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1.
基于地层力学结构的三维构造恢复及其地质意义 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
三维构造恢复不仅可以验证构造解释在三维空间的一致性,也可用于计算构造内部的应变状态,确定构造位移变化路径及地层力学结构对构造生长过程的影响。在Gocad三维平台上综合遥感、地震和钻井等资料,建立准噶尔盆地南缘主要勘探目的层古近系古新统—始新统紫泥泉子组(E1-2z)的面模型和霍尔果斯深层背斜的体模型,并在体模型的三维域中设置剪切模量、拉梅常数以及岩层密度,以求真实反映实际地层力学结构。在此基础上利用基于Gocad平台开发的三维构造恢复插件对两者开展恢复试验。面模型恢复结果表明,准噶尔盆地南缘山前逆冲断层上盘的恢复应变椭球长轴多呈北西方向,与该位置天山山体和山前断裂带走向斜交,这一特征印证了晚新生代以来的斜向挤压作用。但在山前第二排背斜带东西300km的范围内,恢复应变椭球长轴由霍尔果斯背斜处的近南北逐渐向东西两侧的北北东向和北西向过渡,揭示出深部隐伏断裂可能具有前陆地区典型的弧形冲断特征。体模型恢复结果表明,霍尔果斯深层背斜内部的应变状态与其所经历的运动学过程并没有显著的对应关系,恢复应变分布主要受相邻地层之间力学结构的差异控制,这就导致同一断块不同地层内部的应变状态具有不同的分布特征。在石油勘探开发领域,针对圈闭范围小尺度构造的恢复应变计算可用于构造裂缝性质、方位和分布的预测。 相似文献
2.
The inference of fault geometry from suprajacent fold shape relies on consistent and verified forward models of fault-cored folds, e.g. suites of models with differing fault boundary conditions demonstrate the range of possible folding. Results of kinematic (fault-parallel flow) and mechanical (boundary element method) models are compared to ascertain differences in the way the two methods simulate flexure associated with slip along flat-ramp-flat geometry. These differences are assessed by systematically altering fault parameters in each model and observing subsequent changes in the suprajacent fold shapes. Differences between the kinematic and mechanical fault-fold relationships highlight the differences between the methods. Additionally, a laboratory fold is simulated to determine which method might best predict fault parameters from fold shape. Although kinematic folds do not fully capture the three-dimensional nature of geologic folds, mechanical models have non-unique fold-fault relationships. Predicting fault geometry from fold shape is best accomplished by a combination of the two methods. 相似文献
3.
基底断层在沉积盖层中传播所形成的褶皱形态难以用平行膝折褶皱理论进行解释,这在于两者的流变学性质有很大差异。Erslev提出了三角剪切断层传播褶皱理论,认为下伏断层的脆性强破裂变形为向上变宽的三角形分布式剪切所调节,三角形顶点固定于断层端点。Hardy和Ford拓展了这一理论并成功地建立数字模拟模型,Allmendinger进一步建立与完善了三角剪切的正演模型与反演方法。通过运动学模型预测结果与天然构造观察和相似模拟实验结果的对比分析,以及通过一系列力学模型对运动学模型的检验,三角剪切断层传播褶皱理论被证实并获得了广泛应用。对前陆盆地、克拉通盆地和走滑盆地的基底卷入型构造与走滑或斜向滑动构造,都可以应用三角剪切断层传播褶皱理论来分析变形样式及其分布特征。该理论可以有效地预测隐伏断层的初始破裂点、断层传播量与发育部位,已成功地应用于工程地质与地震灾害预报等方面。 相似文献
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张文佑院士是我国最杰出的构造地质学家和大地构造学家,他提出和倡导的地质构造力学分析和历史分析相结合及断块构造理论符合当代构造地质和构造运动研究的新方向。断块构造是地球构造运动最基本的型式,板块构造是全球范围内的岩石圈构造,是最高一级的岩石圈断块构造。活动断块是现今构造运动最基本的型式,它既控制主要活动构造带和地震活动带的分布,也控制不同地区地震活动特征的差异。断块边界构造带是在构造变形和运动场中的不连续变形带,应力在此释放,应变在此局部化,位移在此发生,其差异活动最为强烈,因此,断块边界构造带是强震发生带,其活动性质会控制震源断层的特性。大地震孕育和发生在边界活动构造带的某些特殊部位,对其成核的构造和物理过程尚需深入进行研究。要特别注意断块整体性活动对地震活动的控制作用,断块的这种整体性活动与一定时期内地震活动主体地区分布有密切关系,所以,在活动构造研究中,要把断块的整体性活动与活动构造带的个体活动结合起来。 相似文献
6.
A strategy to predict strain across geological structures, based on previous techniques, is modified and evaluated, and a practical application is shown. The technique, which employs cross-section restoration combined with kinematic forward modelling, consists of restoring a section, placing circular strain markers on different domains of the restoration, and forward modelling the restored section with strain markers until the present-day stage is reached. The restoration algorithm employed must be also used to forward model the structure. The ellipses in the forward modelled section allow determining the strain state of the structure and may indirectly predict orientation and distribution of minor structures such as small-scale fractures. The forward model may be frozen at different time steps (different growth stages) allowing prediction of both spatial and temporal variation of strain. The method is evaluated through its application to two stages of a clay experiment, that includes strain markers, and its geometry and deformation history are well documented, providing a strong control on the results. To demonstrate the method's potential, it is successfully applied to a depth-converted seismic profile in the Central Sumatra Basin, Indonesia. This allowed us to gain insight into the deformation undergone by rollover anticlines over listric normal faults. 相似文献
7.
断层相关褶皱理论与应用研究新进展 总被引：24，自引：1，他引：23
自Rich(1934)提出断层转折褶皱的几何学概念以来,Suppe(1983)首次将其定量化,建立了褶皱形态与断层形态和断层滑动之间的定量关系,奠立了断层相关褶皱理论的基本模型。20年来,不但建立了断层传播褶皱、断层滑脱褶皱等基本端员类型的几何学与运动学模型,也建立与完善了断层相关褶皱叠加样式的几何学与运动学模型,例如叠瓦构造、构造楔与干涉构造等。研究同构造沉积作用,建立了生长断层相关褶皱的几何学与运动学模型,将沉积作用与断裂作用、褶皱作用及构造隆升作用等有机地联系起来。考虑地层的力学性质与变形差异,提出与建立了剪切断层转折褶皱理论,并建立了断层相关褶皱的一系列力学模型。20年来,断层相关褶皱的基本研究方法经历了由二维剖面与平面分析向全三维空间分析的转变,由几何学、运动学模型向力学模型的转变,实验模拟技术与数值模拟技术在断层相关褶皱理论模型的建立与检验中发挥了重要作用。断层相关褶皱的理论和方法在工程地质、地震灾害预报与油气勘探开发等领域获得了广泛的应用。中国在天山、祁连山和龙门山等相邻的前陆盆地的活动构造与含油气圈闭研究中,应用断层相关褶皱的理论与方法取得了重要进展。 相似文献
8.
We model the development of shape preferred orientation (SPO) of a large population of two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) rigid clasts suspended in a linear viscous matrix deformed by superposed steady and continuously non-steady plane strain flows to investigate the sensitivity of clasts to changing boundary conditions during a single or superposed deformation events. Resultant clast SPOs are compared to one developed by an identical initial population that experienced a steady flow history of constant kinematic vorticity and reached an identical finite strain state, allowing examination of SPO sensitivity to deformation path. Rotation paths of individual triaxial inclusions are complex, even for steady plane strain flow histories. It has been suggested that the 3D nature of the system renders predictions based on 2D models inadequate for applied clast-based kinematic vorticity gauges. We demonstrate that for a large population of clasts, simplification to a 2D model does provide a good approximation to the SPO predicted by full 3D analysis for steady and non-steady plane strain deformation paths. Predictions of shape fabric development from 2D models are not only qualitatively similar to the more complex 3D analysis, but they display the same limitations of techniques based on clast SPO commonly used as a quantitative kinematic vorticity gauge. Our model results from steady, superposed, and non-steady flow histories with a significant pure shearing component at a wide range of finite strain resemble predictions for an identical initial population that experienced a single steady simple shearing deformation. We conclude that individual 2D and 3D clasts respond instantaneously to changes in boundary conditions, however, in aggregate, the SPO of a population of rigid inclusions does not reflect the late-stage kinematics of deformation, nor is it an indicator of the unique ‘mean’ kinematic vorticity experienced by a deformed rock volume. 相似文献
9.
We present a new approach of using local constraints on fault slip to perform three-dimensional geomechanical restorations. Geomechanical restoration has been performed previously on extensional and contractional systems, yet attempts to restore strike- and oblique-slip fault systems have generally failed to recover viable fault-slip patterns. The use of local measures of slip as constraints in the restoration overcomes this difficulty and enables restorations of complex strike- and oblique slip-systems. To explore this approach, we develop a synthetic restraining bend system to evaluate different ways that local slip constraints can be applied. Our restorations show that classical boundary conditions fail to reproduce the fault offset and strain pattern. In contrast, adding piercing points and/or properly constraining lateral walls enables restoration of the structure and resolves the correct pattern of slip along the faults. We then restore a complex system of tear-faults in the deepwater Niger Delta basin. We use channel offsets imaged by the seismic data to define local fault-slip constraints. Balancing these constraints equally on both sides of the major faults yields the most consistent restoration outcomes. This approach resolves reasonable slip styles on the complex set of thrust, normal, and strike-slip faults in the structure. This suggests that limited geologic fault slip constraints can be effectively incorporated in geomechanical restorations, yielding accurate restoration kinematics and thereby forecasting faults slip patterns within the structures. 相似文献
10.
鄂尔多斯盆地东缘是一条燕山运动期形成的、复杂的构造——地貌边界带,由离石断裂和晋陕挠褶带组成。基于野外观察和构造测量资料,本文论述了该边界带分段特征及断裂构造样式,利用断层滑动矢量资料反演古构造应力方向,建立了侏罗纪—白垩纪构造应力场演化序列。结果表明,该边界带发育3类断裂构造样式:反冲断裂、上盘断坡褶皱和盖层滑脱。根据地表构造样式推断,该边界带构造组成了山西断隆深部由东向西扩展的断坪—断坡式拆离系统的前缘反冲构造或上盘断坡。沿边界带发育挤压破碎带和构造透镜体。断层运动学分析结果展示了多向挤压应力作用,挤压应力方向为W—E、NW—SE和NE—SW向。该边界带的分段构造样式和应力作用方向记录了晚侏罗世燕山运动时期华北地区陆内挤压变形特征,为研究燕山运动时期古太平洋板块向东亚大陆俯冲产生的远程效应和华北陆内构造变形动力学提供重要的构造地质学依据。 相似文献
11.
The 3D architecture of fold-thrust belts commonly involves thin-skinned and thick-skinned deformation. Both thick- and thin-skinned deformation styles have been suggested to occur in the Marañón Fold-Thrust Belt (MFTB) in Peru, but the relative timing and strain partitioning associated with them are not well understood. We demonstrate that inherited basement structures along the Peruvian convergent margin reactivated during the evolution of the MFTB. We present results from field mapping, interpretation of remote sensing imagery, and cross section construction and restoration. The results show that the Chonta Fault, a median pre-folding basin normal fault, was inverted and acted as a mechanical buttress during initial east-vergent contraction of the fold-thrust belt. This fault separates the belt into two domains of distinctly different structural styles. During the Eocene, units to the west of the Chonta Fault deformed by folding, using the fault as a buttress, and subsequently propagated eastward by thin-skinned thrusting. This was followed in the Miocene by west-vergent, basement-involved deformation, which overprinted the earlier east-vergent, thin-skinned structures. The proposed tectonic model of the MFTB highlights the role of basement-fault reactivation during orogenesis and the involvement of deep structures in partitioning deformation styles. 相似文献
12.
On the internal structure and mechanics of large strike-slip fault zones: field observations of the Carboneras fault in southeastern Spain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Deciphering the internal structure of large fault zones is fundamental if a proper understanding is to be gained of their mechanical, hydrological and seismological properties. To this end, new detailed mapping and microstructural observations of the excellently exposed Carboneras fault zone in southeastern Spain have been used to elucidate both the internal arrangement of fault products and their likely mechanical properties. The fault is a 40 km offset strike-slip fault, which constitutes part of the Africa–Iberia plate boundary. The zone of faulting is 1 km in width not including the associated damage zone surrounding the fault. It is composed of continuous strands of phyllosilicate-rich fault gouge that bound lenses of variably broken-up protolith. This arrangement provides a number of fluid flow and fluid sealing possibilities within the fault zone. The gouge strands exhibit distributed deformation and are inferred to have strain hardening and/or velocity hardening characteristics. Also included in the fault zone are blocks of dolomite that contain thin (<1 cm thick) fault planes inferred to have been produced by strain weakening/velocity weakening behaviour. These fault planes have a predominantly R1 Riedel shear orientation and are arranged in an en echelon pattern. A conceptual model of this type of wide fault zone is proposed which contrasts with previous narrow fault zone models. The observed structural and inferred mechanical characteristics of the Carboneras fault zone are compared to seismological observations of the San Andreas fault around Parkfield, CA. Similarities suggest that the Carboneras fault structure may be a useful analogue for this portion of the San Andreas fault at depth. 相似文献
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《International Geology Review》2012,54(11):967-982
We present an outcrop-scale example of a localized contractional fault geometry that developed as part of an imbricate normal fault system in response to regional extension. Although extensional regions are dominated by abundant normal faulting, local thrust duplication may occur during the same phase of deformation, and on a regional scale may concentrate important quantities of hydrocarbons. Characteristics of extension-related fold belts have mostly been derived from seismic sections; thus fault geometries, mechanisms of formation, and kinematics of these structures are not precisely understood. Abundant kinematic indicators and complete exposure of an extended sedimentary sequence within the Dead Sea Transform, however, provide the opportunity to examine these fault geometries and mechanisms in detail. The local contractional geometry developed within an imbricate normal fault system, as a result of an out-of-sequence normal fault that detached at a higher structural level. The out-of-sequence normal fault offset pre-existing faults, but was deflected into a contractional geometry upon encountering an earlier-formed rollover anticline, whose curved bedding surface served as a convenient ramp. Consequently, displacement across the out-of-sequence fault generated coeval extensional and contractional geometries along the same detachment surface. Geometries and kinematics derived from the outcrop structural analysis may serve as important analogs for larger structures identified as potential targets for hydrocarbon exploration. 相似文献
15.
商丹断裂带作为扬子板块与华北板块的缝合带,在秦岭造山带中占据重要的地位。对其进行精细的构造研究,是了解扬子板块与华北板块相互作用过程的关键。研究工作在商丹断裂带东段展开,对该带进行了详细的野外观察、显微构造观察、糜棱岩化过程中温度的估算、有限应变测量、差异应力的计算以及糜棱岩化过程中运动学涡度的计算。变形温压条件指示糜棱岩形成于中-高绿片岩相到低角闪岩相变质条件。差异应力计算结果指示商丹带具备大型构造动力特征。涡度分析表明该断裂带的变形以纯剪切作用占据主导作用,但包含有简单剪切的分量,从而证明了扬子板块与华北板块之间具有以碰撞挤压为主的斜向汇聚方式。 相似文献
16.
Secondary/minor structures occurring along the main fault surfaces are important indicators for judging the kinematic characteristics of faults. However, many factors can lead to the formation of these structures, which results in the difficulty for rapid judgment and application in the fields. A series of secondary faults/fractures developed due to the movement of main faults are the most important and widespread phenomena in the scope of brittle deformation. The morphology of the main fault surfaces is various, and former researchers mainly discussed the structures on the main even fault surfaces. However, the fluctuation of fault surfaces is the intrinsic character of the faults, and the intersection between the main fault and secondary faults/fractures can produce a series of kinematic indicators on the main fault surfaces. Based on previous studies and our observations, i.e. the structural traces of the P, R, R’, T and X shears/faults along the main faults, some indicators which are rarely reported previously, are described in the paper. Furthermore, their reliabilities are also discussed, and more practical and reliable criteria are brought forward. We suggest that the simple application of congruous and incongruous steps without knowing their exact origins should be abandoned in the fields, and several types of indicators along one fault surface should be checked with each other as much as possible. Meanwhile, the origins of some other arcuate indicators on the fault surfaces are also discussed, and new models are brought forward. 相似文献
17.
河西务断层是渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷北部地区一条重要的控盆断裂，新近纪—第四纪时期渤海湾盆地整体进入热沉降
阶段后，该断层仍然存在构造活动，2018年在河北永清县发生的地震就是由该断层的活动所引发。文章利用地震数据对河
西务断层的结构特征和新近纪以来的活动特征进行分析，结果表明，河西务断层新近纪以来具有右旋走滑的张扭特征，主
断层在剖面上具有负花状结构，平面上具有分段性，北段和南段兼具右旋走滑和拉张的特征，中段则主要表现为右旋走滑
特征。运动学模型表明，这种分段差异性主要由各段主断层走向和块体走滑运动方向的夹角所决定。 相似文献
18.
河西务断层是渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷北部地区一条重要的控盆断裂,新近纪-第四纪时期渤海湾盆地整体进入热沉降
阶段后,该断层仍然存在构造活动,2018年在河北永清县发生的地震就是由该断层的活动所引发。文章利用地震数据对河
西务断层的结构特征和新近纪以来的活动特征进行分析,结果表明,河西务断层新近纪以来具有右旋走滑的张扭特征,主
断层在剖面上具有负花状结构,平面上具有分段性,北段和南段兼具右旋走滑和拉张的特征,中段则主要表现为右旋走滑
特征。运动学模型表明,这种分段差异性主要由各段主断层走向和块体走滑运动方向的夹角所决定。 相似文献
19.
Mohammad Irfan Ahmad A. K. Dubey Giovanni Toscani Lorenzo Bonini Silvio Seno 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2014,103(1):329-347
Kinematic evolution of fold-thrust structures has been investigated by analogue models that include syntectonic sedimentation. Different decollement dips and basement thicknesses produced different wedge geometries and propagating characteristics. A model with one decollement level was characterized by a closely spaced thrust system during early stages of shortening as compared to the late stages. The frequency of fault nucleation was rapid during the early stages of deformation. Conversely, the frequency of fault nucleation was low and thrust spacing was significantly wider in a model with two decollement levels. Individual faults became locked at steep dips and deformation stepped forward as a new fault nucleated in-sequence in front of the older locked structure. Once the thrust system was established up to 27 % overall shortening, an overlying bed was introduced to simulate syntectonic deformation. Model sand wedge did not grow self similarly but rather its length and height increased episodically with deformation. Restoration of deformed models show that layer parallel shortening accommodated for approximately half of the total model shortening across the multilayers. Calculated error in apparent layer shortening from the restored layers revealed a direct relation with depth of the layers in the models. The experimental results are comparable to a natural example from the Northern Apennines fold-and-thrust belts. 相似文献
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洛南-栾川断裂带是秦岭造山带中一条著名的断裂带,是华北板块与秦岭造山带的地质分界线,其走向近东西,断裂带发育有宽坪岩群和陶湾岩群等岩石,洛南-栾川断裂带的构造作用过程及其演化对这些岩石的变形起了重要作用。因此,分析断裂带岩石的变形特征及其形成条件对于探讨洛南-栾川断裂带的构造环境以及分析古板块汇聚边界变形有重要意义。本文以洛南-栾川断裂带栾川段为主要研究对象,通过室内外变形研究及多种测试分析,认为洛南-栾川断裂带基本走向为290°,倾角为58°～89°,糜棱面理、矿物生长线理和褶皱普遍发育,具有由南向北的俯冲兼有左行平移的运动学特征。断裂带内岩石变形强烈,变形矿物主要为石英、方解石、黑云母和白云母。变形机制：石英以膨凸式和亚颗粒旋转动态重结晶为主,方解石以机械双晶和亚颗粒旋转变形为主,云母变形以应变滑劈理为主。在宽坪岩群北侧和陶湾岩群南侧主要为塑性变形,在陶湾岩群北侧主要为脆性变形。分别对应于洛南-栾川断裂带第2期由南向北的俯冲走滑构造活动和第4期由北向南的脆性逆冲推覆构造活动。通过方解石机械双晶、多硅白云母压力计、黑白云母Ti温度计、斜长角闪温度计等方法分别对洛南-栾川断裂带（栾川段）的形成环境进行了分析,得到矿物变形温度为440℃～509℃, 压力为0.4～1.4 GPa, 差异应力为0.27～0.426 GPa, 即韧性剪切带的形成环境属中温、中压条件。因此,本文认为洛南-栾川断裂带（栾川段）变形环境为中温、中压,相当于地壳浅层的构造变形环境。 相似文献