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1.
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors are often used to characterize the surface of bare soils in agricultural environments. They enable the soil moisture and roughness to be estimated with constraints linked to the configurations of the sensors (polarization, incidence angle and radar wavelength). These key soil characteristics are necessary for different applications, such as hydrology and risk prediction. This article reviews the potential of currently operational SAR sensors and those planned for the near future to characterize soil surface as a function of users' needs. It details what it is possible to achieve in terms of mapping soil moisture and roughness by specifying optimal radar configurations and the precision associated with the estimation of soil surface characteristics. The summary carried out for the present article shows that mapping soil moisture is optimal with SAR sensors at low incidence angles (<35 ). This configuration, which enables an estimated moisture accuracy greater than 6% is possible several times a month taking into account all the current and future sensors. Concerning soil roughness, it is best mapped using three classes (smooth, moderately rough, and rough). Such mapping requires high‐incidence data, which is possible with certain current sensors (RADARSAT‐1 and ASAR both in band C). When L‐band sensors (ALOS) become available, this mapping accuracy should improve because the sensitivity of the radar signal to Soil Surface Characteristics (SSC) increases with wavelength. Finally, the polarimetric mode of certain imminent sensors (ALOS, RADARSAT‐2, TerraSAR‐X, etc.), and the possibility of acquiring data at very high spatial resolution (metre scale), offer great potential in terms of improving the quality of SSC mapping. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

2.
Active microwave remote sensing observations of backscattering, such as C‐band vertically polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations from the second European remote sensing (ERS‐2) satellite, have the potential to measure moisture content in a near‐surface layer of soil. However, SAR backscattering observations are highly dependent on topography, soil texture, surface roughness and soil moisture, meaning that soil moisture inversion from single frequency and polarization SAR observations is difficult. In this paper, the potential for measuring near‐surface soil moisture with the ERS‐2 satellite is explored by comparing model estimates of backscattering with ERS‐2 SAR observations. This comparison was made for two ERS‐2 overpasses coincident with near‐surface soil moisture measurements in a 6 ha catchment using 15‐cm time domain reflectometry probes on a 20 m grid. In addition, 1‐cm soil moisture data were obtained from a calibrated soil moisture model. Using state‐of‐the‐art theoretical, semi‐empirical and empirical backscattering models, it was found that using measured soil moisture and roughness data there were root mean square (RMS) errors from 3·5 to 8·5 dB and r2 values from 0·00 to 0·25, depending on the backscattering model and degree of filtering. Using model soil moisture in place of measured soil moisture reduced RMS errors slightly (0·5 to 2 dB) but did not improve r2 values. Likewise, using the first day of ERS‐2 backscattering and soil moisture data to solve for RMS surface roughness reduced RMS errors in backscattering for the second day to between 0·9 and 2·8 dB, but did not improve r2 values. Moreover, RMS differences were as large as 3·7 dB and r2 values as low as 0·53 between the various backscattering models, even when using the same data as input. These results suggest that more research is required to improve the agreement between backscattering models, and that ERS‐2 SAR data may be useful for estimating fields‐scale average soil moisture but not variations at the hillslope scale. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

3.
Rice is the most important food source for people and is cultivated in most countries, among which China is one of the most productive. Increase of the world population and demands for economic devel-opment lead to the need of an efficient monitoring system for rice cultivation and forecasting of rice yield. Conventional methods for rice monitoring are based on ground-collected statistics, which is time consum-ing, inaccurate and expensive. Since the 1980s, satel-lite remote sensing has been c…  相似文献   

4.
In situ soil moisture data from the Bibeschbach experimental catchment in Luxembourg are used to evaluate relative surface soil moisture observed with the MetOp‐A Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT). Filtered and bias‐corrected surface soil wetness indices (SWIs) derived from coarse‐resolution (25 km) C‐band scatterometer observations are shown to be highly correlated (r = 0.86) with catchment‐averaged soil moisture measured in the field. The combination of ASCAT and ENVISAT Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) data sets yields high‐resolution (1 km) relative surface soil moisture that is equally well correlated with in situ measurements. It is concluded that for soil moisture monitoring applications at a catchment scale, the two soil moisture products are equivalent. The best correlation between the SWI derived from ASCAT and ASCAT‐ASAR with in situ soil moisture observations at ca. 5 cm depth is obtained with a characteristic time length parameter T equal to 288 h. These results suggest that satellite‐derived surface soil wetness may serve as proxy for soil storage that enables the monitoring of abrupt switches in river system dynamics to appear when an effective field capacity is exceeded and rapid subsurface stormflow is initiated. In catchments where soil moisture is the main controlling factor of rapid subsurface flow, MetOp ASCAT–derived SWI has the potential to monitor how a river system approaches a critical threshold. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

5.
利用弹性形变模型, 并以走滑型断层为例, 对地震同震形变场进行了模拟研究。 结合雷达成像几何关系, 得到干涉雷达的LOS向形变场以及干涉相位条纹图像。 对比分析了不同雷达波段(X波、 C波、 L波)以及不同雷达入射角(30°和50°)的同震形变场和干涉相位图。 结果表明, 同一雷达波段不同雷达入射角的LOS向形变场会有不同的效果, 入射角逐渐增大时, LOS向形变量随之增大, 体现了发震断层走滑特征; 采用不同雷达入射角, 其探测到的地表形变垂向分量和水平分量信息量不同, 表明入射角较大或较小时能够分别较好地对地表形变的水平变化和垂向变化进行监测; 同一雷达入射角, 不同雷达波段的干涉相位条纹有明显区别, 波长越短, 干涉条纹越密集, 容易出现去相关现象, 长波长的干涉相位条纹比较清晰。 从某种意义上讲, 尽管长波长的干涉相位反映地表形变信息的细节会减少, 但受噪声影响较小, 抗干扰性能较短波长的强, 干涉像对相干性高。 地表形变表现为长期缓慢的小幅度渐变性形态, 也表现为短期迅速的大面积突发性形态。 不同雷达波长探测到的地表形变有效信息不同, 为了更好地利用干涉雷达对各种尺度和不同变化速率的地表形变进行监测, 需要在满足精度的条件下尽可能地选择波长较长及多样化的雷达数据。  相似文献   

6.
Images from satellite platforms are a valid aid in order to obtain distributed information about hydrological surface states and parameters needed in calibration and validation of the water balance and flood forecasting. Remotely sensed data are easily available on large areas and with a frequency compatible with land cover changes. In this paper, remotely sensed images from different types of sensor have been utilized as a support to the calibration of the distributed hydrological model MOBIDIC, currently used in the experimental system of flood forecasting of the Arno River Basin Authority. Six radar images from ERS‐2 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors (three for summer 2002 and three for spring–summer 2003) have been utilized and a relationship between soil saturation indexes and backscatter coefficient from SAR images has been investigated. Analysis has been performed only on pixels with meagre or no vegetation cover, in order to legitimize the assumption that water content of the soil is the main variable that influences the backscatter coefficient. Such pixels have been obtained by considering vegetation indexes (NDVI) and land cover maps produced by optical sensors (Landsat‐ETM). In order to calibrate the soil moisture model based on information provided by SAR images, an optimization algorithm has been utilized to minimize the regression error between saturation indexes from model and SAR data and error between measured and modelled discharge flows. Utilizing this procedure, model parameters that rule soil moisture fluxes have been calibrated, obtaining not only a good match with remotely sensed data, but also an enhancement of model performance in flow prediction with respect to a previous calibration with river discharge data only. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Abstract The information regarding spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture in a catchment is of utmost importance in hydrological, as well as many other studies. Point measurements from gravimetric and other methods for soil moisture determination are insufficient to understand the spatial behaviour of soil moisture in a region. Microwave remote sensing data from active sensors on board various satellites are increasingly being used to map spatial distribution of soil moisture within the 0–10 cm top surface. The northern part of India has a network of large rivers and canals and, therefore, spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture in this region has a significant bearing on the hydrology of the region. In this paper, results on estimation of soil moisture from an ERS-2 SAR image in the catchment of the Solani River (a tributary to the River Ganga) in and around the town of Roorkee, India, have been presented. The radar backscatter coefficient for each pixel of the image has been modelled from the digital numbers of the SAR image. Gravimetric measurements have been made simultaneously during the satellite pass to determine the concurrent value of volumetric soil moisture at a large number of sample points within the satellite sweep area. The backscatter coefficient is found to vary from –30 dB to –42 dB for a variation in soil moisture from 30 to 75%. Regression analyses between volumetric soil moisture and both the digital numbers and backscatter coefficients were performed. Strong correlations between volumetric soil moisture and digital number were observed with R 2 values of 0.84, 0.75 and 0.83 for bare soil, vegetative and combined surfaces, respectively. A similar trend was observed with the relationship between backscatter and volumetric soil moisture with R 2 values of 0.60, 0.89 and 0.67 for bare soil, vegetative and combined surfaces, respectively. These results demonstrate the utilization of SAR data for estimation of spatial distribution of soil moisture in the region of the present study.  相似文献   

8.
Multi-temporal synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery from the European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) was evaluated for monitoring soil moisture at the Romney Marsh test site as part of the UK SAR Calibration and Crop Backscatter Experiment. A total of 18 C-band (5.3 GHz) ERS-1 SAR images were acquired during the three day orbit and co-registered. Accurate calibration of the backscatter measurements was achieved using calibration constants derived from an analysis of corner reflector target responses. Mean backscatter measurements were recorded for each field and compared with field data on soil moisture, surface roughness and rainfall patterns. A comparison of daily and hourly rainfall and soil moisture measurements with backscatter for different cover types showed that the observed trends in backscatter are dominated by moisture effects. A high positive correlation between volumetric soil moisture in the range 10–40% was observed for bare soil fields. A much weaker positive relationship between soil moisture and backscatter was observed for grassland fields.  相似文献   

9.
River discharge is currently monitored by a diminishing network of gauges, which provide a spatially incomplete picture of global discharges. This study assimilated water level information derived from a fused satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image and digital terrain model (DTM) with simulations from a coupled hydrological and hydrodynamic model to estimate discharge in an un‐gauged basin scenario. Assimilating water level measurements led to a 79% reduction in ensemble discharge uncertainty over the coupled hydrological hydrodynamic model alone. Measurement bias was evident, but the method still provided a means of improving estimates of discharge for high flows. The study demonstrates the potential of currently available synthetic aperture radar imagery to reduce discharge uncertainty in un‐gauged basins when combined with model simulations in a data assimilation framework, where sufficient topographic data are available. The work is timely because in the near future the launch of satellite radar missions will lead to a significant increase in the volume of data available for space‐borne discharge estimation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

10.
We present a methodology to construct three-dimensional deformation maps using different parameters that can be extracted using SAR data. We apply the methodology using ENVISAT SAR data before and after the December 26th, 2003 Mw 6.6 Bam earthquake in Iran to determine spatial quasi-continuous three-dimensional coseismic deformation maps. Two near vertical deformation offset components are computed using Envisat ASAR differential interferometry (DInSAR), while two horizontal deformation offset components are measured using sub-pixel correlation techniques applied to ASAR amplitude images. Using the presented methodology, we combine four unevenly precise independent projections of surface coseismic deformation to obtain the full three-dimensional coseismic deformation field caused by an earthquake. The full 3-D coseismic displacement vector is modeled using elastic deformation models constraining details of the fault geometry and slip distribution at depth. Results from the inversion are interpreted in the framework of the Iranian present-day tectonism. Full exploitation of dense 3-D coseismic surface deformation using SAR data, even for moderate earthquakes, should facilitate distinguishing between different interpretations of the mechanical properties of seismically active areas and within the inherent ambiguity of the geophysical inversion solutions.  相似文献   

11.
Bam earthquake: Surface deformation measurement using radar interferometry   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
1 Basic principle of SAR and SAR-interferometry Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is one kind of microwave side-looking imaging radar (Cur- lander and McDonough, 1991). In order to obtain an image for a large area, the carriers are many for the aerospace vehicle, like airplane, aerospace craft and satellite. As a result of its operational character, all-weather and high resolution, in the recent 20 years, SAR has obtained quicker de- velopment compared with an optical pickoff. Its applicati…  相似文献   

12.
雷达成像的波长、入射角、地面分辨率等参数严重影响着SAR差分干涉测量地面沉降的监测能力和精度,论文通过理论推导和矿区实际沉降差分干涉相位模拟,从监测到的最大沉降梯度和沉降量、保相能力、对微小沉降的敏感程度等方面对L和 C波段雷达干涉数据的矿区地面沉降监测能力进行分析;精化双轨D-InSAR数据处理的流程、方法和相应参数,使用ALOS PALSAR和ENVISAT ASAR数据获取济宁某矿区2009年12月到2010年02月期间更为精确的矿区地面沉降结果,并对沉降结果进行详细比较和系统分析.理论推导、相位模拟和真实数据实验都表明,相对于C波段的雷达干涉数据而言,L波段雷达干涉数据具有较强的保相能力,能够更好地降低失相干和相位不连续性的影响,更容易监测到沉降梯度和沉降量较大的矿区地面沉降,但对微小矿区地面沉降的敏感程度较低.  相似文献   

13.
When analysing the seismic response of pile groups, a vertically‐incident wavefield is usually employed even though it does not necessarily correspond to the worst case scenario. This work aims to study the influences of both the type of seismic body wave and its angle of incidence on the dynamic response of pile foundations. To this end, the formulation of SV, SH and P obliquely‐incident waves is presented and implemented in a frequency‐domain boundary element‐finite element code for the dynamic analysis of pile foundations and piled structures. Results are presented in terms of bending moments at cap level of single piles and 3 × 3 pile groups, both in frequency and in time domains. It is found that, in general, the vertical incidence is not the most unfavourable situation. In particular, obliquely‐incident SV waves with angles of incidence smaller than the critical one, a situation in which the mechanism of propagation of the waves in the soil changes and surface waves appear, yield bending moments much larger than those obtained for vertically‐incident wavefields. It is also shown that the influence of pile‐to‐pile interaction on the kinematic bending moments becomes significant for non‐vertical incidence, especially for P and SV waves. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

14.
Global digital elevation models (DEMs) are an invaluable source of information in large area studies. Of particular interest are shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) data that are freely available for the scientific community worldwide. Prior to any application, global datasets should be evaluated using reference data of higher accuracy. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of the SRTM C-band (version 4) DEM and SRTM X-band DEM of mountainous areas located in Poland and to examine the quality of data in relation to topographic parameters, radar beam geometry, initial voids in data and the presence of forest cover. A DEM from the Central National Geodetic and Cartographic Inventory, Poland, served as a reference. The study consisted of three steps: (i) the computation of vertical errors of the SRTM C- and X-band DEMs, (ii) the examination of any systematic bias in the data, and (iii) the analysis of the relationships between the elevation errors and terrain slope, aspect, local incidence angle, occurrence of voids and land cover. We found that the SRTM C- and X-band DEMs have mean errors equal to 4.31 ± 14.09 and 9.03 ± 37.40 m and root mean square errors equal to 14.74 and 38.47 m, respectively. Only 82 % of the C-band DEM and 74 % of the X-band DEM vertical errors had absolute values below 16 m. We found that the most important factors determining the occurrence of high errors were the distribution of initial voids and high slope angles for the C-band DEM, and local incidence angle, slope, aspect and radar beam geometry for the X-band DEM. In both cases, the presence of forest cover increased the mean error by approximately 10 m.  相似文献   

15.
Using remotely-sensed data, various soil moisture estimation models have been developed for bare soil areas. Previous studies have shown that the brightness temperature (BT) measured by passive microwave sensors were affected by characteristics of the land surface parameters including soil moisture, vegetation cover and soil roughness. Therefore knowledge of vegetation cover and soil roughness is important for obtaining frequent and global estimations of land surface parameters especially soil moisture.In this study, a model called Simultaneous Land Parameters Retrieval Model (SLPRM) that is an iterative least-squares minimization method is proposed. The algorithm estimates surface soil moisture, land surface temperature and canopy temperature simultaneously in vegetated areas using AMSR-E (Advance Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS) brightness temperature data. The simultaneous estimations of the three parameters are based on a multi-parameter inversion algorithm which includes model construction, calibration and validation using observations carried out for the SMEX03 (Soil Moisture Experiment, 2003) region in the South and North of Oklahoma.Roughness parameter has also been included in the algorithm to increase the soil parameters retrieval accuracy. Unlike other methods, the SLPRM method works efficiently in all land covers types.The study focuses on soil parameters estimation by comparing three different scenarios with the inclusion of roughness data and selects the most appropriate one. The difference between the resulted accuracies of scenarios is due to the roughness calculation approach.The analysis on the retrieval model shows a meaningful and acceptable accuracy on soil moisture estimation according to the three scenarios.The SLPRM method has shown better performance when the SAR (Synthetic Aperture RADAR) data are used for roughness calculation.  相似文献   

16.
Soil moisture is highly variable both spatially and temporally. It is widely recognized that improving the knowledge and understanding of soil moisture and the processes underpinning its spatial and temporal distribution is critical. This paper addresses the relationship between near‐surface and root zone soil moisture, the way in which they vary spatially and temporally, and the effect of sampling design for determining catchment scale soil moisture dynamics. In this study, catchment scale near‐surface (0–50 mm) and root zone (0–300 mm) soil moisture were monitored over a four‐week period. Measurements of near‐surface soil moisture were recorded at various resolutions, and near‐surface and root zone soil moisture data were also monitored continuously within a network of recording sensors. Catchment average near‐surface soil moisture derived from detailed spatial measurements and continuous observations at fixed points were found to be significantly correlated (r2 = 0·96; P = 0·0063; n = 4). Root zone soil moisture was also found to be highly correlated with catchment average near‐surface, continuously monitored (r2 = 0·81; P < 0·0001; n = 26) and with detailed spatial measurements of near‐surface soil moisture (r2 = 0·84). The weaker relationship observed between near‐surface and root zone soil moisture is considered to be caused by the different responses to rainfall and the different factors controlling soil moisture for the soil depths of 0–50 mm and 0–300 mm. Aspect is considered to be the main factor influencing the spatial and temporal distribution of near‐surface soil moisture, while topography and soil type are considered important for root zone soil moisture. The ability of a limited number of monitoring stations to provide accurate estimates of catchment scale average soil moisture for both near‐surface and root zone is thus demonstrated, as opposed to high resolution spatial measurements. Similarly, the use of near‐surface soil moisture measurements to obtain a reliable estimate of deeper soil moisture levels at the small catchment scale was demonstrated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

17.
In this paper fuzzy models are used as an alternative to describe groundwater flow in the unsaturated zone. The core of these models consists of a fuzzy rule-based model of the Takagi–Sugeno type. Various fuzzy clustering algorithms are compared in the data-driven identification of these Takagi–Sugeno models. The performance of the resulting fuzzy models is evaluated on the training surface on which they were identified, and on time series measurements of water content values obtained through an experiment carried out by the non-vegetated terrain (NVT) workgroup of the European Microwave Signature Laboratory (EMSL) (see [Mancini M, Hoeben R, Troch PA. Multifrequency radar observations of bare surface soil moisture content: a laboratory experiment. Water Resour Res 1999;35(6):1827–38] and [Hoeben R, Troch PA. Assimilation of active microwave observation data for soil moisture profile estimation. Water Resour Res 2000;36(10):2805–19]). Despite higher errors at the borders of high water content values in the training surface, good results are obtained on the simulation of the time series.  相似文献   

18.
FELIX T. PORTMANN 《水文研究》1997,11(10):1377-1392
In hydrological modelling of runoff processes, including water balance, various input data and parameters can be acquired or estimated by the use of remote sensing (RS) techniques.The acquisition and use of synoptic RS areal information rather than traditional point information is an important issue in hydrology. Hydrological models allow runoff/water balance in catchments to be calculated and flow routing within flow channels to be done. For runoff and water balance computations land use, soil moisture, detection of snow and ice, digital terrain models (DTM), as well as hydrometeorological information and discharge are important. For flow routing, water level information, geometric–topographic information such as cross-sections for normal and flood conditions, coefficient of roughness and velocity of flow and its cross-sectional distribution are required. In addition, water level information (lower and upper level) is needed for shipping and for design purposes. In the German part of the River Rhine catchment, several focus areas in the December 1993–January 1994 and January 1995 floods were covered with RS data [ERS-1 and airborne SAR, both C-band VV, passive microwave (18·7, 36·5, 89 GHz), TIR, UV, aerial photographs (b/w PAN, b/w NIR)], giving a good opportunity for a comparison of methods. Evaluation is still continuing. The importance of soil saturation for flood generation and, therefore, for flood monitoring, was shown on this occasion. The use of ERS SAR data for soil moisture estimation is currently being investigated by the Federal Institute of Hydrology. Also, the need for emergency schemes for data acquisition and easy, quick and affordable RS data dissemination was demonstrated. The assimilation of RS data with GIS information such as DTMs, including relevant topographic features like dams, which is omitted in currently available raster digital elevation models, is promising. RS altimetry techniques can be a step towards high resolution DTMs for hydrological purposes. Ground truth reference data are still needed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

19.
针对10种不同坡角的凸起地形,采用基于透射边界的有限元-有限差分计算方法,研究了局部凸起在SV波斜入射时,地震动峰值加速度放大倍数和反应谱谱比随入射角度的变化规律。结果表明:①地震波以一定的角度斜入射时,地表大部分观测点的峰值加速度放大倍数大于垂直入射的情况;②在计算模型宽高比一定的情况下,最不利入射角度与坡角有一定关系,且地表最不利位置随坡角增大由凸起台地边缘向中心移动;③入射角度对凸起地形地震反应谱特性的影响十分显著,不但影响谱比的幅值,也影响谱比曲线的形状,斜入射时各关键节点大部分周期点的谱比值大于垂直入射,入射角度对反应谱中的高频成分影响较为显著,而对长周期成分影响不大。  相似文献   

20.
巴姆地震地表形变的差分雷达干涉测量   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文
夏耶 《地震学报》2005,27(4):423-430
利用星载合成孔径差分雷达干涉技术和ENVISAT卫星雷达数据, 获得了2003年12月26日伊朗巴姆的里氏6.5级地震引起的同震地表形变场,并详细地介绍了信号处理的过程. 利用地震前后的相干图的差异及形变场的突变棱线, 精确确定了地面上断层裂缝的位置、形状和长度. 这对震源理论模型的参数估计提供了依据. 由雷达干涉技术测量得到的形变场与理论模型模拟的结果一致.   相似文献   

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