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1.
The reaction kinetics and fluid expulsion during the decarbonation reaction of calcite+quartz=wollastonite+CO2 in water-absent conditions were experimentally investigated using a Paterson-type gas apparatus. Starting materials consisted of synthetic calcite/quartz rock powders with variable fractions of quartz (10, 20, and 30 wt%) and grain sizes of 10 µm (calcite) and 10 and 30 µm (quartz). Prior to reaction, samples were HIPed at 700 °C and 300 MPa confining pressure and varying pore pressures. Initial porosity was low at 2.7–6.3%, depending on pore pressure during HIP and the amount and grain size of quartz particles. Samples were annealed at reaction temperatures of 900 and 950 °C at 150 and 300 MPa confining pressures, well within the wollastonite stability field. Run durations were between 10 min and 20 h. SEM micrographs of quenched samples show growth of wollastonite rims on quartz grains and CO2-filled pores between rims and calcite grains and along calcite grain boundaries. Measured widths of wollastonite rims vs. time indicate a parabolic growth law. The reaction is diffusion-controlled and reaction progress and CO2 production are continuous. Porosity increases rapidly at initial stages of the reaction and attains about 10–12% after a few hours. Permeability at high reaction temperatures is below the detection limit of 10–21 m2 and not affected by increased porosity. This makes persistent pore connectivity improbable, in agreement with observed fluid inclusion trails in form of unconnected pores in SEM micrographs. Release of CO2 from the sample was measured in a downstream reservoir. The most striking observation is that fluid release is not continuous but occurs episodic and in pulses. Ongoing continuous reaction produces increase in pore pressure, which is, once having attained a critical value (Pcrit), spontaneously released. Connectivity of the pore space is short-lived and transient. The resulting cycle includes pore pressure build-up, formation of a local crack network, pore pressure release and crack closure. Using existing models for plastic stretching and decrepitation of pores along with critical stress intensity factors for the calcite matrix and measured pore widths, it results that Pcrit is about 20 MPa. Patterns of fluid flow based on mineralogical and stable isotope evidence are commonly predicted using the simplifying assumption of a continuous and constant porosity and permeability during decarbonation of the rock. However, simple flow models, which assume constant pore pressure, constant fluid filled porosity, and constant permeability may not commonly apply. Properties are often transient and it is most likely that fluid flow in a specific reacting rock volume is a short-lived episodic process.Editorial responsibility: J. Hoefs 相似文献
2.
围压路径对冻结粉质砂土变形行为及强度的影响研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
目前关于冻土的室内三轴压缩试验研究多采用恒围压下的轴向加载方法,而实际工程中的受压土体基本处于围压、轴压同时发生变化的情况。以冻结粉质砂土为研究对象,进行了变围压和恒围压下的三轴剪切测试。根据试后试样变形情况,给出了试样面积的统一修正公式,研究结果表明：当含水量较小时,围压路径对应力-应变曲线的初始段和最终段没有显见影响,但在应力-应变曲线中间段,变围压下的应力-应变曲线明显在相应的恒围压曲线之下,且初始围压越小,曲线位置越低。当含水量不低于饱和值时,围压路径和含冰量共同影响着应力-应变曲线的发展趋势,且变围压曲线的最终段基本都在相应的恒围压曲线之上,中间段变化特点与含冰量和初始围压有关。围压路径对强度随围压变化趋势的影响跟含水量大小有关。当含水量较小时,两种围压路径下的强度值比较接近;当含水量不低于饱和值时,恒围压下的强度值低于相应变围压下的强度值。 相似文献
3.
Awad A. Al-Karni 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2011,4(7-8):1095-1101
The shear strength of cohesionless soil is reduced as the water pressure inside the pores of the soil mass increases. The mathematical relationship between the shear strength and the pore water pressure was derived using Mohr–Coulomb failure criteria as a function of the confining pressure and the effective angle of friction. Experimentally, a series of consolidated drained triaxial tests with back pore water pressure was run on samples of saturated uniform dense sand. The tests were conducted at different confining pressures in the range of 100–400 kPa with an increment of 100 kPa. At each level of confining pressure, the tests were repeated at different values of back pore water pressure in the range of 0–100 kPa with an increment of 25 kPa. For each test, the initial applied back pore water pressure was kept constant during the test for comparing the results at the same effective confining pressure. This study concludes that the mathematical relationship gives accurate results at any level of confining pressure and/or pore water pressure as a function of the effective angle of friction that can be evaluated using single consolidated drained triaxial test at zero back pore water pressure. 相似文献
4.
为研究沁水盆地煤样渗透率演化规律,构建了煤样渗透率测定的瞬态压力脉冲法实验装置,使用N2和CO2在实验室开展了3种试验条件的渗透率测定,应用Connell模型对实验结果进行分析,并讨论了模型预测值和实验值之间差别的原因。结果表明,（1）在恒定孔压变围压条件下渗透率随有效应力增大而减小;在等有效应力条件下,渗透率随孔压增大而减少;在恒定围压变孔压条件下,随孔压增大,渗透率呈先减小后变大的趋势。（2）运用Connell模型预测的恒定围压变孔压条件的渗透率值大于实验值,原因可能是由于裂隙压缩性系数和吸附应变系数存在估计误差。通过开展实验室渗透率实验和模型分析,对指导实验室内二氧化碳封存和气体驱替实验及其模拟研究具有借鉴意义。 相似文献
5.
为研究脉动孔隙水压作用下低透性松软煤岩在不同三轴加压条件下的损伤变形规律,采用RLW-2000M煤岩流变仪进行了不同轴压和围压系列下的试验研究。结果表明：煤岩破坏的应变曲线具有先疏后密再疏的变化规律,且累积应变和残余应变随着围压的增加而减小,而随着轴压的增加而增大;平均单次耗散能随着围压的增加而减小,随着轴压的增加而增加,其关系符合指数函数变化特征;采用累积耗散能计算了煤岩破坏过程中的损伤变化特征,并采用Logistic方程逆函数对其进行了拟合分析,得到了煤岩损伤演化模型,为预测煤岩破坏周期提供了依据。研究结果为具有不同地应力条件下的低透气性松软煤层施工脉动水力压裂提供了一定的理论依据。 相似文献
6.
通过等压固结静、动三轴试验,研究了渤海湾粉质黏土在循环荷载作用下的动力性质和循环荷载后不排水静力性质。试验结果表明,循环应力幅值比越大,平均轴向应变和轴向应变幅值越大;循环应力幅值比达到0.4时,平均轴向应变和轴向应变幅值随着循环周数增加迅速增大;循环应力幅值比相同,固结应力越大,轴向应变幅值越大,而平均轴向应变越小。在较大的循环应力幅值比下,平均孔压比值和孔压幅值比值随着循环周数的增大会达到稳定;循环应力幅值比越大平均孔压比值和孔压幅值比值均越大;相同循环应力幅值,固结应力越大平均孔压比值越小,而固结应力对孔压幅值比值影响较小。循环荷载的作用会导致循环荷载后不排水剪在q-p’平面上有效应力路径和孔压发展表现出超固结土的性质。 相似文献
7.
2008年汶川地震触发的大光包滑坡滑带形成背景是渗水层间错动带,该带强度变化是决定滑坡启动的主要因素,动孔压发展是土体材料强度劣化的根本原因,故基于系列室内动三轴试验研究该带材料孔压特性。结果表明,动载下层间错动带材料孔压快速增长,循环剪应力比越大,孔压增长越快,不同荷载条件下应变达到5%时动孔压比等于1,材料液化,根据动孔压比与振次比曲线的拟合关系提出幂函数应力模型。从能量角度描述层间错动带材料孔压增长特性,揭示出循环剪应力比对累积能量耗损与动孔压比曲线影响较小而围压对其影响较大,并进一步提出孔压增长的能量模型。 相似文献
8.
Effects of reaction kinetics and fluid drainage on the development of pore pressure excess in a dehydrating system 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Fluid is released by dehydration reactions during prograde metamorphism. If the Claperyron slope for the dehydrating reaction is positive, then there is a net decrease in the total solid volume, which implies an irreversible increase in porosity. If the dilation of the pore space is insufficient to provide storage for all the released fluid, then pore pressure excess is generated, and if it becomes sufficiently high, it may lead to brittle fracturing. The time scale for pressure generation and the pore pressure excess can be maintained over long duration hinge on the interplay of reaction kinetics and fluid drainage. Motivated by experimental and microstructural observations, a hydrological model is developed that incorporates dehydration kinetics and its pressure dependence. Analytic solutions were derived for the undrained development of pore pressure. Whether lithostatic pressure may be exceeded hinges on magnitude of the overstep in temperature and corresponding equilibrium pressure. The time scale for development of pore pressure depends on the trade-off between poroelasticity and the pressure sensitivity of reaction rate. A finite difference model was also developed to simulate the progressive development of pore pressure excess, dehydration and porosity development. The model captures the experimental observation in gypsum of a reaction front that progressively propagates from the drained end toward the undrained end of a laboratory sample. It is also in reasonable agreement with experimental data on fluid drainage and porosity production. 相似文献
9.
大别山区变质岩中蓝晶石的几种退变质反应及其所指示的动力学过程 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
蓝晶石在大别山含柯石英和不含柯石英的榴辉岩、高压变质的副片麻岩、非高压变质的宿松群的变质沉积岩中都是重要的变质矿物。它们多有冠状或其它的变质反应结构，形成多样化的退变质反应矿物。有些退变质反应是十分罕见的。本文报道了８种蓝晶石的矿物组合和退变质反应，推测和计算了变质反应的温度－压力条件，从而探讨了它们代表的近等温降压、升温降压和流体为重要因素的降温降压的不同的动力学过程。这些数据与用其它变质矿物所得到的温度压力条件和ＰＴｔ演化基本一致。为探讨大别山超高压变质带的构造演化提供了新的依据。 相似文献
10.
Literature regarding the pore pressure generation characteristics and in turn the cyclic resistance behaviour of silty sand
deposits is confusing. In an attempt to clarify the effect of nonplastic fines on undrained cyclic pore pressure response
of sand–silt mixtures, an experimental programme utilising around 289 stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests on specimens
of size 50 mm diameter and 100 mm height was carried out at a frequency of 0.1 Hz. Specimens were prepared to various measures
of density through constant gross void ratio approach, constant relative density approach, constant sand skeleton void ratio
approach, and constant interfine void ratio approach to study the effect of nonplastic fines on pore pressure response of
sand–silt mixtures. The effect of relative density, confining pressure as well as the frequency and magnitude of cyclic loading
was also studied. It was observed that the pore pressure response is greatly influenced by the limiting silt content and the
relative density of a specimen corresponding to any approach. The influence of other parameters such as relative density,
confining pressure and magnitude of cyclic loading was as usual but an increase in frequency of cyclic loading was seen to
generate excess pore pressure at a higher rate indicating an impact load type of behaviour at higher frequency. Utilising
the entire test results over a wide range of parameters a new pore pressure band for sand–silt mixtures in line with Lee and
Albaisa (1974) has been proposed. Similarly another pore pressure band corresponding to 10th cycle of loading as suggested by Dobry (1985) and up to a shear strain of around 25% has been proposed. These two bands can readily be used by researchers and field engineers
to readily assess the pore pressure response of sand–silt mixtures. 相似文献
11.
12.
The extent to which kinetic barriers to nucleation and growth delay the onset of prograde metamorphic reaction, commonly known as overstepping, is related to the macroscopic driving force for reaction, termed reaction affinity. Reaction affinity is defined in the context of overstepping as the Gibbs free‐energy difference between the thermodynamically stable, but not‐yet‐crystallized, products and the metastable reactants. Mineral reactions which release large quantities of H2O, such as chlorite‐consuming reactions, have a higher entropy/volume change, and therefore a higher reaction affinity per unit of temperature/pressure overstep, than those which release little or no H2O. The former are expected to be overstepped in temperature or pressure less than the latter. Different methods of calculating reaction affinity are discussed. Reaction affinity ‘maps’ are calculated that graphically portray variations in reaction affinity on equilibrium phase diagrams, allowing predictions to be made about expected degrees of overstepping. Petrological consequences of variations in reaction affinity include: (i) metamorphic reaction intervals may be discrete rather than continuous, especially in broad multivariant domains across which reaction affinity builds slowly; (ii) reaction intervals may not correspond in a simple way to reaction boundaries and domains in an equilibrium phase diagram, and may involve metastable reactions; (iii) overstepping can lead to a ‘cascade effect’, in which several stable and metastable reactions involving the same reactant phases proceed simultaneously; (iv) fluid generation, and possibly fluid presence in general, may be episodic rather than continuous, corresponding to discrete intervals of reaction; (v) overstepping related to slowly building reaction affinity in multivariant reaction intervals may account for the commonly abrupt development in the field of certain index mineral isograds; and (vi) P–T estimation based on combined use of phase diagram sections and mineral modes/compositions on the one hand, and classical thermobarometry methods on the other, may not agree even if the same thermodynamic data are used. Natural examples of the above, both contact and regional, are provided. The success of the metamorphic facies principle suggests that these kinetic effects are second‐order features that operate within a broadly equilibrium approach to metamorphism. However, it may be that the close approach to equilibrium occurs primarily at the boundaries between the metamorphic facies, corresponding to discrete intervals of high entropy, dehydration reaction involving consumption of hydrous phases like chlorite (greenschist–amphibolite facies boundary) and mica (amphibolite–granulite facies boundary), and less so within the facies themselves. The results of this study suggest that it is important to consider the possibility of reactions removed from equilibrium when inferring the P–T–t evolution of metamorphic rocks. 相似文献
13.
This paper outlines in general terms the role of metamorphic transformations during rock deformation. Long duration, triaxial stress relaxation tests at 600°C. 160 MPa confining pressure on wet crushed basalt, sheared in sawcuts made in intact basalt cylinders are reported. Mechanical data are interpreted in terms of a material which shows a small strain-rate sensitivity to large variations in applied stress, but which work hardens dramatically as a result of marked microstructural changes which occur during straining. Permanent distortions of c. 20% were produced in the samples.Tests at 100 MPa pore-water pressure resulted in the formation of oriented overgrowths of amphibole, preferentially developed on less stressed interfaces between original grains and in pore spaces. Substantial redistribution of feldspar also occurred. At low pore pressures no amphibole formed and only feldspar was recrystallized. Much of the original porosity of the rock was eliminated in all cases.The mechanical and microstructural data are interpreted in terms of flow by some combination of grain sliding and diffusional accommodation, with the reprecipitated, diffused material being the product of a chemical reaction involving all original solid phases plus water. From a consideration of the effects of the reaction on the chemical potential gradients driving diffusion, it is concluded that although the syntectonic hydration exerts a profound effect on the microstructural and mineralogical development of the rock during deformation, there is no substantial enhancement of the rate of strain.Similar microstructural developments also occur in natural rocks deformed during retrogressive metamorphic events, and examples are described for comparison. 相似文献
14.
在黏粒含量和干密度恒定的情况下,进行了一系列重塑黄河三角洲饱和粉质土不排水动三轴试验,试样直径为50 mm、高为100 mm,重点研究了有效围压、动荷载和粉粒含量等因素对饱和粉质土液化特性的影响。试验结果表明:（1）在粉粒含量不小于50%的情况下,粉粒含量的增加降低了黄河三角洲饱和粉质土的液化势;（2）重塑黄河三角洲饱和粉质土的动强度随有效围压的增大而增大,与初次液化振动次数的对数近似呈线性关系;（3）与砂土相比,粉质土的动孔压很难达到有效围压,并且随有效围压的增大,相同条件下动孔压达到有效围压的比率降低;随粉粒含量的增加,其对动孔压的影响有减小的趋势;粉粒含量的增大减缓了动孔压的增长;（4）根据本次试验结果,给出了重塑黄河三角洲饱和粉质土的动孔压计算模型及相关参数取值。 相似文献
15.
盾构穿越饱和砂土地层中的运营地铁时,在地铁列车振动荷载的作用下开挖面前方土体中会产生超孔隙水压力,影响开挖面稳定,通过动三轴试验对不同类型砂土在地铁列车振动荷载的作用下的超孔隙水压力增长规律进行了研究。研究表明,随着地铁列车振动荷载振幅的增大,超孔隙水压力逐渐增大,当振幅不大于10 kPa时,超孔隙水压力的增加并不明显;开挖面支护力减小,会使振动荷载对超孔隙水压力的影响增强,而且这种影响对土体竖向应力卸荷比土体水平应力卸荷更为敏感;在饱和松散细砂地层中,地铁列车振动荷载对超孔隙水压力的影响最为显著;地铁列车振动荷载引起的开挖面超孔隙水压力绝对数值不大,但能使泥水盾构泥膜承受的压力差至少减小约33%。 相似文献
16.
We use a kinetic model of a metamorphic system to study the effect of competing rates of reaction, fluid injection, and heating on the evolution of the reaction pathway in temperature/composition space at constant pressure. We show that for rocks in contact with mixed volatile (e.g., CO2-H2O) fluids the reaction path may be quite different from what is expected from equilibrium-based petrologic models. Equilibrium-based models, used to understand the development of rock systems undergoing mineral reactions during a metamorphic event, rely on the Gibbs phase rule and only consider stable phases. For constant pressure, the temperature-composition paths follow univariant curves and significant reactions may occur at invariant points. By contrast, the more general kinetic treatment is not constrained by equilibrium, although with the proper competing rates equilibrium is a possible endmember of the kinetic approach. The deviation from equilibrium depends on the competing rates of reaction, heating, and fluid injection. A key element required by the kinetic approach is the inclusion of metastable reactions in the formulation, whereas such reactions are irrelevant for equilibrium-based models. Metastable reactions are often involved in a complex interplay with common prograde stable metamorphic reactions. We present model results for the well-studied CaO-MgO-SiO2-CO2-H2O (CMS) system to show how the system evolves under kinetic control. Our simulations and discussion focus on the behavior of the CMS system under a number of closed and open system conditions. Special attention is paid to closed system behavior in the vicinity of the (first) isobaric invariant point (with Dol, Qtz, Tlc, Cal, and Tr). Also, for open systems with massive fluid infiltration we consider heating rates varying from contact to regional metamorphic conditions. For some geologically reasonable rates of reactions, heating, and fluid injection, our results demonstrate that equilibrium conditions may be significantly overstepped in metamorphic systems. We used overall mineral reactions in this model with rates based on experimental results. Future models could rely on more fundamental dissolution and precipitation reactions. Such an extension would require additional kinetic rate data, as well as mineral solubilities in mixed volatile fluids.Editorial responsibility: J. Hoefs 相似文献
17.
选取宁波饱和重塑黏质粉土,开展了黏质粉土的动三轴试验,研究了围压、动应力、排水条件、温度及频率等因素对土动力特性的影响,提出了采用相对动应力来分析不同围压、不同动应力下土的累积塑性应变变化规律,并建立了孔压—累积塑性应变关系的经验公式,结果表明:累积塑性应变随着相对动应力的增大而增大;温度越高,累积塑性应变值越小,且相同温度增量（△T=15℃）条件下的累积塑性应变增量也随之减小;建立的孔压-累积塑性应变经验公式可用于长期振动荷载作用后黏质粉土的孔压计算。 相似文献
18.
地基排水控制法是一种通过加速施工期间地基超孔压消散并限制工程运营期间地基的超孔压消散,一方面促进沉降在施工期间尽可能多地发生,另一方面使工程使用年限内的工后沉降发生的速度尽可能降低,从而达到最大限度地控制地基工后沉降目的的新型地基处理方法。采用基于六面体孔压单元及塑料排水板线性单元等三维有限元技术,分析了排水控制法处理后地基的工后沉降与竖向防渗帷幕及塑料排水板深度的关系、工后沉降和超孔压随时间和空间的分布规律,得出了排水控制法具有以相对低廉的工程造价,在较短的工期内获得工后沉降为0的特殊处理效果,可以设置较浅的竖向防渗帷幕深度和较深的塑料排水板深度来寻求较高的性价比,工程运营期间密封区域以内超孔压上升导致的有效应力减小是排水控制法减小地基工后沉降的重要原因等结论。 相似文献
19.
循环围压对饱和软黏土永久变形的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对温州典型饱和软黏土进行一系列不同应力路径下的部分排水循环动三轴试验,研究了部分排水条件下循环围压对饱和软黏土变形特性的影响。试验结果表明：部分排水条件下,与常规的围压保持恒定,偏应力单独循环作用下的三轴试验结果相比,循环围压的存在对饱和软黏土的永久体应变和永久轴向应变均产生了的显著的影响。在相同循环应力比和循环次数下,试样的永久体应变和永久轴向应变均随着循环围压幅值的增大而增大,说明常规的恒定围压循环三轴试验会低估高速交通荷载作用下路基土体的沉降。基于试样第10 000圈的永久体应变和永久轴向应变,分别建立了可以量化部分排水条件下循环围压对饱和软黏土永久体应变和永久轴向应变影响的经验公式,并用于预测饱和软黏土在交通荷载这种包含循环偏应力和循环围压耦合作用的复杂应力条件下产生的永久变形。 相似文献
20.
从宏观分析与微观机制方面探讨了围压、孔隙水压力对岩体应力应变曲线峰后特性即脆－延性转变的影响。定义了一个峰后破坏割线模量 来表征孔隙水压力对岩体应力应变曲线转型的影响,并结合斜坡失稳的刚度判据,进一步分析了孔隙水压力对应力应变曲线峰后斜率的影响,随孔隙水压力的增加,峰后曲线斜率变陡,峰后刚度增大,即材料的均匀性、脆性增大与刚度比k减小。因此在围压等外界环境因素及系统内部条件不变时,刚度比 时就存在一个临界孔隙水压力 ,也就是说降雨等涨落因素引起滑面介质中的孔隙水压力大于这个临界值时斜坡就易于发生突变失稳。从而进一步加深认识了降雨等外部涨落因素对斜坡系统失稳的重要触发作用。 相似文献