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1.
参照并综合应用国内外相关资料、实验和研究成果，建立了一种涉及多种环境因素的模型，分析了不同因素对构造运动能量指标的影响．其中包括地壳纵向结构、断层产状、岩性条件、地壳应力状态、孔隙压力和地温条件等．模型计算结果表明，断裂的剪切破裂能随深度增加通常呈现先上升，在某一深度上达到峰值后逐渐衰减的形态．在诸多因素中，孔隙压力和地温条件对能量指标的影响相对显著．高孔隙压力和地温环境可导致剪切破裂能曲线的峰值降低、峰值和铃腰值所在的深度下移．这种效应限制了强震事件，而适于中小地震活动或低能量释放的断层活动，其震源深度分布的下限较低．反之，低孔隙压力和低地温环境使剪切破裂能曲线的峰值加大、形态变陡，其结果利于高强度、高能量积累的闭锁段的形成．如果这两种段落在断裂带上相邻，则可能促进断裂带不同段落之间的能量转换，从而形成能量积累程度高而邻区锁定强度低的孕震环境．红河断裂北西段温泉密度和热储温度分布与该地区的地震频度、强度和震源深度分布之间的关系与模型结果基本相符，从而为模型的主要推论提供了佐证． 相似文献
2.
IntroductionThe tectono-physical background and dynamic environmental features of strong earthquakes have long been studied from different viewpoints by seismologists both in domestic and abroad. Many controlling factors include the crust structure, lithological environment, tectonic conditions, the stress state, heat flow distribution and hydrodynamic effects at depth, etc. Some of the studies have established a foundation for researching and recognizing the spatial distribution of potential … 相似文献
3.
In this paper the relation between fault movement and stress state in deep crust is discussed, based on synthetic analysis
of the crustal stresses measured over the world and the concerned data of focal mechanism. Using Coulomb criterion for shear
failure and frictional slip, analytical expressions for estimating stabilities of intact rock and existing fault in the crust
and for identifying the type of faulting (normal, strike-slip or thrust fault) are derived. By defining the Failure FunctionF
m and the Fraction FunctionF
f, which may describe steadiness of crustal rock and existing fault, respectively, a synthetic model is set up to consider
both fracturing mechanism and the sliding mechanism. By this model, a method to study stability and unstable behavior of crustal
rock and fault at different depths is given.
According to the above model, quantitative study on the crustal stability in the North China plain is made in terms of the
measured data of hydraulic fracturing stress, pore-fluid pressure, terrestrical heat flow in this region. The functionsF
m andF
f and the shear stresses on faults with different strike angle and dip angle at various depths in this region are calculated.
In the calculation the constraint condition of fault movement obeys Byerlee’s Law, and the depth-dependent nonlinear change
in the vertical stress due to inhomogeneity of crustal density and the high anomalous pore-fluid pressure in deep crust of
this region are considered.
The conclusions are: the unstable behavior of the crust in the North China plain is not failure of crustal rock but slip on
existing fault; the depth range where stick-slip of fault may happen is about from 8 to 20 km or more; stability of steep
fault is lower than that of gentle sloping fault; the shear stresses in the range where may occur stick-slip are nearly horizontal;
the steep faults trending from NNE to NE in this region are liable to produce strong earthquakes, whose co-seismic faultings
are, for the most part, right lateral slip; the change in pore-fluid pressure in depth remarkably affects the stability of
the crust and the increase in pore-fluid pressure, therefore, would be an important factor exciting strong earthquake in this
region. The above theoretical inferences are consistent with the data measured in this region.
The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologia Sinica,13, 450–461, 1991.
This work is supported by Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation. 相似文献
4.
本文通过地壳应力测量结果和地震资料的综合分析,对深部应力状态与断层运动的关系作了讨论:进而应用库仑准则,推导了三维应力作用下完整岩体和已有的任意空间方向断层面的失稳条件及其滑动方式的解析表达式.通过建立描述岩体和已有断层稳定性的两个函数————破裂函数 Fm 和摩擦函数 Ff,给出了应用破裂机制和摩擦滑动机制综合分析地壳稳定性和失稳性态的方法:根据这种分析方法并结合华北平原区的水压致裂应力测量资料,以及孔隙压力、大地热流等观测结果,定量研究了本区地壳的稳定问题,计算并图示了地壳内破裂函数沿深度的分布,以及各种走向和倾向断层面上的摩擦函数和剪应力分布;计算中以 Byerlee 定律作为断层运动的约束条件,并考虑了地壳密度纵向非均匀性导致的垂直应力沿深度的非线性增长以及深部超静水压力的异常孔隙压力作用.结果表明,华北平原区地壳失稳性态主要表现为已有断层的滑动;伴有高剪应力降的断层运动的深度范围在8至2.0多公里之间:陡断层稳定性低于缓断层,其运动方式以走滑为主;本区 NNE-NE 走向的陡断层是一组易震断层,其震时错动为右旋走滑;孔隙压力的增长对地壳稳定性有显著的影响;华北平原区深部高异常孔隙压力是地震活动的一种重要背景. 相似文献
5.
Tada-nori Goto 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2005,148(1):55-72
Seismicity along the Atotsugawa Fault, located in central Japan, shows a clear heterogeneity. The central segment of the fault with low-seismicity is recognized as a seismic gap, although a lot of micro-earthquakes occur along this fault. In order to elucidate the cause of the heterogeneity in seismicity, the electrical resistivity structure was investigated around the Atotsugawa Fault by using the magnetotelluric (MT) method. The regional geoelectrical strikes are approximately parallel to the fault in a low-frequency range. We constructed two-dimensional resistivity models across the fault using TM-mode MT responses to minimize three-dimensional effects on the modeling process. A smooth inversion algorithm was used, and the static-shifts on the apparent resistivity were corrected in the inversion process.A shallow, low resistivity zone along the fault is found from the surface to a depth of 1-2 km in the best-fit model across the high-seismicity segment of the fault. On the other hand, the corresponding low resistivity zone along the low-seismicity segment is limited to a shallower depth less than 1 km. The low resistivity zone along the Atotsugawa Fault is possibly due to fluid in the fracture zone; the segment with higher levels of seismicity may have higher fluid content in the fault zone compared with the lower seismicity segment. On a view of the crustal structure, a lateral resistivity variation in a depth range of 3-12 km is found below the fault trace in the high-seismicity segment, while a resistive layer of wide extent is found at a depth of about 5 km below the fault trace in the low-seismicity segment. The resistive layer is explained by less fluid condition and possibly characterized as high rigidity. Differences in the resistivity structures between low and high-seismicity segments of the fault suggest that the seismic gap in the central part of the Atotsugawa Fault may be interpreted as a locked segment. Thus, MT is an effective method in evaluating a cause and future activity of seismic gaps along active faults.The lower crust appears as a conductive zone beneath the low-seismicity segment, less conductive beneath the high-seismicity segment. Fluid is inferred as a preferable cause of the conductive zone in this study. It is suggested that the conductive lower crust beneath the low-seismicity segment is recognized where fluid is trapped by an impermeable layer in the upper crust. On the other hand, fluid in the lower crust may upwell to the surface along the high-seismicity segment of the fault. 相似文献
6.
Energy partitioning during seismic slip in pseudotachylyte-bearing faults (Gole Larghe Fault, Adamello, Italy) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Lidia Pittarello Giulio Di Toro Andrea Bizzarri Giorgio Pennacchioni Jafar Hadizadeh Massimo Cocco 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,269(1-2):131-139
The determination of the earthquake energy budget remains a challenging issue for Earth scientists, as understanding the partitioning of energy is a key towards the understanding the physics of earthquakes. Here we estimate the partition of the mechanical work density into heat and surface energy (energy required to create new fracture surface) during seismic slip on a location along a fault. Earthquake energy partitioning is determined from field and microstructural analyses of a fault segment decorated by pseudotachylyte (solidified friction-induced melt produced during seismic slip) exhumed from a depth of ~ 10 km—typical for earthquake hypocenters in the continental crust. Frictional heat per unit fault area estimated from the thickness of pseudotachylytes is ~ 27 MJ m− 2. Surface energy, estimated from microcrack density inside clast (i.e., cracked grains) entrapped in the pseudotachylyte and in the fault wall rock, ranges between 0.10 and 0.85 MJ m− 2. Our estimates for the studied fault segment suggest that ~ 97–99% of the energy was dissipated as heat during seismic slip. We conclude that at 10 km depth, less than 3% of the total mechanical work density is adsorbed as surface energy on the fault plane during earthquake rupture. 相似文献
7.
从应力降的静态理论,讨论了地震应力降的精度,并利用野外观测的最大位移和由地震波得到的地震矩,分别计算了十个研究较充分的地震应力降.对不同作者的结果作了比较,可以看出,应力降有因子为2的变化范围.但从统计观点看,地震应力降是分布在几巴到几百巴的数量级,大多数位于20-60巴;总结了地壳中代表性岩石在地壳温度、压力条件下,粘滑及脆性剪切破裂时的应力降,它们与温度、压力、岩性、含水矿物的存在有关.取值范围是从零到几千巴数量级;讨论了地震断层的物理状态,指出地震应力降是一种平均结果,并由于静态理论忽略了断层面破裂所消耗的能量,所以地震应力降比实际的应力降要低. 相似文献
8.
ＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｆａｕｌｔｒｏｃｋｓａｎｄｐａｌｅｏｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｏｕｒｃｅａｌｏｎｇｔｈｅＫｏｋｔｏｋａｙＥｒｔａｉｆａｕｌｔｚｏｎｅ，Ｘｉｎｊｉａｎｇ，ＣｈｉｎａＬＡＮＢＩＮＳＨＩ１）（史兰斌）ＣＨＵＡＮＹＯＮ... 相似文献
9.
本研究运用远震扰动场方法,利用134个数字地震观测台记录的10次远震记录对郯庐断裂带中南段地壳介质散射强度进行研究.结果表明,研究区上、下地壳介质散射强度呈现强烈的横向非均匀性特征,上、下地壳介质散射强度空间分布特征基本一致,散射强度高值区主要分布在华北断块区及秦岭—大别褶皱系的东部地区,散射强度低值区主要分布在下扬子断块区,散射强度峰值区主要分布在六安、莒南、嘉山、烟台等地.地壳介质散射强度与构造块体具有较强的相关性,构造块体不同,地壳介质散射强度则存在一定的差异;沿郯庐断裂带地壳介质散射强度呈现分段性特征,可分为潍坊至临沂段、临沂至嘉山段以及嘉山至九江段三段;地震活动与地壳介质散射强度有较强的相关性,地震多发生在地壳介质散射强度梯度带上,郯庐断裂带的潍坊至临沂段、嘉山至九江段地壳介质散射强度梯度较大,此段中小地震活动较强,而临沂至嘉山段地壳介质散射强度梯度小,中小地震活动相对较弱.地壳介质散射强度与构造块体、断裂构造及地震活动之间的相关性,除反映了深部介质物性可能存在差异外,也可能与深部介质物理形态、物质运移以及深部应力应变环境的变化有关. 相似文献
10.
从断裂力学观点研究地震的破裂过程和地震预报 总被引：29，自引：2，他引：27
把断裂力学中的应变能释放率公式和裂纹错开位移公式运用到地震破裂中来,再用震级-能量公式logεe=α1M+α2,对于走向滑动、倾向滑动和圆盘形剪切破裂找到了震源参数和地壳应力状态之间的内在联系,汇总在表2。对于走滑断层情形,关系式如下: （1） （2） （3） （4）应力降 （5）平均应力 （6）用Mo和L2W求区域应力公式式中,M为震级,L、W为断层长度和宽度,η为地震效率,τ0为区域剪切应力,τy为剪切屈服强度,μ为刚性系数,v为泊松比,为平均位错,M0为地震矩。 利用（6）式或（1）式,在实验室测出地壳状态下屈服强度τy,后,可用地震观测资料算出区域剪切应力τ0。 上述关系式和目前流行的震源参数之间的关系式有很大的差别。原因是以往只考虑了破裂的初态和终态,没有考虑破裂过程。而断裂力学恰恰是考虑了破裂过程。 相似文献
11.
Using over 3 500 first P arrival times recorded by nine digital seismic stations from Hainan Digital Seismic Net-work during 1999～2005,a 3-D P-wave velocity model of the crust under Hainan Island and adjacent regions has been determined. The results show that the pattern of velocity anomalies in the shallower upper crust is somewhat associated with the surface geological tectonics in the region. A relative low-velocity anomaly appears north of the Wangwu-Wenjiao fault zone and a relative high-velocity anomaly appears south of the Wangwu-Wenjiao fault zone,corresponding to the depressed areas in north Hainan Island,where many volcanoes are frequently active and geothermal values are relatively higher,and the uplifted and stable regions in central and south of the Hainan Is-land. In the middle and lower crust velocities are relatively lower in east Hainan than those in west Hainan,possi-bly suggesting the existence of the upwelling of hot materials from the mantle in east Hainan. The pattern of veloc-ity anomalies also indicates that NW faults,i.e.,the Puqian-Qinglan fault,may be shallower,while the E-W Wangwu-Wenjiao fault may be deeper,which perhaps extends down to Moho depth or deeper. 相似文献
12.
本文联合使用云南、四川和贵州地震台网的85个地震台站在2008年1月—2017年12月期间记录的49130个地震、317366个初至Pg震相绝对到时数据和2674110条高精度的相对到时数据,采用区域双差地震层析成像方法联合反演了川滇南部地壳三维P波速度结构和39621个地震的震源参数,探究了川滇南部中下地壳流和腾冲火山区岩浆囊的分布特征.研究结果表明：（1）川滇南部上地壳的速度异常特征与地表地形密切相关;（2）小江断裂带的中下地壳存在一条绵延近二百多公里的低速异常结构,最南端受到红河断裂带的阻挡而终止于断裂带南段北侧,这可能是川滇南部的一条中下地壳流,低速异常结构在红河断裂带南段转而向南东流动反映了红河断裂带可能为川滇菱形块体的西南边界;（3）红河断裂带各段速度异常存在明显的差异,重定位后的震源分布显示红河断裂带中段和南段虽然不如北段地震活动强烈,但地震震源深度分布较北段深;（4）腾冲火山区西侧和北侧下方10~20 km深度范围内存在的低速异常体推测为通过怒江断裂带形成的岩浆通道从中地壳涌入上地壳的岩浆囊,可能反映了自更新世延续至今的以橄榄玄武岩和安山岩为主要岩性的壳内岩浆活动,持续的岩浆活动为地表热活动提供了主要动力. 相似文献
13.
Based on the first arrival P and S data of 4 625 regional earthquakes recorded at 174 stations dispersed in the Yunnan and
Sichuan Provinces, the 3-D velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in the region is determined, incorporating with previous
deep geophysical data. In the upper crust, a positive anomaly velocity zone exists in the Sichuan basin, whereas a negative
anomaly velocity zone exists in the western Sichuan plateau. The boundary between the positive and negative anomaly zones
is the Longmenshan fault zone. The images of lower crust and upper mantle in the Longmenshan fault, Xianshuihe fault, Honghe
fault and others show the characteristic of tectonic boundary, indicating that the faults likely penetrate the Moho discontinuity.
The negative velocity anomalies at the depth of 50 km in the Tengchong volcanic area and the Panxi tectonic zone appear to
be associated with the temperature and composition variations in the upper mantle. The overall features of the crustal and
the upper mantle structures in the Sichuan-Yunnan region are the lower average velocity in both crust and uppermost mantle,
the large crustal thickness variations, and the existence of high conductivity layer in the crust or/and upper mantle, and
higher geothermal value. All these features are closely related to the collision between the India and the Asia plates. The
crustal velocity in the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block generally shows normal value or positive anomaly, while the negative
anomaly exists in the area along the large strike-slip faults as the block boundary. It is conducive to the crustal block
side-pressing out along the faults. In the major seismic zones, the seismicity is relative to the negative anomaly velocity.
Most strong earthquakes occurred in the upper-mid crust with positive anomaly or normal velocity, where the negative anomaly
zone generally exists below.
Foundation item: National Scientific and Technological Development Program (95-973-02-02), the Climb Program (95-S-05-01) of National Scientific
and Technological Ministry of China, and the State Natural Sciences Foundation of China (49874021).
Contribution No. 02FE2004, Institute of Geophysics, China Seismological Bureau. 相似文献
14.
磁县大名断层分段特征及活动性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据邯郸市活断层探测的最新资料,结合野外调查和石油地质的研究成果,对磁县—大名断层的分段性进行了研究;根据探槽开挖及测年结果的分析,对其活动性进行了讨论。研究结果显示,磁县—大名断层从东向西可分为3段:大名—临漳段、磁县—峰峰段和南山村—岔口段,3段呈左阶展布。研究表明:磁县—峰峰段晚更新世以来没有活动的证据;西段活动性较强;大名—临漳段沿线有多次中强震发生,其活动性有待进一步研究。由于上覆沉积层的影响,磁县—峰峰段未见明显的地表破裂带,因沉积物厚度逐渐减薄而表现为上断点由东向西逐渐变浅,在南山村—岔口段表现为明显的地表破裂带。 相似文献
15.
本文选取山东地区2个Ⅲ类场地的工程地质勘探及土层剪切波速等资料,将土层厚度按5个深度段,每个分段给出了4个土层剪切波速的改变量,通过改变不同深度段土层剪切波速,建立了19种土层地震反应分析模型,分析了不同深度段,不同概率水平下土层剪切波速的变化对场地地震动参数的影响。研究表明,不同深度段土层剪切波速的变化对场地地震动参数的影响有差异。具体表现为,土层剪切波速的改变在1—10m、11—40m和地震输入界面处三个深度段对地震动加速度峰值影响较大;其中,41—70m和71—100m两个深度段剪切波速的改变对地震动加速度峰值影响小;在土层深度1—10m时,剪切波速降低,峰值变大,剪切波速的改变与峰值的改变呈负相关;在其它深度段,剪切波速降低,峰值变小,剪切波速的改变与峰值的改变呈正相关。剪切波速的改变在1—10m和11—40m两个深度段对地震加速度反应谱影响较大;在41—70m、71—100m和地震输入界面三个深度段对地震加速度反应谱影响很小。 相似文献
16.
We have studied three‐dimensional fault geometries through a geologically integrated analysis of fault seismic attribute volumes. We used a series of coherence (semblance) and filtered coherence attribute volumes with parameters optimised for imaging faults in the studied seismic volumes. Fault geometric attributes such as along strike segment length and displacement were measured on fault seismic attributes. The scaling relationships of fault geometric attributes were studied using statistical methods such as the Bayesian information criterion, the likelihood ratio test, and the bootstrap method. Univariate distributions of fault segment length and maximum displacement show a truncated power law for most of the fault data. The statistical results indicate a piecewise‐linear relation with two slopes between depth and fault segments lengths: depth and mean displacement. For these relations, we observe consistent increases in fault segment lengths and mean displacements from the lower tip of the fault at depth toward a point of inflection at shallower depth at the vertical section. From that point, a reduction in fault segment lengths and mean displacements toward the upper tip of the fault at the shallower depth occurs. Fault segmentation along strike increases toward the lower and upper tips of the fault, but the maximum number of segments are located near the lower tip of the fault in two of the studied faults. The fault segment length is maximum, where the number of segments (along strike) is least close to the middle of the fault in the vertical section. 相似文献
17.
利用川西流动地震台阵、汶川地震震后应急台网记录到的P波到时资料,对2008年5月至2008年10月期间发生的汶川地震余震序列应用双差层析成像方法进行了地震震源和三维P波速度结构的联合反演.结果显示,联合反演获得的地震重定位结果与基于一维地壳参考模型的双差定位方法结果相近;研究区15 km以上速度结构与地表断裂分布密切相关,20 km以下深度呈现北东向和北西向交错结构.汶川地震破裂带南段龙门山断裂带之间上地壳呈现高速异常,速度结构的非均匀变化是控制余震分布和主震破裂传播的主要因素;联合反演结果给出了小鱼洞-理县方向存在隐伏断裂的速度结构证据,同时发现,破裂带北东段可能沿新发断裂扩展;结果确认了汶川地震起始段的高角度逆冲断裂特征,也确认了前山断裂和中央断裂在约20 km深度合并到脆韧转换带的特征. 相似文献
18.
烟台市及其邻近地区活断层地震危险性评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文是"十二五"国家科技支撑计划项目专题(2012BAK19B04-01)"郯庐地震断裂带中段地震活动规律及地震危险区判定研究"部分成果的总结。在分析了烟台市及其邻近地区的地震地质、地球物理、断层综合地球物理探测、探槽开挖、断层活动性鉴定等技术手段获得的反映区域地震构造环境、深部构造背景、活动断裂长期滑动习性的定性和定量资料、历史与现代地震活动性和地球动力学资料的基础上,甄别出了具有发生破坏性地震的活断层段。同时采用定性、定量和综合判定的方法,评价了烟台市及其邻近地区主要活动断裂的地震危险性。本文的研究成果可为胶东半岛地区的地震监测预报、地震区划、震害预测和断层危害性评价提供基础依据。 相似文献
19.
通过华北断块区的地震活动、空间分布、地震断裂力学参数分析和剪切破裂带地震滑动速率及应力计算等研究了该地区现代构造断裂的动力学问题。基本结果如下: (1) 由地震活动及其分布所构成的深部地壳的现代断裂为一稳定的剪切破裂网络体系。 (2) 由震源机制资料得到本区地震断层多属走滑型和近走滑型,震源区主应力为水平力和近水平力。但斜滑型断层和倾滑型断层以及斜力和近垂直力也占有不可忽视的比例。 (3) 由地震矩估算出剪切破裂带的平均滑动速率均小于0.1厘米/年。 (4) 用中小地震估算本区地震构造力约为几十——几百巴量级 相似文献
20.
云南思茅—中甸宽角反射/折射地震剖面切割松潘—甘孜、扬子和华南三个构造单元的部分区域. 我们利用初至波和壳内反射波走时层析成像获得地壳纵波速度结构. 在获得新的地壳速度结构模型基础上，利用地震散射成像思想和低叠加次数的叠前深度偏移方法重建了研究区的地壳、上地幔反射结构. 综合分析研究区地壳P波速度模型和壳内地震反射剖面发现：沿测线从北至南地壳厚度从约50 km减薄至35 km左右，地壳厚度的减薄量主要体现在下地壳，剖面北段下地壳厚度约为30 km，剖面南段下地壳厚度仅为15 km左右；上地幔顶部局部位置P波速度值偏低，一般为76～78 km/s，反映出云南地区是典型的构造活动区的特点.剖面沿线地壳内地震反射发育，其中莫霍强反射出现在景云桥下方；在景云桥弧形断裂带8～10 km深处出现宽约50 km的强反射带. 相似文献