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1.
中国西北水资源利用及生态环境安全 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
1 Introduction In the 21st century, water resources will become the international and strategic resource instead of petroleum (Kang et al., 1994a, b). At present, the freshwater resources crisis all over the world has made people aware that although water… 相似文献
2.
塔里木河下游生态需水估算 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
量化生态需水是流域水权分配的重要依据。以塔里木河下游大西海子水库至尾闾台特玛湖段为研究区,借助湿周法计算了该段河道内最小生态需水量,并基于2009年和2010年河段地下水分布特征,计算沿线河道两岸各1 km范围地下水恢复至目标埋深(5～4 m)的地下水恢复量,采用潜水蒸发法和面积定额法估算了沿线天然植被生态需水量。结果表明：（1）塔里木河下游大西海子-台特玛湖河道内年最小生态需水量为1.455×108 m3;（2）以5年为恢复期限,确定该河段地下水埋深恢复至5～4 m的年恢复需水量为0.608×108～1.466×108 m3;（3）取潜水蒸发法和面积定额法计算结果均值,确定研究区天然植被生态需水量为1.042×108 m3;（4）综合考虑,塔里木河下游大西海子-台特玛湖年生态需水总量为3.105×108～3.963×108 m3。 相似文献
3.
Land use and land cover changes have a great impact on the regional hydrological process. Based on three periods of remote sensing data from the 1960s and the long-term observed data of groundwater from the 1980s, the impacts of land use changes on the groundwater system in the middle reach of Heihe River Basin in recent three decades are analyzed by the perspective of groundwater recharge and discharge system. The results indicate that with the different intensities of land use changes, the impacts on the groundwater recharge were 2.602×108 m3/a in the former 15 years (1969-1985) and 0.218×108 m3/a in the latter 15 years (1986-2000), and the impacts on the groundwater discharge were 2.035×108 m3/a and 4.91×108 m3/a respectively. When the groundwater exploitation was in a reasonable range less than 3.0×108 m3/a, the land use changes could control the changes of regional groundwater resources. Influenced by the land use changes and the large-scale exploitation in the recent decade, the groundwater resources present apparently regional differences in Zhangye region. Realizing the impact of land use changes on groundwater system and the characteristics of spatial-temporal variations of regional groundwater resources would be very important for reasonably utilizing and managing water and soil resources. 相似文献
4.
The groundwater table has been declining at a rate of 0.65 m/yr in Luancheng County since large scale groundwater extraction carried out in the 1960s. The drop of precipitation, substantial increase in agricultural output, variations of crop planting structure and construction of water conservancy projects in the headwater area all tie up with the decline of the groundwater table. On the basis of analyzing the hydrogeological conditions and the water resources utilization of Luancheng County, a three-dimensional groundwater flow model was developed to simulate the county’s groundwater flow through finite-difference method using Visual Modflow software. We divide the research field into four parts after analyzing the hydrogeological condition. Based on parameter calibration and adjustment using measured data, the hydraulic conductivity and specific yield were simulated. Using the calibrated model, we analyze the agricultural water saving potentiality and its influence on the groundwater. The results are as follows: (1) if we decrease the amount of water extracted by 0.14×108 m3, the average groundwater table of the five observation wells in December will rise by 0.33 m; (2) if we decrease the water by 0.29× 108 m3, the average groundwater table of the five observation wells in December will rise by 0.64 m; and (3) if we increase the water by 0.29×108 m3, the average groundwater table of the five observation wells in December will decline by 0.45 m. So we can draw a conclusion that controlling the agricultural water use is an important way to prevent the decline of groundwater table. 相似文献
5.
In order to reduce the environmental and ecological problems induced by water resources development and utilization, this paper proposes a concept of environmental and ecological water requirement. It is defined as the minimum water amount to be consumed by the natural water bodies to conserve its environmental and ecological functions. Based on the definition, the methods on calculating the amount of environmental and ecological water requirement are determined. In the case study on Haihe-Luanhe river system, the water requirement is divided into three parts, i.e., the basic in-stream flow, water requirement for sediment transfer and water consumption by evaporation of the lakes or everglades. The results of the calculation show that the environmental and ecological water requirement in the river system is about 124×108 m3, including 57×108 m3 for basic in-stream flow, 63×108 m3 for sediment transfer and 4×108 m3 for net evaporation loss of lakes. The total amount of environmental and ecological water requirement accounts for 54% of the amount of runoff (228×108 m3). However, it should be realized that the amount of environmental and ecological water requirement must be more than that we have calculated. According to this result, we consider that the rational utilization rate of the runoff in the river systems must not be more than 40%. Since the current utilization rate of the river system, which is over 80%, has been far beyond the limitation, the problems of environment and ecology are quite serious. It is imperative to control and adjust water development and utilization to eliminate the existing problems and to avoid the potential ecological or environmental crisis. 相似文献
6.
We have appraised the relationships between soil moisture, groundwater depth, and plant species diversity in the lower reaches of the Tarim River in western China, by analyzing field data from 25 monitoring wells across eight study sites and 25 permanent vegetation survey plots. It is noted that groundwater depth, soil moisture and plant species diversity are closely related. It has been proven that the critical phreatic water depth is five meters in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. We acquired the mean phreatic evaporation of different groundwater levels every month by averaging the two results of phreatic evaporation using the Qunk and Averyanov formulas. Based on different vegetation types and acreage with different groundwater depth, the total ecological water demand (EWD) of natural vegetation in 2005 was 2.4×108 m3 in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Analyzing the monthly EWD, we found that the EWD in the growth season (from April to September) is 81% of the year’s total EWD. The EWD in May, June and July was 47% of the year’s total EWD, which indicates the best time for dispensing artificial water. This research aims at realizing the sustainable development of water resources and provides a scientific basis for water resource management and sound collocation of the Tarim River Basin. 相似文献
7.
华北平原地下水动态及其对不同开采量响应的计算——以河北省栾城县为例 总被引：22，自引：1，他引：22
自从20世纪60年代大规模开采地下水以来,栾城县的地下水位以每年大约0.65 m的速度下降.降雨量的减少、农业产量的大幅度提高、种植结构的变化以及上游水利工程的修建,都与地下水位的下降有着密切联系.利用Visual Modflow软件,在分析该县水文地质条件与水资源利用的前提下,运用三维地下水流模型,通过有限差分方法对栾城县的地下水系统进行了模拟,结果表明:5个观测孔的地下水位计算值与实测值拟合程度很好,模拟出的地下水流场与实际情况基本一致.利用掌握的水文地质资料,进行参数分区,通过实测资料的校正、调参,模拟出各分区参数值.利用校正后的数学模型,对栾城县地下水对不同开采量的响应进行了计算,结果如下:在现状农业开采量1.01×108m3基础上分别减少14%(0.14×108m3)、29%(0.29×108m3)和增加29%(0.29×108m3)的情况下,到12月份5个观测孔的平均地下水位分别比现状地下水位上升了0.33 m,0.64 m和下降了0.45 m. 相似文献
8.
l introductionYucheng area is located in the downstream alluvial plain of the Yellow hiver in Shandong provillce,Nortll China. bouenced by the conhnenlal monsoon clllnate in wann tCmperate zone, fainfall isdistributed very unevenly in bine. AVerage annual precipitation amounts to 600 ~ with 70%concentrahng from June to September The mother material of soil is conStituted by river alluvium andmainly consistS of mealy sand and light loam. Vadose zone consistS of mealy san4 its dry bulk densi… 相似文献
9.
塔里木河下游生态保护目标和措施 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对2000-2009年塔里木河下游10次生态输水后生态环境的变化情况,提出新的生态保护目标：在距河500 m以内以胡杨(Populus euphratica)为主的重点保护带,地下水埋深保持在≤4 m,植被总盖度达到0.4~0.5;500~1 000 m为基本保护带,以柽柳(Tamarix spp.)为主,地下水埋深为4~6 m,植被总覆盖度达到0.3以上;＞1 000 m为一般保护带,随着输水累积量增加,地下水埋深达到6~8 m,使现有植被不再退化;沿河两岸1 000 m的植被保护恢复总面积应达到1 028 km2;用水均衡法和潜水蒸散法重新估算的大西海子的下泄水量为2.3×108 m3 ,比原规划减少了1.2×108 m3 ,其中2.0×108 m3为维护生态所用,另外还有0.15×108~0.3×108 m3为向台特玛湖输水的水量;应保持输水连续性,大西海子以下年泄水量不小于0.36×108 m3;为了保证向下游输水,必须加强水资源调控,通过整治源流,使到达干流的水量为44.2×108 m3 ,干流严禁开荒,加强对防护堤修建后生态环境变化的监测,下游采用漫溢漂种增加植被面积。 相似文献
10.
The method of time series is applied to analyze the variation of precipitation and temperature from 1961 to 2002 in the mountainous areas of the Tarim River Basin, as well as water consumption in the headstream and mainstream areas. Those hydrologic parameters are verified. Quantitative results indicate that the precipitation and temperature in the headstream areas have an increasing trend to different extent. The increasing trend of precipitation is less significant than that of the temperature (α= 0.05). Runoff of three headstreams also increases especially from 1994 to 2002. Compared with the perennial runoff, the annual runoff has increased by 25.163×108 m3/a. However, inflows of the mainstream areas has only increased by 0.9985×108 m3/a. So the runoff at the different hydrologic stations in the headstream areas has a linear decreasing trend. It is shown that the degraded trend of eco-environment of the Tarim River Basin hardly changes in the special water period for ten consecutive years. Given runoff of three headstreams is accounted in normal period from 1957 to 2003, the annual runoff of the headstream areas would be only 22.57×108 m3. Therefore, more attention should be given to ecological safety of the Tarim River Basin. 相似文献
11.
甘肃石油河流域地下水补给来源与演化特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对石油河流域所包含的赤金盆地与花海盆地,综合利用地下水水化学指标与稳定同位素技术系统地研究了地下水的补给来源与演化规律。其中赤金盆地地下水化学演化受控于溶滤作用,方解石、白云石、石膏等不断地溶解进入低矿化度的地下水中导致Mg2++Ca2+与HCO3-+SO42-沿1∶1等量线分布;而花海盆地高矿化度地下水中的Na+与SO42-、Na+与Cl-均有较好线性关系且多数矿物饱和指数>1,表明芒硝溶解控制了地下水中主要离子成分且地下水演化过程转由蒸发浓缩作用主导。赤金、花海盆地地下水氢氧同位素沿祁连山大气降水线分布或于右下方,二者特征相似,但后者更为富集重同位素,反映研究区地下水主要补给来源为祁连山大气降水或石油河河水;此外,两盆地间水力联系紧密,前者补给后者,因此在水资源开发利用时应将两盆地作为整体进行统筹管理,避免不合理开采造成环境地质问题。 相似文献
12.
Studies indicate that the climate has experienced a dramatic change in the Heihe River Basin with scope of temperature rise reaching 0.5-1.1oC in the 1990s compared to the mean value of the period 1960-1990, precipitation increased 18.5 mm in the 1990s compared to the 1950s, and 6.5 mm in the 1990s compared to the mean value of the period 1960-1990, water resources decreased 2.6×108 m3 in the 1990s compared to the 1950s, and 0.4×108 m3 in the 1990s compared to the mean value of the period 1960-1990. These changes have exerted a greater effect on the local environment and socio-economy, and also made the condition worsening in water resources utilizations in the Heihe Rver Basin. 相似文献
13.
Environmental and ecological water requirement of river system: a case study of Haihe-Luanhe river system 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
1 IntroductionRiver system, to some extent, can be regarded as an independent eco-system, which includes river channels, lakes and the lands near the water bodies. In the engineering view, river system can be defined as the flooded area with a flood frequency of 1%[1,2]. The major aspects of the river system may be its water quantity, water quality and aquatic species. The three aspects of the system have a close relation with each other. The river system has a lot of functions, of which in g… 相似文献
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15.
黄河干流河道水量自然补损分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据水量平衡原理建立干流区间河道水量平衡关系,得到干流河道水量自然补损计算方程。利用1956~1979年干流区间自产天然径流量与区间河道上下游控制站天然径流量、区间降水量系列之间的线性相关性,延长得到黄河流域1951~1998年龙羊峡以下6个干流区间逐月自产天然径流量,并计算分析各干流区间的干流河道自然补损水量。结果表明：多年平均河口镇－龙门干流区间和三门峡－花园口干流区间河道水量补充大于损失,其余区间干流河道水量为损失大于补充。总体上,龙羊峡以下区间干流河道净自然损失水量多年平均为35.43×108 m3,而且呈增大趋势,20世纪90年代达到最高,平均为44.16×108 m3/年。 相似文献
16.
论青藏高原范围与面积 总被引：84，自引：4，他引：80
长期以来 ,种种因素导致学者们对青藏高原确切范围的认识和理解存在差异。根据青藏高原相关领域研究的新成果和多年野外实践 ,从地理学角度 ,充分讨论了确定青藏高原范围和界线的原则与涉及的问题 ,结合信息技术方法对青藏高原范围与界线位置进行了精确的定位和定量分析。得出 :青藏高原在中国境内部分西起帕米尔高原 ,东至横断山脉 ,横跨 31个经度 ,东西长约 2 94 5km ;南自喜马拉雅山脉南缘 ,北迄昆仑山 -祁连山北侧 ,纵贯约 13个纬度 ,南北宽达 15 32km ;范围为 2 6°0 0′12″N～ 39°4 6′5 0″N ,73°18′5 2″E～ 10 4°4 6′5 9″E ,面积为 2 5 72 4× 10 3km2 ,占我国陆地总面积的 2 6 8%。 相似文献
17.
Competitive use of transboundary freshwater resources is becoming one of the key factors influencing regional peace and political relationship among states. In China, 18 major international river basins are concentrated in three regions, of which the total annual outflow at the border is 7320×108 m3, occupying 26.8% of the total annual runoff of China, and the inflow at the border is only 172×108 m3. In this paper, we analyzed the major drivers affecting shared water vulnerability in China, namely: (1) changes in physical conditions affecting the availability of water; (2) competing objectives between economic development and ecological conservation; (3) lack of emergency response mechanisms; (4) unsound administrative institutions; and (5) shortcomings in the development of regional cooperation based on transboundary waters. We concluded by identifying four pathways for reducing vulnerability: (1) encouraging scientific research cooperation; (2) constructing information-sharing channels; (3) establishing early-warning mechanisms; and (4) promoting further coordination and negotiation. 相似文献
18.
巴丹吉林沙漠沙山区高含量薄膜水与水分平衡研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过野外实地考察和实验分析,在巴丹吉林沙漠的呼和吉林湖东沙山、呼和吉林湖西沙山和伊利克敖包沙山斜坡上发现了高含量薄膜水和带状分布的灌木植被。分析表明：① 沙山沙层中出现了含量在3％~5％之间、占据厚度为0.5~3.0 m之间的高含量薄膜水,并出现了一部分水分含量大于5％的重力水,这在极端干旱的沙山斜坡沙层中是非常少见的。② 沙层中的含水量垂向分布与重力水的存在指示,在当年雨季末期,大气降水就完全能够通过沙层入渗达到2~4 m或更大深度,从而避免了蒸发作用的消耗,确保了沙层水分能够通过入渗向深层运移。③ 沙山沙层中高含量薄膜水和重力水的存在以及灌木植被带的发育充分证明,该区大气降水在经过蒸发与蒸腾消耗之后,仍有剩余的水分渗入地下,显示了沙山区沙层水分为明显的正平衡。高含量薄膜水的存在和带状植被的发育的表明大气降水至少是该区地下水和湖水的重要补给来源之一。④ 沙山表层1~4 m深度范围有时存在含量大于5%的重力水,表明沙山表层水分运移动力很强。沙层入渗率高,沙层水受蒸发影响的深度小,利于大气降水向地下水的转化,这也是该区大气降水能够补给地下水的重要原因。 相似文献
19.
土库曼斯坦水资源现状及利用问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土库曼斯坦地处亚洲中部干旱区西南部,沙漠广布,水资源短缺,是阿姆河等跨界河流水资源的主要消耗区,水资源利用问题及矛盾十分突出。开展该国水资源及其开发利用研究,对研究跨界河流及极度干旱区水资源可持续利用具有重要的借鉴意义。土库曼斯坦是中亚水资源总量最少的国家,河流多数跨界,出入境水量约为233×108 m3,可利用水量远大于国内水资源总量,其中地表水资源总量约为9.39×108 m3,地下水可开采量为5.69×108 m3,而该国最主要的水利工程——卡拉库姆运河调来了阿姆河近1/3的水量,增加了灌溉面积。在水资源利用中,实际用水量的90%以上被用于农业灌溉,工业用水占7%左右,城市生活用水占2%。土库曼斯坦水资源主要靠调水工程和灌渠从界外引入,由于缺乏技术和资金支持,基础设施老化、管理混乱、水资源纷争复杂多变等水资源利用问题十分突出。在全球变化背景下,土库曼斯坦应加强在水资源的合理配置与高效利用、水资源国际合作等方面的工作,合理开发利用水资源。 相似文献
20.
河北南部地区资源、环境、发展初析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
河北南部地区山前平原区农业气候条件适于夏玉米的生长 ,黑龙港地区适于棉花的生长。本区水资源匮乏 ,地下水超采严重。浅层地下水超采模数为 8.0 1× 1 0 4 m3/( km2 ·a) ,深层地下水为 2 .5 8× 1 0 4 m3/( km2·a)。全区水资源利用的综合边际效益以廊坊市最高 ( 2 6.68元 /t) ,保定市最低 ( 1 4.85元 /t) ,两者之比为 1 .80。区内地下水降落漏斗与地面沉降等环境地质灾害频繁 ,1 998年浅层地下水漏斗区面积为 0 .5 4× 1 0 4 km2 ,深层地下水为 1 .5 9× 1 0 4 km2。地下水、粮食和蔬菜受到农药残留、过量化肥的污染。本区 2 0 1 0水平年外流域调水将占可供水量的 2 3.9% ,但缺水率仍达 36.2 %。若全区通过发展工程节水 (提高综合节水率 3.2 % )、实施适水种植 (冬小麦播种面积下调 7% ) ,利用水分胁迫处理 (减少一次灌溉 )等节水措施 ,则比 1 999年节水 1 7.2 %。 相似文献