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1.
The dependence of cosmic-ray intensity on 21st solar cycle phenomena has been studied using monthly cosmic-ray values from nine world wide Neutron Monitoring Stations.For this purpose the long-term cosmic-ray modulation is modelled by treating the most appropriate source functions among various solar, interplanetary and terrestrial activity indices as the input and the cosmic-ray intensity as the output of a linear system taking into account the corresponding time-lag. In this way the modulated galactic cosmic-ray intensity has been reproduced to a certain degree as the cosmic-ray variations follow the observations with a standard deviation of ~ 10%. Still remaining short-term variations in all stations with periods of 2.7 and 3.7 months can possibly be related to the galactic origin of cosmic-rays.The Simpson solar wind model improved by the spherically symmetric diffusion-convection theory can describe our proposed method. 相似文献
2.
Selecting the most appropriate source functions among the various solar, interplanetary and terrestrial activity indices we have attempted to reproduce to a certain degree the long-term modulation of galactic cosmic-rays. For this study monthly cosmic-ray data from nine world-wide neutron monitor stations for the period 1975–1985 have been analysed. The empirical formula which has been used to compute the long-term cosmic-ray variations follows the observations fairly well.It is noteworthy that the residuals in the cosmic-ray intensity between that observed and that calculated by this empirical formula exhibits a still remaining short-term variation in all stations of 2.7 and 3.7 months. Possible interpretations of these observed periodicities related to galactic origin are given. 相似文献
3.
The 11-year modulation of cosmic-ray intensity is studied using the data from nine world-wide neutron monitoring station over the period 1965–1975. From this analysis the following relation among the modulated cosmic-ray intensityI, the relative sunspot numberR, the number of proton eventsN p and the geomagnetic indexA p has been derived which describes the long-term modulation of cosmic rays $$I = C - 10^{ - 3} (KR + 4N_P + 12A_P ),$$ whereC is a constant which depends on the rigidity of each station, andK is a coefficient related to the diffusion coefficient of cosmic rays and its transition in space. The standard deviation between the observed and calculated values of cosmic-ray intensity is about 5–9%. This relation has been explained by a generalization of the Simpson solar wind model which has been proved by the spherically symmetric diffusion-convection theory. 相似文献
4.
Cosmic-ray intensity data for the period 1964–1985 covering two solar cycles are used to investigate the solar activity behaviour in relation to cosmic-ray modulation. A detailed statistical analysis of them shows a large time-lag of about one and half years between cosmic-ray intensity and solar activity (as indicated by sunspot number, solar flares and high-speed solar-wind streams) during the 21st solar cycle appearing for a first time. This lag indicates the very high activity level of this solar cycle estimating the size of the modulating region to the unambiguous value of 180 AU. The account of the solar-wind speed in the 11-year variation significantly decreases the modulation region of cosmic-rays to the value of 40 AU.A comparison with the behaviour of the previous solar cycle establishes a distinction between even and odd solar cycles. This is explained in terms of different contributions of drift, convection and diffusion to the whole modulation mechanism during even and odd solar cycles. 相似文献
5.
Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) encounter an outward-moving solar wind with cyclic magnetic-field fluctuation and turbulence. This causes convection and diffusion in the heliosphere. The GCR counts from the ground-based neutron monitor stations show intensity changes that are anti-correlated with the sunspot numbers with a lag of a few months. GCRs experience various types of modulation from different solar activity features and influence space weather and the terrestrial climate. In this work, we investigate certain aspects of the GCR modulation at low cut-off rigidity (R c≈1 GV) in relation to some solar and geomagnetic indices for the entire solar cycle 23 (1996?–?2008). We separately study the GCR modulation during the ascending phase of cycle 23 including its maximum (1996?–?2002) and the descending phase including its minimum (2003?–?2008). We find that during the descending phase, the GCR recoveries are much faster than those of the solar parameters with negative time-lag. The results are discussed in light of modulation models, including drift effects and previous results. 相似文献
6.
Long-term variations of galactic cosmic rays were compared with the behavior of various solar activity indices and heliospheric
parameters during the current solar cycle. This study continues previous works where the cosmic-ray intensity for the solar
cycles 20, 21, and 22 was well simulated from the linear combination of the sunspot number, the number of grouped solar flares,
and the geomagnetic index A
p. The application of this model to the current solar cycle characterized by many peculiarities and extreme solar events led
us to study more empirical relations between solar-heliospheric variables, such as the interplanetary magnetic field, coronal
mass ejections, and the tilt of the heliospheric current sheet, and cosmic-ray modulation. By analyzing monthly cosmic-ray
data from the Neutron Monitor Stations of Oulu (cutoff rigidity 0.81 GV) and Moscow (2.42 GV) the contribution of these parameters
in the ascending, maximum, and descending phases of the cycle was investigated and it is shown that a combination of these
parameters reproduces the majority of the modulation potential variations during this cycle. The approach applied makes it
possible to better describe the behavior of cosmic rays in the epochs of the solar maxima, which could not be done before.
An extended study of the time profiles, the correlations, and the time lags of the cosmic-ray intensity against these parameters
using the method of minimizing RMS over all the considered period 1996 – 2006 determines characteristic properties of this
cycle as being an odd cycle. Moreover, the obtained hysteresis curves and a correlative analysis during the positive polarity
(qA>0, where q is the particle charge) and during the negative polarity (qA<0) intervals of the cycle result in significantly different behavior between solar and heliospheric parameters. The time
lag and the correlation coefficient of the cosmic-ray intensity are higher for the solar indices in comparison to the heliospheric
ones. A similar behavior also appears in the case of the intervals with positive and negative polarity of the solar magnetic
field. 相似文献
7.
V. K. Balasubrahmanyan 《Solar physics》1969,7(1):39-45
The cosmic-ray intensity during the 18th and 19th solar cycles is examined in the light of Gnevyshev's suggestion of the presence of two maxima in each solar cycle. The 18th solar cycle (1944–54) has two prominent and widely separated cosmic-ray minima corresponding in phase with the two maxima in Bartel's Ap index. For the 19th solar cycle the existence of two minima is less prominent than for the 18th solar cycle. The maximum at higher solar latitudes is more effective in reducing cosmic-ray intensity than the maximum at the lower latitudes. Ap, however, has a larger maximum during the lower latitude solar maximum. A relation between Ap and cosmic-ray intensity is obtained. This relationship is shown to be consistent with Parker's solar-wind theory of the modulation of cosmic rays. 相似文献
8.
Badruddin 《Solar physics》2002,209(1):195-206
We have studied the effects of quasi-parallel and quasi-perpendicular shocks on the transient modulation of cosmic-ray intensity.
Interplanetary magnetic field strength, its variance and solar wind velocity during their passage have also been considered
for the analysis in this work. It has been demonstrated that magnetically turbulent quasi-parallel shocks are much more effective
in producing Forbush decreases in cosmic-ray intensity than the non-turbulent quasi-perpendicular shocks. From these results
it is inferred that turbulence in the shock environment is an important factor in causing Forbush decreases by scattering
particles due to magnetic field fluctuations. Results presented in this study provide more specific information about structures
responsible for Forbush decreases, physical processes mainly responsible for this phenomenon and the possibility of predicting
the likely occurrence of Forbush decreases from observations in space. 相似文献
9.
The long-term modulation of galactic cosmic rays is investigated from 1957 up to 1992 analysing the dynamic and the quasi-stationary components, separately. It has been found that the dynamic component is characterized by the presence of two peaks at the maximum phase of each solar activity cycle. We infer that the time interval between the two peaks corresponds to a period (well-related to the polar heliomagnetic reversal) in which somewhat decreased activity occurs for intense and long-lasting solar events. In fact, a contemporary dip in the magnetic energy released from the Sun was observed, in agreement with the suggested double maximum displayed by the basic features of the 11-year solar-activity cycle (Gnevyshev, 1977, and references therein). Moreover, the dynamic component of cosmic-ray modulation often shows a multi-structured profile in both peaks of activity, fairly well-connected with the pattern of the green corona brightness. On the other hand, analysing the quasi-stationary long-term trend of cosmic-ray intensity we pick out a good relationship between periods of enhanced cosmic-ray modulation and the area expansion of coronal intensity levels. The relevance of our results for solar-terrestrial forecasting is underlined. 相似文献
10.
It is well known that both the galactic and anomalous cosmic rays show positive intensity gradients in the outer heliosphere which are connected with corresponding pressure gradients. Due to an efficient dynamical coupling between the solar wind plasma and these highly energetic media by means of convected MHD turbulences, there exists a mutual interaction between these media. As one consequence of this scenario the enforced pressure gradients influence the distant solar wind expansion. Here we concentrate in our theoretical study on the interaction of the solar wind only with the anomalous cosmic-ray component. We use the standard two-fluid model in which the cosmic-ray fluid modifies the solar wind flow via the cosmic-ray pressure gradient. Then we derive numerical solutions in the following steps: first we calculate an aspherical pressure distribution for the anomalous cosmic rays, describing their diffusion in an unperturbed radial solar wind. Second, we then consider the perturbation of the solar wind flow due to these induced anomalous cosmic-ray pressure gradients. Within this context we especially take account of the action of a non-spherical geometry of the heliospheric shock which may lead to pronounced upwinddownwind asymmetries in the pressures and thereby in the resulting solar wind flows. As we can show in our model, which fits the available observational data, radial decelerations of the distant solar wind by between 5 to 11% are to be expected, however, the deviations of the bulk solar wind flow from the radialdirections are only slightly pronounced. 相似文献
11.
We present the results of our studies of the cosmic-ray fluctuations in the frequency range 10−4−1.67 × 10−3 Hz based on energetic particle flux measurements on spacecraft in the solar wind, in the magnetosphere, and at Earth in the
11-year solar cycle. The cosmic-ray fluctuation spectrum is shown to have an 11-year modulation related to the solar cycle.
A different behavior of the level of energetic particle fluctuations measured in different regions of space is observed for
cosmic rays of different origins. We conclude that the new, previously unknown phenomenon of 11-year modulation of the cosmic-ray
fluctuation spectrum has been established. A possible explanation of this phenomenon is given. 相似文献
12.
The best correlation coefficient between the monthly cosmic-ray intensity of the Inuvik Station and various kinds of solar, interplanetary, and geophysical parameters has been found. It is calculated for different time-lags of cosmic-ray intensity with respect to these parameters. The maximum of these coefficients lead us to a useful empirical model for the 11-year cosmic-ray modulation. 相似文献
13.
We analyze and compare the geomagnetic and galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) response of selected solar events, particularly the campaign events of the group International Study of Earth-affecting Solar Transients (ISEST) of the program Variability of the Sun and Its Terrestrial Impact (VarSITI). These selected events correspond to Solar Cycle 24, and we identified various of their features during their near-Earth passage. We evaluated the hourly data of geomagnetic indices and ground-based neutron monitors and the concurrent data of interplanetary plasma and field parameters. We recognized distinct features of these events and solar wind parameters when the geomagnetic disturbance was at its peak and when the cosmic-ray intensity was most affected. We also discuss the similarities and differences in the geoeffectiveness and GCR response of the solar and interplanetary structures in the light of plasma and field variations and physical mechanism(s), which play a crucial role in influencing the geomagnetic activity and GCR intensity. 相似文献
14.
We study solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) during the deep solar minimum, including the declining phase, of solar cycle 23 and compare the results of this unusual period with the results obtained during similar phases of the previous solar cycles 20, 21, and 22. These periods consist of two epochs each of negative and positive polarities of the heliospheric magnetic field from the north polar region of the Sun. In addition to cosmic-ray data, we utilize simultaneous solar and interplanetary plasma/field data including the tilt angle of the heliospheric current sheet. We study the relation between simultaneous variations in cosmic ray intensity and solar/interplanetary parameters during the declining and the minimum phases of cycle 23. We compare these relations with those obtained for the same phases in the three previous solar cycles. We observe certain peculiar features in cosmic ray modulation during the minimum of solar cycle 23 including the record high GCR intensity. We find, during this unusual minimum, that the correlation of GCR intensity is poor with sunspot number (correlation coefficient R=?0.41), better with interplanetary magnetic field (R=?0.66), still better with solar wind velocity (R=?0.80) and much better with the tilt angle of the heliospheric current sheet (R=?0.92). In our view, it is not the diffusion or the drift alone, but the solar wind convection that is the most likely additional effect responsible for the record high GCR intensity observed during the deep minimum of solar cycle 23. 相似文献
15.
The flux rate of cosmic rays incident on the Earth’s upper atmosphere is modulated by the solar wind and the Earth’s magnetic
field. The amount of solar wind is not constant due to changes in solar activity in each solar cycle, and hence the level
of cosmic ray modulation varies with solar activity. In this context, we have investigated the variability and the relationship
of cosmic ray intensity with solar, interplanetary, and geophysical parameters from January 1982 through December 2008. Simultaneous
observations have been made to quantify the exact relationship between the cosmic ray intensity and those parameters during
the solar maxima and minima, respectively. It is found that the stronger the interplanetary magnetic field, solar wind plasma
velocity, and solar wind plasma temperature, the weaker the cosmic ray intensity. Hence, the lowest cosmic ray intensity has
good correlations with simultaneous solar parameters, while the highest cosmic ray intensity does not. Our results show that
higher solar activity is responsible for a higher geomagnetic effect and vice versa. 相似文献
16.
H. Mavromichalaki 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1989,47(1):61-72
The diurnal anisotropy of cosmic-ray intensity observed over the period 1970–1977 has been analysed using neutron-monitor data of the Athens and Deep River stations. Our results indicate that the time of the maximum of diurnal variation shows a remarkable systematic shift towards earlier hours than normally beginning in 1971. This phase shift continued until 1976, the solar activity minimum, except for a sudden shift to a later hour for one year, in 1974, the secondary maximum of solar activity.This behavior of the diurnal time of maximum has been shown to be consistent with the convective- diffusive mechanism which relates the solar diurnal anisotropy of cosmic-rays to the dynamics of the solar wind and of the interplanetary magnetic field. Once again we have confirmed the field-aligned direction of the diffusive vector independently of the interplanetary magnetic field polarity. It is also noteworthy that the diurnal phase may follow in time the variations of the size of the polar coronal holes. All these are in agreement with the drift motions of cosmic-ray particles in the interplanetarty magnetic field during this time period. 相似文献
17.
High-speed solar wind streams (HSWS) were identified for solar cycles 22 and 23 (up to 2004). Preliminarily, HSWS were classified
in three groups according to their continuous period of occurrence. In the declining phase of solar cycle 23, 2003 is found
to be anomalous, showing a very large number of HSWS events of long duration (> ten days). We have studied the effect of HSWS
on the cosmic-ray intensity as well as their relationship with geomagnetic disturbance index Ap on yearly, daily, and hourly bases. The yearly average of solar-wind speed was also found to be maximum in 2003. Being within
the declining phase of solar activity, the occurrence of solar flares in 2003 is quite low. In particular during HSWS, no
solar flares have been observed. Associations with cosmic-ray changes do not support the notion that the HSWS are usually
effective in producing significant cosmic-ray decreases. Out of 12 HSWS events observed during the period 2002 (December)
to 2003, four events of significant cosmic-ray decreases at all the stations have been selected for further analysis. The
cosmic-ray intensity has been found to decrease during the first phase of the event (first five days of HSWS) at all three
neutron-monitor stations situated at different latitudes with different cutoff rigidities. The rigidity spectra of observed
decreases in cosmic-ray intensity for these four cases have been found to be significantly different than that of Fds (Forbush
decrease). In two cases the spectra are softer, whereas in the other two they are harder than that of Fds. However, if the
average of all four events is considered together then the spectra of the decrease in cosmic rays during HSWS exactly match
that of Fds. Such a result implies that initially individual events should be considered, instead of combining them together,
as was done earlier. The Ap index is also found to generally increase in the first phase of the event. However, the four events selected on the basis
of cosmic-ray decrease are not always associated with enhanced values of the Ap index. As such, the significance of our study is that further detailed investigations for much longer periods and on an event-by-event
basis is required to understand the effect of coronal-hole-associated HSWS. 相似文献
18.
G.D. Parker 《Planetary and Space Science》1977,25(7):681-687
Variations of the ground-level nucleonic intensity and of indices of solar photospheric, chromospheric, and coronal activity at time scales of less than forty days show strong 27-day recurrent structure. Correlation functions for these time series suggest an origin for short-term modulation in impulsive solar activity. Flare-associated shocks originating in long-lived active zones fixed in solar longitude produce recurrent cosmic ray variations during 1964–1967, and corotating solar wind disturbances are of secondary importance to short-term modulation. 相似文献
19.
We study the temporal behavior of the power spectra for Galactic cosmic-ray fluctuations during the last two solar cycles. We use the 5-min data for 1980–2002 corrected for the barometric effect from two widely separated high-latitude cosmic-ray stations, Tixie Bay and Oulu. The cosmicray fluctuation spectrum is shown to be subjected to a regular long-term modulation with a period of about 11 years in phase with the solar cycle, in accordance with the variations in the inertial part of the turbulence spectrum for the interplanetary magnetic field. Based on independent measurements, we confirm the previously detected cosmic-ray fluctuation power enhancement at the maximum of the 11-year solar cycle and its subsequent decrease at minimum solar activity using new, more extensive data sets. We reach the conclusion about the establishment of a new cosmic-ray modulation phenomenon that has not been described previously in scientific literature. 相似文献
20.
Based on the monthly sunspot numbers (SSNs), the solar-flare index (SFI), grouped solar flares (GSFs), the tilt angle of heliospheric current sheet (HCS), and cosmic-ray intensity (CRI) for Solar Cycles 21?–?24, a detailed correlation study has been performed using the cycle-wise average correlation (with and without time lag) method as well as by the “running cross-correlation” method. It is found that the slope of regression lines between SSN and SFI, as well as between SSN and GSF, is continuously decreasing from Solar Cycle 21 to 24. The length of regression lines has significantly decreased during Cycles 23 and 24 in comparison to Cycles 21 and 22. The cross-correlation coefficient (without time lag) between SSN–CRI, SFI–CRI, and GSF–CRI has been found to be almost the same during Cycles 21 and 22, while during Cycles 23 and 24 it is significantly higher between SSN–CRI and HCS–CRI than for SFI–CRI and GSF–CRI. Considering time lags of 1 to 20 months, the maximum correlation coefficient (negative) amongst all of the sets of solar parameters is observed with almost the same time lags during Cycles 21?–?23, whereas exceptional behaviour of the time lag has been observed during Cycle 24, as the correlation coefficient attains its maximum value with two time lags (four and ten months) in the case of the SSN–CRI relationship. A remarkably large time lag (22 months) between HCS and CRI has been observed during the odd-numbered Cycle 21, whereas during another odd cycle, Cycle 23, the lag is small (nine months) in comparison to that for other solar/flare parameters (13?–?15 months). On the other hand, the time lag between SSN–CRI and HCS–CRI has been found to be almost the same during even-numbered Solar Cycles 22 and 24. A similar analysis has been performed between SFI and CRI, and it is found that the correlation coefficient is maximum at zero time lag during the present solar cycle. The GSFs have shown better maximum correlation with CRI as compared to SFI during Cycles 21 to 23, indicating that GSF could also be used as a significant solar parameter to study the cosmic-ray modulation. Furthermore, the running cross-correlation coefficient between SSN–CRI and HCS–CRI, as well as between solar-flare activity parameters (SFI and GSF) and CRI is observed to be strong during the ascending and descending phases of solar cycles. The level of cosmic-ray modulation during the period of investigation shows the appropriateness of different parameters in different cycles, and even during the different phases of a particular solar cycle. We have also studied the galactic cosmic-ray modulation in relation to combined solar and heliospheric parameters using the empirical model suggested by Paouris et al. (Solar Phys.280, 255, 2012). The proposed model for the calculation of the modulated cosmic-ray intensity obtained from the combination of solar and heliospheric parameter gives a very satisfactory value of standard deviation as well as \(R^{2}\) (the coefficient of determination) for Solar Cycles 21?–?24. 相似文献