构、棋盘结构。在许多GIS应用中,需要对图形数据进行概括处理,以派生出较小比例尺的数据集或地图。由于地理现象的空间结构是地理规律和地理景观格局的重要反映,因此需要识别数据库中隐含的空间结构,并在概括后的数据库中有意识地反映这种空间结构。 相似文献
20.
新产业区的形成机制及其与传统空间组织理论的关系 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
在新产业区概念和特征进行概括的基础上,归纳了产业区发展的一般过程,并重点对新产业区的形成机制及所具有的优势进行了探讨。地方化产业群及区域创新网络的形成是新产业区成熟的标志,知识外溢、经济外部性导致的收益递增,以及基于密切的内部联系引来交易成本的降低使新产业区获得了强大的经济竞争优势,新产业区的空间组织形式所具有的网络效应、创新效应和企业与地方文化的良好融合是经济竞争优势的根本。最后,对新产业区理论和传统的空间组织理论之间的关系进行了对比分析,总结了二者的之间的异同。 相似文献