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1.
The use of fish in environmental monitoring has become increasingly important in recent years as anthropogenic substances, many of which function as prooxidants, are accumulating in aquatic environments. We have measured a battery of antioxidant defenses as a measure of oxidative status, as well as protein carbonylation as a measure of oxidative damage, in corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops) captured near a disused copper mine, where water and sediment are contaminated with heavy metals, and an aluminum smelter, a site contaminated with PAHs. Results were compared to two different reference sites. Fish at the heavy metal site had lower glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and elevated protein carbonyls (1.8 times) compared to fish from the reference site. At the PAH site, EROD was increased 2-fold, while total glutathione and methemoglobin reductase concentration, were decreased. No differences were seen in protein carbonyl levels at the PAH site. Measures of both antioxidant defenses and oxidative damage should be used when assessing effects of xenobiotics on oxidative stress in fish species.  相似文献   

2.
Fixed wavelength fluorescence (FF) of bile was used as a biomarker for PAH exposure in fish caged adjacent to an aluminium works. After 30 days of caging, a 20–50 fold increase of pyrene fluorescence was found in groups caged adjacent to the works as compared to two control groups. The PAH uptake occurred mainly from suspended particles rather than from PAH contaminated sediments at the caging sites. Our results demonstrates the combined use of fish caging and bile-fluorescence measurements as a powerful field model for the monitoring of coastal waters subjected to PAH pollution.  相似文献   

3.
Juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were injected intraperitoneally with either corn oil or 5 mg/kg benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) dissolved in corn oil and sampled I and 3 days after injection. After 1 day, no elevation of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was observed, however bile metabolites (BaP-7,8 dihydrodiol representing 70% of the total metabolites) and a single hepatic DNA adduct spot (0.47 adducts/10(8) nucleotides) identified by 32P-postlabelling were formed. No BaP metabolites or DNA adducts were observed in either control or carrier control fish. Fish sampled after 3 days reported 5-fold higher (P < 0.05) levels of EROD activity, a shift in the bile metabolite profile towards BaP phenol formation (1OH and 30H BaP comprising up to 60% of total metabolites detected) and the formation of two adduct spots (0.86 and 0.71 adducts/10(8) nucleotides). These results show that BaP can be metabolised and form hydrophobic DNA adducts in turbot without EROD elevation. Following EROD elevation, a shift in the profile of both BaP metabolites and BaP metabolite-DNA interactions occurs indicative of other oxidative processes.  相似文献   

4.
Norwegian coastal waters are subject to PAH contamination from electrochemical industries such as aluminium smelters. Evidence of PAH exposure has been established in fish and bivalves. The present study tests the applicability of a novel crustacean PAH exposure biomarker to a PAH contamination gradient in the field (Karmsund Strait, SW Norway). Fluorescence analysis of urine samples collected from crabs at each site revealed 1-OH pyrene "equivalent" levels (indicative of pyrogenic PAH contamination) decreased with increasing distance from a point source of pyrogenic PAH (a large aluminium works). The assay was shown to be suitable for the detection of PAH exposure in wild crustacean populations, for discriminating between contaminated and clean sites and is also sufficiently sensitive to detect gradients of PAH contamination. The method provides a rapid, inexpensive and non-destructive measure of biologically available PAH in crustaceans.  相似文献   

5.
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) often co-exist in contaminated environments. Polychlorobiphenylols (OH-PCBs), formed by CYP-dependent monooxygenation of PCBs, are potent inhibitors of the glucuronidation of hydroxylated BaP metabolites. We hypothesized that OH-PCBs could drive the biotransformation of (-)BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol (BaP-7, 8-D) away from detoxication and towards formation of the reactive metabolite. A mixture of five OH-PCBs with 4-6 Cl atoms was infused into isolated, perfused, biliary intact livers (n=3 fish) removed from 3-methylcholanthrene-induced channel catfish. Controls (n=3) were infused with vehicle. Subsequently, [3H]-BaP-7, 8-D was infused into each liver and bile was collected for 1 h. The livers were taken for analysis of metabolites and DNA adducts. Induction status was confirmed by EROD assay. Bile was analyzed for metabolites. It was found that preinfusion of the mixture of OH-PCBs reduced the extent of glucuronidation of BaP-7, 8-D and increased the formation of DNA adducts 5-fold over controls. GSH conjugates, tetrols and triols were increased in the OH-PCB-infused fish, providing further support for our hypothesis that if the glucuronidation were inhibited, CYP-dependent activation would increase. These studies suggest a mechanism for synergy of toxicity of PAH and PCBs.  相似文献   

6.
The Arctic is poorly described and understood compared to the North Sea and other boreal areas. We need to learn how knowledge obtained at boreal conditions may be applied at Arctic conditions. Increasing activity of the hydrocarbon industry may cause exposure stress from discharges. Within a joint industry research programme (Biosea) we studied how responses in fish from oil exposure may differ at North Sea boreal and Barents Sea Arctic conditions. Hydrocarbon uptake, metabolites, and enzymatic and genotoxic biomarker type of effect responses were measured in cod (Gadus morhua L.). Hydrocarbon metabolites remain longer in fish bile than original hydrocarbons, which are eliminated fast from tissues. The metabolites may be measured to background concentrations. They describe exposure and they constitute a link to other effects. Body burden, biliary polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolite concentration, and quantities of Cytochrome P-450 1A (CYP1A) and DNA adducts increased with oil in water concentration. The extent of biomarker expression was lower for some biomarkers and elimination was slower at the lowest temperature. The results show that several factors have to be accounted for if warm-water biomarker data are to be applied in cold water.  相似文献   

7.
DNA adducts in cod embryos and larvae were analysed by 32P-postlabeling to test the hypothesis that anthropogenic substances, which could form reactive intermediates, are involved in the reproductive failure of cod (Gadus morhua) from the Baltic Sea. A comparison with cod from the Barents Sea was performed. The mean value of DNA adducts in cod embryos/larvae from the Baltic Sea was 2.3 nmol of adducts/mol nucleotides, compared to 0.12 nmol of adducts/mol nucleotides in the embryos/larvae from the Barents Sea.  相似文献   

8.
DNA adducts in gills and digestive gland, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) tissue levels were analysed in blue mussels (Mytilus spp.) from Nordic coastal areas (Iceland, Norway and Sweden) with diffuse or point sources of PAHs of various origins. Both DNA adduct and PAH tissue levels were generally low, indicating low PAH exposure to the mussels in the areas studied. DNA adducts were found to be higher in gills than in digestive gland of the mussels at all sites studied. Elevated DNA adduct levels in gills were found at 6 sites out of 18 compared to reference sites in respective coastal zones. Adduct levels ranged from 0.5 to 10 nmol adducts/mol normal nucleotides, being highest in mussels from Reykjavík harbour, Iceland (intertidal mussels), and from Fiskaatangen, Norway (subtidal mussels). Total PAH tissue levels in the mussels ranged between 40 and 11,670 ng/g dry wt., and were significantly correlated with DNA adduct levels (r(2)=0.73, p<0.001). PAH ratio values indicated that the PAHs were in most cases of pyrolytic origin, but with petrogenic input near harbours and an oil refinery.  相似文献   

9.
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) often co-exist in contaminated environments. Polychlorobiphenylols (OH-PCBs), formed by CYP-dependent monooxygenation of PCBs, are potent inhibitors of the glucuronidation of hydroxylated BaP metabolites. We hypothesized that OH-PCBs could drive the biotransformation of (−)BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol (BaP-7, 8-D) away from detoxication and towards formation of the reactive metabolite. A mixture of five OH-PCBs with 4–6 Cl atoms was infused into isolated, perfused, biliary intact livers (n=3 fish) removed from 3-methylcholanthrene-induced channel catfish. Controls (n=3) were infused with vehicle. Subsequently, [3H]-BaP-7, 8-D was infused into each liver and bile was collected for 1 h. The livers were taken for analysis of metabolites and DNA adducts. Induction status was confirmed by EROD assay. Bile was analyzed for metabolites. It was found that preinfusion of the mixture of OH-PCBs reduced the extent of glucuronidation of BaP-7, 8-D and increased the formation of DNA adducts 5-fold over controls. GSH conjugates, tetrols and triols were increased in the OH-PCB-infused fish, providing further support for our hypothesis that if the glucuronidation were inhibited, CYP-dependent activation would increase. These studies suggest a mechanism for synergy of toxicity of PAH and PCBs.  相似文献   

10.
The viviparous blenny (Zoarces viviparus), also known as eelpout, is considered a suitable biomonitor for use in European estuarine and coastal waters. We have previously shown that Z. viviparus from the industrialised Tyne estuary (UK) display certain histopathologies (e.g., ovotestis and hepatic nuclear and cellular pleomorphism), which are associated with contaminant exposure [Mar. Environ. Res. 55 (2003) 137]. Furthermore, the prevalence of these pathologies was higher than in fish collected from a less contaminated reference site (the Alde estuary, UK). Here, tissue samples were collected from Z. viviparus from the Tyne and Alde estuaries (in the spring and autumn) and analysed for DNA adducts using the (32)P-postlabelling assay and for histopathology. Z. viviparus caught from the Tyne during the spring (56.4+/-18.5 adducts per 10(8) nucleotides) and autumn (63.1+/-7.5 adducts per 10(8) nucleotides) exhibited patterns of DNA adducts which indicated exposure to a complex mixture of genotoxins. In contrast, levels of DNA adducts in Z. viviparus from Alde estuary were significantly lower during both sampling periods. Histopathological changes to the gonads included intersex (ovotestis) and germ cell apoptosis (detected via the TUNEL assay) in male fish captured from the Tyne estuary. Further studies on the use of germ cell apoptotic rate at different estuarine sites are required if it is to be used as a reproductive biomarker of contaminant exposure in male fish.  相似文献   

11.
The characteristic biology and wide distribution of hagfish species makes them relevant for use in pollution biomonitoring at great water depths, particularly in regions where deep-water oil production may take place. The exposure of fish to petrogenic contaminants can normally be detected from the level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in bile fluid. Some of these metabolites are strong fluorophores, allowing analytical detection by means of simple fluorometric techniques such as fixed wavelength fluorescence (FF) and synchronous fluorescence scanning (SFS). In the present study bile from Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) collected in pristine areas (Barents Sea and southwestern Norway) displayed strong bile fluorescence levels, suggesting the presence of PAH contaminants. However, gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses ruled out PAHs as the origin for this fluorescence signal. Rather, the bile of Myxine contains components resulting in unusually strong background fluorescence interfering at the wavelength pairs used for detection of PAH metabolites. Possible background for the observed matrix interference and implications for detection of PAH metabolites in hagfish is discussed.  相似文献   

12.
A field study was carried out to investigate whether polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) could be measured using fluorescence spectrometry. Crabs were collected as part of an integrated study to assess PAH contamination in Southampton Water, UK. Urine was collected from crabs via a non-destructive technique and analysed using fixed wavelength fluorescence (FF) and synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry (SFS) in order to determine the presence of PAH metabolites, indicative of PAH exposure. By scanning at wavelength pairs specific to a variety of PAH groups the fluorescence of metabolites was analysed and attributed to the following PAH groups; naphthalenes, pyrenes and benzo[a]pyrene (BAP). Naphthalene-type, pyrene-type and BAP-type metabolites were detected using FF and SFS techniques and two distinct parameters were measured; Peak Intensity and Peak Area. Results showed that crabs obtained near a petroleum refinery, a point source of PAH discharge, exhibited significantly higher PAH metabolites for all PAH groups, than at sites sampled along the estuary (ANOVA, p<0.05). This study highlights the effectiveness of using FF and SFS as a rapid and cost-effective biomonitoring tool for detecting PAH contamination.  相似文献   

13.
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a procarcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), is bioactivated to BaP diol-epoxides (BPDEs) that can form adducts with DNA and blood proteins. We report here for the first time the in vivo formation of adducts between BPDE and plasma albumin (Alb) from two fish species experimentally exposed to BaP. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) received either a single i.p. dose (10 mg/kg) or two separate i.p. doses (25 mg/kg; 7 days apart) of BaP, and blood was collected 2 (single exposure) or 3 (multiple exposure) days post-treatment. Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) received 10 i.p. doses (3 mg/kg; a single dose every 6 days), and blood was collected 2 days after the second, sixth, and 10th injections. BPDE-Alb adducts were measured by an improved HPLC/fluorescence method developed to detect and quantify BaP-tetrols released after acid hydrolysis of adducted Alb. HPLC/fluorescence chromatograms of Alb from BaP-treated fish revealed only BaP-tetrol I-1, thus indicating the formation of adducts exclusively via the (+)-anti-BPDE metabolite. Levels of (+)-anti-BPDE-Alb adduct ranged from 0.68 to 19.6 ng of tetrol I-1 per gram of Alb. Notably, adduct level was not related to BaP dose and there was no accumulation of adducts with repeated exposure, which may indicate a very short half-life (< 2 days) of plasma Alb in fish. The data suggest that BPDE-Alb adducts in fish could be useful as a non-destructive biomarker of recent exposure to bioactivated BaP.  相似文献   

14.
Corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops L.), a protogynous, non-migratory lipfish species, living close to rocky shores was chosen as an indicator species for the monitoring of biological effects of contaminants. Fish were caught by local fisherman at the Norwegian west coast in fjord sites within the framework of the EU BEEP project. The sites represented different point source impacts of (I) copper (a former copper mine), (II) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, aluminium smelter discharge), (III) formaldehyde plus PAHs (kelp-factory and influence of the aluminium smelter). Livers of wrasse were studied for histopathological alterations and compared to healthy livers of fish from a reference location. Besides liver morphology, different functional and metabolic parameters were measured to link pathological alterations to functional disorders. The integrity of the lysosomal compartment was tested by the assessment of lysosomal membrane stability (lys), and the accumulation of neutral lipids and lipofuscin. Activity and intracellular localisation of the NADPH-producing enzymes in the liver were assessed histochemically and measured by computer-assisted image analysis. Histopathological alterations were most severe at the site impacted by formaldehyde and PAHs. These findings were associated with highest tumor prevalence, lowest membrane stabilities in hepatocytes and highest accumulation rates of lipofuscin in the liver. The activities of the NADPH-producing enzymes phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were significantly lower compared to unimpacted reference fish. Histopathological alterations showed clear differences dependent on the input source. Potential links between specific contaminant impact and functional and morphological disorders are discussed.  相似文献   

15.
As part of a multinational workshop on marine environmental quality, sediments were collected from seven sites in Vancouver Harbour and analyzed for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorines (OCs), and for trace metals. English sole were collected from five sites, and muscle was analyzed for trace metals and liver for OCs. As expected, sediment PAH and OC concentrations and tissue OC concentrations were higher at sites east of the First Narrows, compared to the outer harbor and reference sites. Sediment PAH concentrations east of the First Narrows were similar to concentrations at moderately contaminated sites in Puget Sound, south of Vancouver Harbour. In contrast, concentrations of OCs in sediments and tissue were low to moderate, even at relatively contaminated sites within Vancouver Harbour. Although several trace metals in sediments were higher than in contaminated sediments from Puget Sound, trace metals measured in fish muscle were lower.  相似文献   

16.
The metabolism of some xenobiotics can lead to the formation of reactive intermediates with mutagenic/carcinogenic properties. With the carcinogenic PAH these have been identified as bay-region diol-epoxides.1 Phenanthrene, a non-carcinogenic, bay-region containing model PAH, is metabolised in vivo by bony fish at the proximate bay-region position, whereas mammals and other marine organisms mainly form the K-region metabolite 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy-phenanthrene.2 We wanted to investigate this difference more closely by studying the regiospecificity of phenanthrene metabolism in vitro both with microsomes from differently pretreated cod and with isolated cytochrome P-450 isozymes from BNF-induced cod.3 Secondly, by preparing antibodies to the major isozyme isolated (called cod P-450c), we investigated the immunochemical properties of the variously treated cod liver microsomes.  相似文献   

17.
DNA single-strand breaks were analysed in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) deployed in intertidal and subtidal zones in the PAH contaminated Reykjavík harbour and at a reference site, Hvalfj?rethur, Iceland. DNA strand breaks were analysed by Comet assay in isolated gill and haemocyte cells from six mussels from each site and depth. Increased DNA damage in both gill cells and haemocytes were observed in mussels deployed in Reykjavík harbour compared to the reference site. Intertidal mussels from Reykjavík harbour had higher DNA damage in haemocytes compared to subtidal mussels. The Comet assay seems to be useful for measuring genotoxic exposure in mussels from the field, and that DNA damage might be higher in the intertidal zone either due to higher exposure to contaminants or because of physiological and biochemical responses to variations in oxygen availability.  相似文献   

18.
Hydrophobic DNA adducts were examined in liver, anterior kidney, spleen, and blood of tumor-prone mummichog (Fundulus heterclitus) from the creosote-contaminated Atlantic Wood (AW) site (Elizabeth River, Virginia). DNA adducts eluted in a diagonal radioactive zone, characteristic of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure, in all examined tissues of AW fish. Mummichog demonstrated significantly higher levels of DNA adducts in spleen (394 +/- 109 nmol adducts/mol nucleotides) than in liver (201 +/- 77 nmol adducts/mol nucleotides) or anterior kidney (211 +/- 68 nmol adducts/mol nucleotides; P = 0.036). The levels of DNA adducts in the pooled blood (pool of four) were 142 nmol adducts/mol nucleotides. DNA adducts were not detected in the liver, anterior kidney, spleen and blood of fish collected from the reference site (< 2 nmol adducts/mol nucleotides). The high levels of DNA adducts detected in tissues of AW mummichog may be linked to the increased cancer incidence and immunosuppression in this population.  相似文献   

19.
The construction of wind farms introduces artificial hard substrates in sandy sediments. As Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and pouting (Trisopterus luscus) tend to aggregate in order to feed around these reefs, energy profiling and trophic markers were applied to study their feeding ecology in a wind farm in the Belgian part of the North Sea. The proximate composition (carbohydrates, proteins and lipids) differed significantly between liver and muscle tissue but not between fish species or between their potential prey species. Atlantic cod showed to consume more energy than pouting. The latter had a higher overall energy reserve and can theoretically survive twice as long on the available energy than cod. In autumn, both fish species could survive longer on their energy than in spring. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in high concentrations in fish liver. The prey species Jassa and Pisidia were both rich in EPA while Jassa had a higher DHA content than Pisidia.Energy profiling supported the statement that wind farm artificial reefs are suitable feeding ground for both fish species. Sufficient energy levels were recorded and there is no indication of competition.  相似文献   

20.
The live reef food fish trade (LRFFT) has caused severe depletion of the Humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) populations globally, a species considered endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. In 2010, signatories to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora recognized that illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) activities in the LRFFT were undermining the efforts to protect this species. Management recommendations have yet to be effectively implemented at national and local levels where the fish is harvested. This paper analyzes the threats to, and socio-economic impacts of, Humphead wrasse recovery in Sabah, Malaysia, and offers both short- and longer-term recommendations for the local recovery of the species. Key issues addressed centre around understanding the threats to recovery, specifically the role of IUU and the context-specific considerations, including the socio-economic aspects of the IUU trade in Sabah. The analysis confirms that deliberate management planning and action at multiple levels are required to prevent local-scale extinction. Lessons for other species and countries involved in the LRFFT suggest that to be effective, broad management frameworks must be tailored to local situations and must focus on gaining support and participation of fish harvesters if the recovery and long-term sustainability of both the Humphead wrasse and the LRFFT are to be achieved.  相似文献   

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