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1.
Interactions between soil moisture, evapotranspiration (ET), atmospheric moisture fluxes and precipitation are complex. It is difficult to attribute the variations of one variable to another. In this study, we investigate the influence of atmospheric moisture fluxes and land surface soil moisture on local precipitation, with a focus on the southern United States (U.S.), a region with a strong humidity gradient and intense moisture fluxes. Experiments with the Weather Research and Forecasting model show that the variation of moisture flux convergence (MFC) is more important than that of soil moisture for precipitation variation over the southern U.S. Further analyses decompose the precipitation change into several contributing factors and show that MFC affects precipitation both directly through changing moisture inflow (wet areas) and indirectly by changing the precipitation efficiency (transitional zones). Soil moisture affects precipitation mainly by changing the precipitation efficiency, and secondly through direct surface ET contribution. The greatest soil moisture effects are over transitional zones. MFC is more important for the probability of heavier rainfall; soil moisture has much weaker impact on rainfall probability and its roles are similar for the probability of intermediate-to-heavy rainfall (>10 mm day?1). Although MFC is more important than soil moisture for precipitation over most regions, the impact of soil moisture could be large over certain transitional regions. At the submonthly time scale, the African Sahel appears to be the only major region where soil moisture has a greater impact than MFC on precipitation. This study provides guidance to understanding and further investigation of the roles of local land surface processes and large-scale circulations on precipitation. 相似文献
2.
A time series of microwave radiometric profiles over Arctic Canada’s Cape Bathurst (70°N, 124.5°W) flaw lead polynya region
from 1 January to 30 June, 2008 was examined to determine the general characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer in
winter and spring. A surface based or elevated inversion was present on 97% of winter (January–March) days, and on 77% of
spring (April–June) days. The inversion was the deepest in the first week of March (≈1100 m), and the shallowest in June (≈250 m).
The mean temperature and absolute humidity from the surface to the top of the inversion averaged 250.1 K (−23.1°C), and 0.56 × 10−3 kg m−3 in winter, and in spring averaged 267.5 K (−5.6°C), and 2.77 × 10−3 kg m−3. The median winter atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) potential temperature profile provided evidence of a shallow, weakly
stable internal boundary layer (surface to 350 m) topped by an inversion (350–1,000 m). The median spring profile showed a
shallow, near-neutral internal boundary layer (surface to 350 m) under an elevated inversion (600–800 m). The median ABL absolute
humidity profiles were weakly positive in winter and negative in spring. Estimates of the convergence of sensible heat and
water vapour from the surface that could have produced the turbulent internal boundary layers of the median profiles were
0.67 MJ m−2 and 13.1 × 10−3 kg m−2 for the winter season, and 0.66 MJ m−2 and 33.4 × 10−3 kg m−2 for the spring season. With fetches of 10–100 km, these accumulations may have resulted from a surface sensible heat flux
of 15–185 W m−2, plus a surface moisture flux of 0.001–0.013 mm h−1 (or a latent heat flux of 0.7–8.8 W m−2) in winter, and 0.003–0.033 mm h−1 (or a latent heat flux of 2–22 W m−2) in spring. 相似文献
3.
超强厄尔尼诺事件对中国东部春夏季极端降水频率的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用中国国家气象信息中心提供的中国地面逐日降水0.5°×0.5°格点数据集,研究了超强厄尔尼诺事件衰减年春、夏季中国东部极端降水发生概率的变化,并通过诊断超强厄尔尼诺自身及其衍生模态各自的水汽输送和垂直运动特征,探讨了超强厄尔尼诺事件对中国东部极端降水的影响机制。结果表明,超强厄尔尼诺事件衰减年春季,整个中国东部尤其是江淮以北地区,极端降水事件发生概率显著增大。同年夏季,长江流域极端降水发生概率比常规年份高出近1倍,而在华南和华北地区则相对减小。诊断分析显示,春季超强厄尔尼诺自身及其与热带太平洋地区年循环相互作用衍生出的组合模态（C-mode）均对降水的环流背景影响显著,热带太平洋西北部低空存在强盛的反气旋性异常环流,导致大量水汽在中国东部汇聚并上升,有利于该地区极端降水事件的发生。夏季,厄尔尼诺事件已经消亡,但与C-mode影响相关联的西北太平洋异常反气旋环流仍然存在,长江流域维持极端降水事件发生的有利条件。此外,研究也显示,超强厄尔尼诺事件衰减年春、夏季中国东部对流层中上层持续有异常经向风活动,频繁的南北冷暖气流交汇可能导致强对流事件发生次数增多,这也为该区域极端降水的频发提供了支持。 相似文献
4.
Spatial and temporal variations of aridity indices in Iraq 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this paper, a nonhydrostatic Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model has been used to simulate the extreme precipitation event of 25 November 2009, over Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The model is integrated in three nested (27, 9, and 3 km) domains with the initial and boundary forcing derived from the NCEP reanalysis datasets. As a control experiment, the model integrated for 48 h initiated at 0000 UTC on 24 November 2009. The simulated rainfall in the control experiment depicts in well agreement with Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission rainfall estimates in terms of intensity as well as spatio-temporal distribution. Results indicate that a strong low-level (850 hPa) wind over Jeddah and surrounding regions enhanced the moisture and temperature gradient and created a conditionally unstable atmosphere that favored the development of the mesoscale system. The influences of topography and heat exchange process in the atmosphere were investigated on the development of extreme precipitation event; two sensitivity experiments are carried out: one without topography and another without exchange of surface heating to the atmosphere. The results depict that both surface heating and topography played crucial role in determining the spatial distribution and intensity of the extreme rainfall over Jeddah. The topography favored enhanced uplift motion that further strengthened the low-level jet and hence the rainfall over Jeddah and adjacent areas. On the other hand, the absence of surface heating considerably reduced the simulated rainfall by 30% as compared to the observations. 相似文献
5.
Prakki Satyamurty Claudia Priscila Wanzeler da Costa Antonio Ocimar Manzi 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,111(1-2):195-209
The regions where the divergence of vertically integrated water vapor flux, averaged over a season or a year, is positive (negative) are sources (sinks) of moisture for the atmosphere. An aerial river is defined as a stream of strong water vapor flux connecting a source and a sink. Moisture flux, its divergence, and sources and sinks over the tropics of South and Central America and the adjoining Atlantic Ocean are obtained for dry years and for wet years in the Amazon Basin. Results show that the Amazon Basin is a sink region for atmospheric moisture in all seasons and that there are two source regions for the moisture in the basin, one situated in the South Atlantic and the other in the North Atlantic, both located equator-ward of the respective subtropical high-pressure centers. The convergence of moisture increases over the Amazon Basin in austral summer, and at the same time it decreases in the Pacific and Atlantic ITCZs. Box model calculations reveal that the wet years, on the average, present about 55 % more moisture convergence than the dry years in the Amazon Basin. A reduction in the moisture inflow across the eastern and northern boundaries of the basin (at 45°W and at the Equator, respectively) and an increase in the outflow across the southern boundary (at 15°S) lead to dry conditions. The annual mean contribution of moisture convergence to the precipitation over the Amazon Basin is estimated to be 70 %. In the dry years, it lowers to around 50 %. The net convergence of water vapor flux over the basin is a good indicator of the wet or dry condition. 相似文献
6.
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(0.25°×0.25°)、FY-2G卫星的黑体亮度温度(TBB)、双偏振雷达、加密自动站资料,对2019年台风“利奇马”引发浙江极端暴雨过程的成因进行分析,结果表明:(1)“利奇马”引发的浙江特大暴雨过程是一次深厚台风本体降水,具有范围广、总量大、局地雨强极端的特点,山脉地形对降水的增幅作用显著。(2)台风登陆前后850 hPa水汽通量、850 hPa辐合和200 hPa辐散都超过气候平均值3~4个标准差,异常强的动力抬升和水汽输送为此次极端降水提供了有利的背景条件,物理量的异常度可作为判断极端降水的重要因子。(3)活跃的西南季风和副高南部的偏东急流为“利奇马”提供了充足的水汽和能量。925 hPa水汽通量辐合大值区域与暴雨落区的形态和位置对应较好,且辐合强度的变化对降水量具有一定的指示意义。(4)登陆前后台风中心密闭云区范围大、结构紧实,其中有多个中尺度对流系统强烈发展且移动缓慢,是浙江东部沿海地区产生极端降水的主要原因。基于双偏振雷达的降水估测产品在短临预报中参考价值高。(5)中层的弱干冷空气和低层的强暖湿气流促进了对流不稳定层结的发展和维持,在地面中尺度辐合线和地形的强迫抬升下不断触发中尺度对流系统并产生“列车效应”,是此次过程中西北部山区特大暴雨产生的重要原因。 相似文献
7.
极端降水引起的洪、涝等灾害每年给我国带来极大的人员伤亡和经济损失。全球增暖使极端降水事件发生的频率增加,强度增强。但是针对不同区域极端降水事件,其贡献究竟如何还有待于进一步认识。本文以我国长江中下游地区的极端降水事件为研究对象,通过典型年份夏季区域极端降水过程的水汽收支特征,探讨海表温度（SST）的增暖趋势和自然变率强迫对该区域典型极端降水强度的影响效应。结果表明:（1）极端降水过程及其夏季都伴随着区域整层大气的水汽辐合,且水汽辐合发生在经向方向。西北太平洋异常反气旋式环流,在区域南边界形成了稳定的西南风异常的水汽输送。（2）典型极端降水过程发生的夏季,SST在赤道印度洋和热带大西洋为强正异常,主要为增暖趋势的贡献,赤道中东太平洋SST异常表现为La Ni?a型。（3）SST增暖趋势和自然变率的数值敏感性试验表明,1998、2017和2020年的SST增暖趋势强迫的区域水汽辐合分别是其自然变率强迫的83%、210%和107%,SST增暖趋势比自然变率的影响更为重要。（4）SST增暖趋势和自然变率都是通过强迫西北太平洋异常反气旋式环流,引起长江中下游区域南边界异常的西南水汽输送,是导致极端降水发生的主要过程。 相似文献
8.
T. Halenka J. Kalvová Z. Chládová A. Demeterová K. Zemánková M. Belda 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2006,86(1-4):125-145
Summary We analyze daily precipitation and temperature extremes over the Czech Republic in a regional climate simulation for the 40-year
period of 1961–2000 carried out with the RegCM3 regional climate model. The model is run at 45 km grid interval and is driven
by NCEP/NCAR reanalysis lateral boundary conditions. Comparison with station data shows that the model performs reasonably
well in simulating the frequency of daily precipitation events of medium to high intensity as well as the precipitation intensities
(return levels) of long return periods, with the exception of mountain stations. While this is attributed mainly to the relatively
coarse representation of topography across the area of the Czech Republic, the parameterization of convection can be another
reason. The model underestimates daily maximum temperature (especially in the warm seasons) and as a result the occurrence
of heat waves (high temperature episodes). The performance of the model improves in the simulation of daily minimum temperature
and cold wave events. In order to apply this regional model to the simulation of extreme events over the complex terrain as
for Czech Republic we recommend that a higher resolution is used in order to better describe the topography of the Czech Republic
and that the daily maximum temperature bias is reduced. 相似文献
9.
Summary A mesoscale convective system (MCS) case that developed over the Yellow Sea (12–13 July 1993) is studied by using a 23-level,
30 km-mesh Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model MM5. This MCS was generated in northern China, south of the Changma front, in a
convectively unstable environment, under the influence of a short-wave trough accompanied by a marked cold vortex aloft.
The model with all model physics (refereed to as CNTL) captured the major features of this MCS. A mesoscale low-level jet
(mLLJ), with a horizontal scale of a few hundred km, developed within the MCS. Available wind data support the realism of
this mLLJ. This mLLJ not only transports convectively unstable air directly toward the MCS but is also responsible for a strong
low-level convergence in the MCS. At 200 hPa, an anticyclonic northwesterly flow with a relatively high wind speed core on
the east of MCS was simulated. This relatively high-speed flow can be regarded as a mesoscale upper level jet (mULJ), acted
as an upper outflow over the MCS. Low-level convergence on the left-front of the mLLJ and upper divergence in the right-rear
of the mULJ creates a strong upward motion (≅ 40 cm s−1) in the MCS.
Heavy precipitation up to 45 mm between 1800–2100 UTC was observed after this MCS landed on the southern Korean Peninsula.
The CNTL run captured this heavy rainfall event. A maximum rainfall of 50 mm 3 h−1 was simulated. In another experiment, with surface sensible and moisture fluxes withheld (NOSF), the 3-h simulated rainfall
was decreased to 30 mm. Less latent heat released in the NOSF led to a weaker MCS and mLLJ. The concurrent surface fluxes
sustained a high low-level moisture field over the Yellow Sea, which helped the development of the MCS and enhanced its precipitation
in this case.
Received January 8, 1999 相似文献
10.
S. Khodayar N. Kalthoff M. Fiebig-Wittmaack M. Kohler 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2008,99(3-4):181-198
Summary The boundary-layer structure of the Elqui Valley is investigated, which is situated in the arid north of Chile and extends
from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Andes in the east. The climate is dominated by the south-eastern Pacific subtropical
anticyclone and the cold Humboldt Current. This combination leads to considerable temperature and moisture gradients between
the coast and the valley and results in the evolution of sea and valley wind systems. The contribution of these mesoscale
wind systems to the heat and moisture budget of the valley atmosphere is estimated, based on radiosoundings performed near
the coast and in the valley.
Near the coast, a well-mixed cloud-topped boundary layer exists. Both, the temperature and the specific humidity do not change
considerably during the day. In the stratus layer the potential temperature increases, while the specific humidity decreases
slightly with height. The top of the thin stratus layer, about 300 m in depth, is marked by an inversion. Moderate sea breeze
winds of 3–4 m s−1 prevail in the sub-cloud and cloud layer during daytime, but no land breeze develops during the night.
The nocturnal valley atmosphere is characterized by a strong and 900 m deep stably stratified boundary layer. During the day,
no pronounced well-mixed layer with a capping inversion develops in the valley. Above a super-adiabatic surface layer of about
150 m depth, a stably stratified layer prevails throughout the day. However, heating can be observed within a layer above
the surface 800 m deep. Heat and moisture budget estimations show that sensible heat flux convergence exceeds cold air advection
in the morning, while both processes compensate each other around noon, such that the temperature evolution stagnates. In
the afternoon, cold air advection predominates and leads to net cooling of the boundary layer. Furthermore, the advection
of moist air results in the accumulation of moisture during the noon and afternoon period, while latent heat flux convergence
is of minor relevance to the moisture budget of the boundary layer.
Correspondence: Norbert Kalthoff, Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Universit?t Karlsruhe/Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe,
Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 相似文献
11.
Moisture Flux and Water Balance over the South China Sea During Late Boreal Spring and Summer 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
W.-P. Li 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1999,64(3-4):179-187
Summary The moisture flux and water balance over the South China Sea (SCS) during late boreal spring and summer are studied using
the reanalysis data of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR).
It is shown that the SCS is a water vapor sink during that period of time. Climatologically, the SCS works like a “reservoir
of water vapor” for its special geographical location. In early May, water vapor is brought into the SCS area through its
eastern, southern, and western boundaries, and is transported out of that area through its northern boundary. From June to
August, the western and southern boundaries of the SCS are inflow passes of moisture flux to that region, while the northern
and eastern boundaries are outflow passes. It is the intense convergence of moisture to the SCS area that maintains the local
heavy precipitation. The northward branch of moisture flux feeds the precipitation over eastern China.
Received May 5, 1999 Revised July 8, 1999 相似文献
12.
We isolate the contribution of warming, other large-scale changes and soil moisture decline and feedbacks in driving future projected changes in daily precipitation across Europe. Our confidence in each of these mechanisms differs, so this analysis then allows us to determine an overall confidence (or reliability) in the projected changes. In winter, increases in extreme precipitation over Europe as a whole are judged to be reliable, dominated by increased atmospheric moisture with warming. At scales less than about 2,000 km changing circulation patterns could enhance or offset this increase. Additionally, over the Scandinavian mountains warming-induced circulation changes do offset the effect of increased moisture and the overall change is unreliable. In summer, increases in extreme precipitation over northern Scandinavia and decreases over the Mediterranean are reliable in the absence of considerable circulation change. Over central Europe, an increase in the proportion of summer rainfall falling as extreme events is reliable. 相似文献
13.
A. P. Dimri 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2007,90(1-2):49-63
Summary The western Himalayas receive higher precipitation than the eastern Himalayas during the winter season (December–March). This
differential pattern of winter precipitation over the Himalayas can be attributed to topography and to a higher frequency
of disturbances over the western Himalayas, which result in variations in the circulation features. These circulation features,
in turn, result in variations in the meridional transport of heat, momentum, potential energy, and moisture across the Himalayas
due to mean and eddy motion.
Significant meridional transport due to mean motion takes place in the upper troposphere at 300 hPa and 200 hPa. Transport
east of 100° E dominates the transport over the western Himalayas. The eddy transport of heat, momentum, and potential energy
is considerably smaller than that due to mean motion. Eddy transport magnitudes are smaller up to 500 hPa and increase rapidly
aloft to 300 hPa and 200 hPa. Eddy transport over the western Himalayas is greater than over the eastern Himalayas. 相似文献
14.
利用自动站实时降水资料、NCEP再分析资料和多普勒雷达资料,结合中尺度数值模式WRF对台风"利奇马"在浙东地区产生的极端降水过程进行分析,重点研究了浙东地形对极端降水的影响。结果表明,"利奇马"影响期间,浙东强降水过程出现2个雨量峰值,依次由台风外层螺旋云带和台风中心附近的多个中尺度对流云团持续影响所造成,浙东地形对这一系列对流云团有明显的加强作用。浙东地区西部山脉对"利奇马"有阻滞和辐合抬升两方面作用,前者通过地形阻挡拖曳,延长强降水时长,后者通过山前显著的动力抬升作用和水汽辐合加强造成降水增幅。根据估算可知,括苍山脉在强降水阶段对暴雨的增幅可达11 mm·h~(-1),接近此时段内总雨量的2.5成。通过敏感性试验降低地形高度后,浙东地区辐合及上升运动减弱,雨量也明显减少,进一步验证了浙东地形是造成此次极端降水事件的重要原因。 相似文献
15.
Synoptic Features of the Second Meiyu Period in 1998 over China 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
1. IntroductionThe Meiyu, translated as plum rain, is a majorannual rainfall event over the Yangtze River Basin inChina and southern Japan in June and July. Theheavy rainfall is mainly caused by a quasi-stationaryfront, known as the Meiyu front, extended from east-ern China to southern Japan (Tao, 1958; Matsumotoet al., 1971; Akiyama, 1990; Gao et al, 1990). Studiesof Zhang and Zhang (1990) and Chen et al. (1998)pointed that the Meiyu front is one of the most signif-icant circulation s… 相似文献
16.
The effect of mountainous topography on moisture exchange between the “surface” and the free atmosphere 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Typical numerical weather and climate prediction models apply parameterizations to describe the subgrid-scale exchange of
moisture, heat and momentum between the surface and the free atmosphere. To a large degree, the underlying assumptions are
based on empirical knowledge obtained from measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer over flat and homogeneous topography.
It is, however, still unclear what happens if the topography is complex and steep. Not only is the applicability of classical
turbulence schemes questionable in principle over such terrain, but mountains additionally induce vertical fluxes on the meso-γ
scale. Examples are thermally or mechanically driven valley winds, which are neither resolved nor parameterized by climate
models but nevertheless contribute to vertical exchange. Attempts to quantify these processes and to evaluate their impact
on climate simulations have so far been scarce. Here, results from a case study in the Riviera Valley in southern Switzerland
are presented. In previous work, measurements from the MAP-Riviera field campaign have been used to evaluate and configure
a high-resolution large-eddy simulation code (ARPS). This model is here applied with a horizontal grid spacing of 350 m to
detect and quantify the relevant exchange processes between the valley atmosphere (i.e. the ground “surface” in a coarse model)
and the free atmosphere aloft. As an example, vertical export of moisture is evaluated for three fair-weather summer days.
The simulations show that moisture exchange with the free atmosphere is indeed no longer governed by turbulent motions alone.
Other mechanisms become important, such as mass export due to topographic narrowing or the interaction of thermally driven
cross-valley circulations. Under certain atmospheric conditions, these topographical-related mechanisms exceed the “classical”
turbulent contributions a coarse model would see by several times. The study shows that conventional subgrid-scale parameterizations
can indeed be far off from reality if applied over complex topography, and that large-eddy simulations could provide a helpful
tool for their improvement. 相似文献
17.
The occurrence of extreme precipitation events is now a serious concern in recent years in Japan. This study explores the atmospheric driving mechanisms of two extreme precipitation events occurred during 5–6 July 2017 and 5–8 July 2018 over western Japan. We identified that the atmospheric transport of large amounts of moisture and wind streams with wind speed of minimum 15 m s−1 from south of Japan towards north on the days before these torrential precipitation events are mainly responsible for the July 2017 and July 2018 floods over western Japan. However, the contributions from the moisture advections (both vertical and horizontal) to the atmospheric water budget plays key roles to intensify the precipitations during the said torrential events. We also find that the prominent moisture flux convergence and well-developed moist conditions mainly maintain these heavy precipitation events over the downpour affected area. Our overall analysis suggests that the atmospheric factors driving to all these two heavy precipitation events are qualitatively robust and vital to explain the mechanism of extreme precipitations. 相似文献
18.
Ziyue Guo Juan Fang Xuguang Sun Jie Tang Yi Yang Jianping Tang 《Climate Dynamics》2020,54(3):1329-1349
With a decadal long period (1998–2010) climate simulation using the Weather Research and Forecasting model at convection-permitting resolution (4 km) (WRF_CPM), the diurnal cycles of precipitation amount (PA), frequency (PF) and intensity (PI) and their related large-scale atmospheric circulations over eastern China are analyzed. The simulations are further compared against the CN05.1, CMORPH v1.0 and the ECMWF Re-Analysis Interim (ERAIN). Results show that WRF_CPM can reasonably represent the observed seasonal rainfall and the atmospheric circulations. As for the features at a sub-daily scale, WRF_CPM is superior at reproducing the diurnal amplitude of PF that is similar to PA in terms of the spatial distribution. Moreover, the diurnal peak timing of summer PF and PA over the three sub-regions, i.e., North China (NC), Yangtze-Huaihe River basin (YHR) and South China (SC), can be properly reproduced by WRF_CPM. The observed precipitation systems exhibit obvious eastward propagation from the Plateau to its downstream, which may be due to the solenoid circulations associated with the low-level anomalous wind and moisture convergence. However, they are almost overestimated by WRF_CPM and in turn causing overestimated precipitation along YHR. The early morning precipitation in WRF_CPM has a larger fraction than CMORPH, which is related to the overestimated nocturnal low-level jet. Whereas, due to the solar heating and the land-sea breezes, the late-afternoon precipitation peak is mainly located along the coasts of eastern China, which matches well with the vertical motion in WRF_CPM. 相似文献
19.
Tree rings and climate for the last 680 years in Wulan area of northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A 680-year ring-width chronology of Sabina przewalskii Kom. was developed for Wulan area of northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Response function and correlation analyses
showed that spring precipitation (May–June) is the critical limiting factor for tree-ring growth, and temperature in prior
November may also play a role in affecting tree-ring growth. Excessive spring precipitation occurred during AD 1380s–1390s,
1410s–1420s, 1520s–1560s and 1938 to present. Dry springs occurred during AD 1430s–1510s, 1640s–1730s and 1780s–1890s most
of which generally coincided with cold intervals of the Little Ice Age (LIA) on the plateau, suggesting that the LIA climate
on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau might be characterized by three episodes of dry spring and cold autumn. The relatively
driest spring and probably coldest autumn occurred in AD 1710s–1720s, 1787–1797, 1815–1824, 1869–1879 and 1891–1895. The extreme
drought in AD 1787–1797 might result from little monsoon precipitation due to the failure of Asian monsoon in this period.
The tree-ring data produced in this study contribute to the spatial expansion of proxy climate records for the Qinghai-Tibetan
Plateau. 相似文献
20.
Summary Three cyclones developing between 28 August and 6 September 1995 were studied with respect to the temporal evolution of their
water budget components. The cyclones were simulated with the regional model REMO. Water budget values were determined from
hourly model output for circle areas with 500 km radius around the pressure minimum. The results show a maximum liquid water
path of about 0.12 kg m−2 and a maximum ice water path of 0.16 kg m−2. In the vertical cloud structure the medium cloud layer disappears at the end of the life cycle for all three cyclones. The
release of precipitation onto the Baltic Sea drainage basin is different for each cyclone. It lies between 13 and 22 · 1012 kg. This is about 50% of the total precipitation in the whole area for the strongest cyclone and 65% for the others. The
P — E (precipitation minus evaporation) is 15 · 1012 kg for two of the cyclones and 10 · 1012 kg for the third one.
Received August 7, 2000 Revised March 19, 2001 相似文献