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Bernhard Jenny Bojan Šavrič Tom Patterson 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(6):935-952
There are two problems with current cylindrical projections for world maps. First, existing cylindrical map projections have a static height-to-width aspect ratio and do not automatically adjust their aspect ratio in order to optimally use available canvas space. Second, many of the commonly used cylindrical compromise projections show areas and shapes at higher latitudes with considerable distortion. This article introduces a new compromise cylindrical map projection that adjusts the distribution of parallels to the aspect ratio of a canvas. The goal of designing this projection was to show land masses at central latitudes with a visually balanced appearance similar to how they appear on a globe. The projection was constructed using a visual design procedure where a series of graphically optimized projections was defined for a select number of aspect ratios. The visually designed projections were approximated by polynomial expressions that define a cylindrical projection for any height-to-width ratio between 0.3:1 and 1:1. The resulting equations for converting spherical to Cartesian coordinates require a small number of coefficients and are fast to execute. The presented aspect-adaptive cylindrical projection is well suited for digital maps embedded in web pages with responsive web design, as well as GIS applications where the size of the map canvas is unknown a priori. We highlight the projection with a height-to-width ratio of 0.6:1, which we call the Compact Miller projection because it is inspired by the Miller Cylindrical projection. Unlike the Miller Cylindrical projection, the Compact Miller projection has a smaller height-to-width ratio and shows the world with less areal distortion at higher latitudes. A user study with 448 participants verified that the Compact Miller – together with the Plate Carrée projection – is the most preferred cylindrical compromise projection. 相似文献
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Bojan Šavrič Bernhard Jenny 《International journal of geographical information science》2014,28(12):2373-2389
The recently introduced adaptive composite map projection technique changes the projection to the geographic area shown on a map. It is meant as a replacement for the commonly used web Mercator projection, which grossly distorts areas when representing the entire world. The original equal-area version of the adaptive composite map projection technique uses the Lambert azimuthal projection for regional maps and three alternative projections for world maps. Adaptive composite map projections can include a variety of other equal-area projections when the transformation between the Lambert azimuthal and the world projections uses Wagner’s method. To select the most suitable pseudocylindrical projection, the distortion characteristics of a pseudocylindrical projection family are analyzed, and a user study among experts in the area of map projections is carried out. Based on the results of the distortion analysis and the user study, a new pseudocylindrical projection is recommended for extending adaptive composite map projections. The new projection is equal-area throughout the transformation to the Lambert azimuthal projection and has better distortion characteristics then small-scale projections currently included in the adaptive composite map projection technique. 相似文献
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针对多种地图投影间自由变换的需求 ,综合对比地图投影变换的主要方法及其特点 ,该文认为反解变换是解决多种投影间投影变换的最佳途径。以此为基础 ,具体探讨了地图投影变换计算机实现的主要过程 ,讨论了地图投影体系、投影参数、算法优化和误差控制等投影变换计算机实现中的关键问题 相似文献
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极区位于高纬度地区,极区航海图投影采用墨卡托投影时,图上极区附近变形较大,在极点处变形达到无穷大;采用极球面投影时,图上恒向线不是直线;心射切面投影不是正形投影,不能直接在图上量取方位和距离;兰伯特正形投影图上,经度是由角度表示,而不是真的经度;采用横轴墨卡托投影时,几乎所有的经线以及纬线在图上为曲线。以上常用的海图投影不利于船舶在极区安全航行,也不利于航海人员进行海图作业。针对此问题,将构建的伪经纬线网与经纬线网进行转换,通过Matlab得到基于伪经纬线网的横轴墨卡托投影图,此图具有类似于墨卡托海图的特点,图上极区变形失真小,图上伪经纬线的特点可方便极区海图作业。 相似文献
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城市洪涝易损性分类与诊断研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
城市洪涝易损性分析对城市防洪安全具有极其重要的作用。将基于加速遗传算法的投影寻踪模型应用于城市洪涝易损性分类与诊断。运用建议模型探讨了湖南省29个城市的洪涝易损性,将全省洪涝易损性程度划分为5个等级:低度易损性、较低度易损性、中度易损性、较高度易损性、高度易损性,同时与模糊评价结果进行了对比。研究表明,投影寻踪模型客观考虑了各个影响因子的权重,结果合理、可靠,可以在实际的类似问题中应用。 相似文献
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城市旅游感知意象与投射意象的匹配程度是城市旅游形象建设与宣传效果的重要评价,景观尺度下旅游感知与投射意象的空间分异特征可以有效评估游客对城市旅游意象的感知偏差,以此把握旅游者的旅游动机与景观偏好,更好地提升旅游地形象建设。本研究以五大世界著名旅游城市为例,以Flickr网站的地理标记照片数据和政府旅游网站宣传的旅游信息为数据源,利用ArcGIS空间分析技术分析城市旅游感知意象与投射意象的要素构成和空间分异特征。结果表明,城市旅游感知与投射意象的差异既体现在要素构成的偏差上,也体现在空间分布特征的差异方面。除东京旅游感知与投射意象要素结构基本一致以外,其他城市均存在一定程度的偏差。局部空间聚集异常值可视化了五大城市旅游感知意象与投射意象的空间分布偏差,相比城市旅游投射意象的空间集聚,城市旅游感知意象的范围更为离散。同时,双变量空间自相关指数分析结果验证了五大城市旅游感知意象与投射意象均呈显著的空间正相关,但是相关程度和依赖度并不高,说明了从感知与投射视角进行旅游意象空间特征分析的重要性,应以需求为导向进行城市旅游景观规划与宣传。结合地理标记照片数据的空间分析方法为城市旅游感知意象与投射意象的空间分异研究提供了普适性的方法,以服务于城市可持续发展和旅游形象建设。 相似文献
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城市旅游感知意象与投射意象的匹配程度是城市旅游形象建设与宣传效果的重要评价,景观尺度下旅游感知与投射意象的空间分异特征可以有效评估游客对城市旅游意象的感知偏差,以此把握旅游者的旅游动机与景观偏好,更好地提升旅游地形象建设。本研究以五大世界著名旅游城市为例,以Flickr网站的地理标记照片数据和政府旅游网站宣传的旅游信息为数据源,利用ArcGIS空间分析技术分析城市旅游感知意象与投射意象的要素构成和空间分异特征。结果表明,城市旅游感知与投射意象的差异既体现在要素构成的偏差上,也体现在空间分布特征的差异方面。除东京旅游感知与投射意象要素结构基本一致以外,其他城市均存在一定程度的偏差。局部空间聚集异常值可视化了五大城市旅游感知意象与投射意象的空间分布偏差,相比城市旅游投射意象的空间集聚,城市旅游感知意象的范围更为离散。同时,双变量空间自相关指数分析结果验证了五大城市旅游感知意象与投射意象均呈显著的空间正相关,但是相关程度和依赖度并不高,说明了从感知与投射视角进行旅游意象空间特征分析的重要性,应以需求为导向进行城市旅游景观规划与宣传。结合地理标记照片数据的空间分析方法为城市旅游感知意象与投射意象的空间分异研究提供了普适性的方法,以服务于城市可持续发展和旅游形象建设。 相似文献
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Bernhard Jenny Tom Patterson Lorenz Hurni 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(11):1687-1702
The design of new map projections has up until now required mathematical and cartographic expertise that has limited this activity to a small group of specialists. This article introduces the background mathematics for a software-based method that enables cartographers to easily design new small-scale world map projections. The software is usable even by those without mathematical expertise. A new projection is designed interactively in an iterative process that allows the designer to graphically and numerically assess the graticule, the representation of the continents, and the distortion properties of the new projection. The method has been implemented in Flex Projector, a free and open-source application enabling users to quickly create new map projections and modify existing projections. We also introduce new tools that help evaluate the distortion properties of projections, namely a configurable acceptance index to assess areal and angular distortion, a derived acceptance visualization, and interactive profiles through the distortion space of a projection. To illustrate the proposed method, a new projection, the Cropped Ginzburg VIII projection, is presented. 相似文献
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The reprojection of image data causes the loss or duplication of original pixel values. This research investigated the feasibility of using the sinusoidal projection for global image database construction. Specifically, reprojection accuracies were tested with geographic latitude and longitude coordinates, and the Hammer‐Aitoff, Eckert IV, Mollweide, and sinusoidal projections. Reprojections between these five global projections and the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection and referencing system were performed using fifty‐four sample datasets. A statistical analysis of categorical accuracy, a measure describing the omission of pixel values during reprojection, was conducted. Geographic coordinates and the sinusoidal projection both showed very high accuracy rates (100.0 percent and 99.5 percent respectively) when sample datasets were reprojected from UTM. The geographic coordinates, however, showed very low accuracy (65.3 percent) when sample datasets were reprojected to the UTM projection, while the sinusoidal projection showed the highest accuracy (98.4 percent). The results strongly suggest that the sinusoidal projection is very accurate and efficient for building global image databases. 相似文献
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南大洋海冰分布是南极考察过程中影响破冰船航行的重要因素,也是南极研究的重要内容之一。目前国际上不同机构发布的南大洋海冰分布图,大多是球面投影,不能直接用于主流的瓦片地图发布。将极方位立体投影海冰图转换为目前主流的网络墨卡托投影地图,并利用合适的图像重采样方法,按照不同级别比例尺进行瓦片切割和编号存储,最终实现海冰影像地图的发布共享是本文的主要研究内容。笔者对不同的图像重采样方法进行了比较,分析了最邻近点采样方法、双线性内插和双三次卷积重采样方法的优劣,针对本文的研究优选双线性内插方法进行影像地图瓦片的切割,并最终叠加融合在Google地图上,实现了Google底图、准实时海冰影像图与破冰船走航位置的集成显示,为雪龙船的冰区航行提供了重要的数据支撑。 相似文献
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Ibrahim Oztug Bildirici 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(12):2295-2309
Tissot’s indicatrix or ellipse of distortion is a diagram that is the projection of an infinitesimal circle on the original surface. It is normally an ellipse of which elongation depends on the amount of distortion caused by map projection. It provides a medium for analyzing existing projections and developing new ones. The ellipse can be scaled and depicted on the map for visualization purposes. This paper presents an alternative approach, in which the projection of a finite small circle on the sphere is used. Its projection is normally an ellipse that can be very close to Tissot’s indicatrix, and is called quasi indicatrix, here. Its parameters can be derived from the forward projection equations without using partial derivatives. Therefore, it is a useful and practical approach from a programmer’s point of view. The quasi indicatrix approach is also numerically tested on Aitoff–Hammer projection with a set of points. The indicatrix parameters obtained by using this approach deviate 0.5% from the ground truths at most, being the average less than 0.2%. 相似文献
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Ting Ma Chenghu Zhou Biao Qin Yang Ou 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(10):1297-1313
We developed a direct partitioning method to construct a seamless discrete global grid system (DGGS) with any resolution based on a two‐dimensional projected plane and the earth ellipsoid. This DGGS is composed of congruent square grids over the projected plane and irregular ellipsoidal quadrilaterals on the ellipsoidal surface. A new equal area projection named the parallels plane (PP) projection derived from the expansion of the central meridian and parallels has been employed to perform the transformation between the planar squares and the corresponding ellipsoidal grids. The horizontal sides of the grids are parts of the parallel circles and the vertical sides are complex ellipsoidal curves, which can be obtained by the inverse expression of the PP projection. The partition strategies, transformation equations, geometric characteristics and distortions for this DGGS have been discussed. Our analysis proves that the DGGS is area‐preserving while length distortions only occur on the vertical sides off the central meridian. Angular and length distortions positively correlate to the increase in latitudes and the spanning of longitudes away from a chosen central meridian. This direct partition only generates a small number of broken grids that can be treated individually. 相似文献
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基于投影寻踪回归技术的塔里木河水质模拟分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用投影寻踪回归技术（ＰＰＲ）进行水质评价是一种新方法。本文在现有水文观测资料基础上，通过ＰＰＲ分析，建立了塔里木河水质模型，并利用ＰＰＲ对影响河流水质的因素作了分析，可为流域水质管理和控制提供依据。 相似文献
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在对投影寻踪聚类方法深入分析的基础上,首次把投影寻踪聚类的思想和动态聚类方法结合起来构造投影指标,提出了投影寻踪动态聚类(PPDC)新方法,新方法在整个运算过程中完全由自身数据驱动,毋需人为给定参数,具有聚类结果客观、明确以及稳定性好、操作简便等特点。计算结果表明,PPDC法应用于区域泥石流危险度评价不仅切实可行,而且能克服了现有评价方法的不足,取得了令人满意的实际应用效果。上述应用为同类问题的研究开创了一条新途径,也进一步为生态保护、防灾减灾提供科学依据和技术支持。 相似文献
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地缘政治理论的提出和发展深刻烙印了地图的影响。在地缘政治发展史中,不同地图投影既服务于各思想家的理论提出,也深入到各思想家在不同时期对自身理论的动态修正。地图投影到底是如何参与到地缘政治理论构建过程中的?本文在既有地缘政治地图研究的基础上,从空间性和文本性两大地图基本属性出发,通过阐释并沟通地图的空间分析与话语分析功能,探讨地图投影与地缘政治理论构建间的关系。一方面,地图投影变形抽象后的心象地图框架为构建地缘政治理论提供了空间依托;另一方面,地图投影通过地图变形在复杂情境中聚集了丰富的文本性含义。在地图投影各层次文本性的互文（互补性叙事）下,新的地图话语得以产生并渗透进心象地图,具象式推动了地缘政治理论核心概念的生成和逻辑关系的构建。综合考虑麦金德的地图观影响,本文对麦金德“心脏地带”地缘政治思想变迁各阶段（1904年、1919年、1943年）地图投影透视的分析验证了该关系框架的解释力。这启示该分析框架在其他地缘政治理论研究中的潜在适用性,更期待在百年变局和复兴全局等交织下的复杂情境中,基于地图投影创新互文下的中国地缘政治理论构建。 相似文献
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地理信息系统中图形数据的投影变换研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
投影变换是地理信息系统(GIS)中空间处理的重要环节, 根据GIS中图形数据操作与分析, 介绍投影变换的两种基本方法——反解变换法和数值交换法。反解交换法适用于两种投影的坐标公式较简单, 较易求出两种投影平面直角坐标之间直接联系的情况。数值变换法应用范围较广, 它可以避开较复杂的投影坐标公式的反解问题, 求出两个不同投影平面场上点的对应关系。 相似文献
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多数岩质边坡稳定性分析已基本解决了常走向单坡面临空的边坡平面滑动问题。然而,在路堑边坡工程和自然边坡中有很多边坡坡面并不是平面,它包含多个坡面。多坡面边坡包含两个或多个不同走向的坡面。多坡面边坡几何特征不同于单坡面边坡,所以滑动条件也不一样。在赤平投影图上,多坡面的滑动包络线是组成边坡的每个坡面单独投影包络线的组合。为了探讨方便,只讨论了双坡面临空岩质边坡的滑动破坏模式,并将其分为双坡面临空下的平面破坏和楔形体破坏。在赤平投影图上,双坡面滑动区域定义为双坡面边坡滑动包络图中两侧坡面的真倾线之间的面积。如果有一两个节理面真倾向线落在滑动区内,滑动破坏才可能发生。 相似文献