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对比研究了强烈震动、断层错动撕裂所产生的灾害,包括地震所触发的地质灾害及堰塞湖溃坝造成的地震水灾、地震火灾、地震海啸等几类主要地震灾害发生的环境、致灾的速度、灾害的分布等特点,指出了在震前防御、应急救援以及预警等对策方面的区别。 相似文献
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地震灾害基本特点及防震减灾对策的几点思考 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
摘要：本文从地震灾害的源一地震和地震灾害的客体一震区和社会环境两方面分析得出地震灾害的几个基本特点：瞬间突发性、破坏与损失的严重性、时空强不均匀性、次生灾害多样性等，并由此思考了防震减灾对策的几个问题。 相似文献
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根据雅安芦山7.0级强烈地震灾情上报的实际情况,总结了灾情采集PDA及灾情汇集处理接收系统在地震应急期间发挥的作用,由于灾情采集PDA通信方式是通过电信的CDMA数据业务网络上报的,在四川局部地区如甘孜藏族自治州、凉山彝族自治州等地网络业务覆盖率相对较低的情况下,当一个破坏性地震发生以后,造成数据通信的困难,尤其是在大震后地震灾区部分通信遭到破坏时,使得灾情采集PDA采集的灾情信息很难正常上报。若能够将灾情采集PDA通信方式升级为基于卫星与地面通信相结合的方式,就能弥补大震后地面通信遭到破坏影响后PDA上报的不足。 相似文献
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通过分析唐山市古冶区地震地质资料、历史地震资料并结合唐山市7.8级大地震强余震的分布规律等,综合确定唐山古冶区预测震害烈度,为房屋震害预测分析提供依据。 相似文献
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2008年汶川8.0级特大地震后,国家加大了对抗震救灾宣传教育的工作力度.但在实际工作的开展中,仍暴露出抗震救灾宣教工作缺乏规划、没有统一设计、不持久等问题.笔者结合十八大报告中提出的“加强防灾减灾体系建设”的重要思想,围绕“体系建设”这一核心要素,对今后如何构建抗震救灾宣传教育体系、如何在具体工作中将宣传教育四要素有机结合提出了工作设想和展望. 相似文献
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论述了横滨市实时地震防灾系统的基本构成和主要功能，以及为提高地震灾害早期情报速发性而采用的高新技术及该系统在地震观测中的应用效果。 相似文献
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在收集、整理和编译国外有关论坛和研讨会资料的基础上,给出了目前国际风险科学研究的动态,综述了地震灾害风险评估和减轻地震易损性方面的研究进展,介绍了目前有关国家的地震灾害风险减轻的理论研究和减灾计划与行动。 相似文献
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Abstract Damage, destruction and casualties related to landslide and debris flow are common phenomena in the Himalaya, especially during the summer monsoon. This fact was tragically illustrated on 22 July 1996, when Larcha, situated at the 109-km mark of the Arniko Highway, upper Bhotekoshi Valley, central Nepal, experienced a catastrophic debris flow powered by the Bhairab Kunda Stream. Of the 22 houses in Larcha, 16 were swept away, two were partially damaged and 54 people were killed in a matter of a few minutes. The event attracted attention when media linked it to a glacial lake outburst flood as a result of the fact that the source of the stream is a glacial lake. To understand the cause, initiation mechanism and deposition process, the basin area was studied from geological, geomorphologic and engineering geological points of view and the role of precipitation was evaluated. A combination of rainfall, runoff from cliff faces and stream undercutting triggered failure of the bedrock and colluvium, both on the dip and counter-dip slopes, 500 m upstream from the highway. The landslide debris dammed the channel, which was eventually breached, and deposited approximately 104 000 m3 of coarse debris, dominated by the metasediments of the Lesser Himalayan origin, and overwhelmed the village of Larcha. The debris deposit was studied for clast size, composition, texture and dimensions. Lack of sorting and the presence of abundant silt and clay in the source area helped in the initiation of debris flow. The abundance of the Lesser Himalayan metasediment clasts together with the absence of debris traces upstream from the landslide site ruled out the possibility of a glacial lake outburst flood. The disaster was a result of landslide damming triggered by precipitation and stream undercutting and sudden bursting. 相似文献
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The Tarim Desert Highway in Xinjiang, China, the longest one in the world, has a length of 562 km, about 80% of which runs across, from north to south, the Taklimakan Desert. Obviously, the main problem of the road maintenance is the blown sand disaster. The research results showed: (1) the physical environment along the desert highway is characterized by strong winds, fine and loose ground materials, different dunes and so on, which provides the dynamical condition and material source for the formation of blown sand disaster to the road and its shelter system. Meanwhile, the trend and cross-section of the road and the structure of the shelter system, as damage objects, play important roles in the formation process of blown sand disaster; (2) the blown sand disaster to the shelter system is original from the intrusion of the drift sands and mobile dunes outside the shelter system, and the wind erosion and sand deposit caused by the air stream changes on the ground in the shelter system. The main damage object in the Tarim Desert Highway is the shelter system presently. The damage forms include wind erosion, sand burying and dune covering; and (3) the damaged length of the blocking sand fences is 83.7%, 88.4%, 72.4%, 72.8% and 40.3% and the damaged area of the straw checkerboard belts is 73.1%, 58.2%, 44.5%, 35.4% and 36.6%, in turn, in 5 different landform units from north to south, and, the disasters to fences and the straw checkerboard belts are 79.5% and 57.6% in the compound dunes while they are 64.6% and 37.7% in the interdunes respectively.
相似文献18.
The Tarim Desert Highway in Xinjiang, China, the longest one in the world, has a lengthof 562 km, about 80% of which runs across, from north to south, the Taklimakan Desert. Obviously,the main problem of the road maintenance is the blown sand disaster. The research resultsshowed: (1) the physical environment along thedesert highway is characterized by strong winds,fine and loose ground materials, different dunes and so on, which provides the dynamical conditionand material source for the formation of blown sand disaster to the road and its shelter system.Meanwhile, the trend and cross-section of the road and the structure of the shelter system, asdamage objects, play important roles in the formation process of blown sand disaster; (2) theblown sand disaster to the shelter system is original from the intrusion of the drift sands and mobiledunes outside the shelter system, and the wind erosion and sand deposit caused by the air streamchanges on the ground in the shelter system. The main damage object in the Tarim Desert High-way is the shelter system presently. The damage forms include wind erosion, sand burying anddune covering; and (3) the damaged length of the blocking sand fences is 83.7%, 88.4%, 72.4%,72.8% and 40.3% and the damaged area of the straw checkerboard belts is 73.1%, 58.2%, 44.5%,35.4% and 36.6%, in turn, in 5 different landform units from north to south, and, the disasters tofences and the straw checkerboard belts are 79.5% and 57.6% in the compound dunes while theyare 64.6% and 37.7% in the interdunes respectively. 相似文献
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Sue White Jos M. García-Ruiz Carlos Martí Blas Valero M. Paz Errea Amelia Gmez-Villar 《水文研究》1997,11(14):1797-1812
On the evening of the 7 August 1996 an intense storm occurred over the Arás catchment near Biescas in the central Pyrenees. Eighty-seven people were killed as a result of the subsequent flood, which hit a campsite located on the alluvial fan at the outlet of the 18·8 km2 catchment. This paper presents the main results of a hydromorphological study of the event. The Betés subcatchment received the most intense rainfall, estimated at somewhat in excess of 250 mm, which resulted in a peak flow from this tributary of 300 m3 s−1. Just downstream from the Betés river junction, flow in the main channel reached 400 m3 s−1, increasing to around 500 m3 s−1 further downstream. Rainfall in the larger Aso tributary was less intense, and in the head reaches flow remained within-bank, representing a one in two-year return period event. Flow from this tributary did not exceed 100 m3 s−1, indicating that the Betés subcatchment supplied some 75% of the flow from just 28·7% of the catchment area. The extreme flows caused the collapse of a series of sediment trap dams in the Arás channel downstream of the Betés junction. This resulted in the addition of 68 000 m3 of sediment to an already disastrous event. Data from other rain gauges in the area showed both the extremely local nature of the event, and the problems of return period analysis for such storms, whose peaks are rarely observed at gauges. Together with the high geomorphological risks of the zone, this leads to the conclusion that a new method of spatial and temporal risk analysis is required for infrastructure planning. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Jones Keith Pascale Federica Wanigarathna Nadeeshani Morga Mariantonietta Sargin Sinan 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2021,19(10):4115-4143
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering - As cities become larger and more densely populated the impacts of major earthquake events on city communities become more severe. Improving community resilience... 相似文献