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1.
In order to recognize lateral and seasonal variations in composition of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Odra Estuary, samples were taken at four sites in the period July 1996 - July 1997 monthly if possible. The contents of the elements Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K, P, C, S as well as Ba, Cr, Sr, V, Zn, Cu, Zr, and of the minerals illite, chlorite, smectite, kaolinite and others have been determined. The decreasing influence of the river Odra towards the open sea could be realized with the help of the contents of the minerals quartz, smectite, and of the elements Ba, Cr, K, P, Si and other. 60% of the seasonal and lateral variations can be explained by changing contents of total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), Al, Fe, Si, Ti, P, Mn, and Ba. They are mainly caused by differences in the production of organic matter, resuspension, riverine input, and redox-sensitive processes.  相似文献   

2.
Surface sediment samples collected from the inner shelf region of the Bay of Bengal, were analysed for the major elements and total and acetic acid available trace elements (Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Si, Zn) to evaluate geochemical processes influencing their distribution. Major elemental analysis showed that the sediments had high concentrations of Si and relatively low concentrations of Al and Fe. Both major elemental and trace metal concentrations indicated that the sediments represent weathered products of granite and charnockite. Normalization of metals to Al indicated relatively high enrichment factors for Pb, Cd, Zn and Cr. The higher proportions of nondetrital Pb (66%), Cd (41%) and Co (28%) reveal metal contamination due to anthropogenic inputs. Factor analysis (FA) identified six possible types of sedimentological and geochemical associations. The dominant factor accounting for 26.9% of the total variance identifies an anthropogenic input and accumulation of nondetrital Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb. Association of these metals with CaCO3 reveals that shell fragments in the surface sediments are likely act as a carrier phase for nondetrital metals. The results are discussed in the context of the sources and pathways of elements in the Bay of Bengal.  相似文献   

3.
This study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high‐water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low‐water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non‐conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn‐oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays.  相似文献   

4.
The physical and chemical characterization of aerosols from three large cities, Karachi and Islamabad, Pakistan, and New York City (NYC), USA, was investigated. A scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) was used to determine particle morphology and elemental composition of the samples. A Bruker Spirit system in combination with a Sahara detector provided both computer controlled Automated Chemical Classification (ACC) and digital mapping features for analysis purposes. The use of these two features to characterize the elemental composition, particle size, and to determine specific classes or source types is described in this paper. Filters were analyzed for the following elements; Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Br, Sr, Y, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Ba, La, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, and U. The EDS work was qualitative not quantitative. Seven source types (mobile, cement, soil, steel mill, fossil fuel, sea salt and biological) contributed to particulate matter in the ambient air of both cities in Pakistan, whereas there were eight source types (diesel, road dust, automobile, iron, residual fuel oil, sea salt, ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate) for NYC. For all three urban centers, vehicular traffic emissions were the main contributor to particle number. Diesel emissions from trucks and buses were relatively more prominent in NYC aerosols, while gasoline emission from automotive exhaust was dominant in the two cities of Pakistan. The cement/limestone component from local cement industries was very evident in both particle surface characteristics and number for both Karachi and Islamabad, but not in NYC air. Sea salt aerosols were seen in the two coastal cities, Karachi and NYC. It was also witnessed in Islamabad aerosols and was attributable to the mining of rock salt at the world's richest salt mine, Khewra, situated upwind from the city.  相似文献   

5.
Based on a comprehensive study of the hydrothermal clay layer that occurs in geothermal fields, the conditions of formation of cation composition in argillitized rocks are discussed. Under the influence of gas-water fluids and pore solutions, micro- and nano-mineral mixtures are formed in hydrothermal clays; these mixtures include crystalline, amorphous, and transitional mineral phases. A considerable role in their composition belongs to cations of several metals (Fe, Al, Ti, Na, Mg, Ca, K, Mn, and Ba), as well as Si, C, N, S, and volatiles (F? and Cl?). The sources of cations and other elements are unaltered host rocks, newly formed hydrothermal-metasomatic rocks, hydrothermal clays, salt deposits, siliceous, carbonate, and other sediments, as well as deep fluids. In the structures of geothermal anomalies and deposits the ??hydrothermal metasomatic rock??gas-water fluid??newly formed mineral chemical compounds?? united system is formed. Each of the elements of this system takes part in the transportation, accumulation, and redistribution of metals. This approach to studies of the geochemistry of present-day geothermal systems may serve as a foundation for developing criteria for the presence of mineralization in metasomatites, gas-hydrothermal fluids, and new mineral associations.  相似文献   

6.
泥炭沼泽不同植物群落中地表糙度变化及其影响机制   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
对藏南沉错CCl孔216个沉积物样品进行了15种金属元素含量的测试,研究金属元素含量的分布特征,以及与粒度参数的变化关系．结果显示：金属元素的分布特征可分为三组,K、Na、Mg、Al、Ti、Ba、Cu、Zn、Fe、Pb、Cr、V等12种元素具有较为相似的变化趋势;Ca和Sr变化趋势相同;而Mn与其他任何一种元素都不相似．元素分布与粒度参数的相关分析结果表明,Ca、Ti、Pb的变化与沉积物粒度没有明显的关系;K、Na、Al、Ba、Cu、Fe、Cr、V等8种元素与沉积物粘土含量（〈4um）呈正相关关系;Mg、Zn、Mn与粉砂含量（4—63μm）呈正相关关系;而Sr与砂含量（〉63gm）呈正相关关系本研究中大部分元素的粒度效应与其他湖泊、海洋等水体沉积物中元素的粒度效应具有一致的结果．与本岩芯已有的过去1400年来的环境重建资料对比可以发现,在不同的环境变化阶段,元素组合特征都与湖区环境状况具有较好的对应性．其中大部分元素的含量变化受物源条件即流域风化侵蚀程度的影响,而Ca含量不受沉积物粒度变化影响,且与沉积物中碳酸盐含量、Sr／Ba具有很好的相关性,说明其变化受物源条件影响小,而主要与湖水理化性质、蒸发强度以及湖泊沉积过程有关．  相似文献   

7.
The rare gases He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe were measured in bulk samples of Yamato 74123. The 3He and 21Ne exposure ages are found to be 5.50 Ma and 2.83 Ma, respectively. In addition to the cosmogenic component the samples contain primordial rare gases of the fractionated type in amounts typical of ureilites. In a three-isotope plot neon turns out to be a mixture of planetary neon and cosmogenic neon.The elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni have been determined by spark source mass spectrometry in Yamato 74123 and for comparison in the ureilites Haveröand Kenna. The chemical composition as well as the noble gas abundance pattern identify Yamato 74123 as an ureilite.  相似文献   

8.
An attempt to indicate the sources and pathways of selected chemical substances in precipitation over central Bohemia was accomplished with help of bulk samples, collected in a forested rural landscape approx. 30 km SE from Prague, capital of the Czech Republic. Samples have been collected monthly throughout the 1990s. They were analyzed to determine the concentration of selected major cations and anions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4 +, SO4 2-, NO3 -, Cl-), as well as several minor and trace elements (Al, As, Be, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Sr, Zn, F-).Set of the bulk samples shows strong mutual correlation of the main acidifiers - compounds of N, S (and F). Good correlation occurs also at the typical lithogenic elements Al, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Sr, and the typical elements originating from the flue gases of the combustion chambers burning low quality brown coal - As, (Be), Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The only strong correlation of Cl with Na (and Mg) indicates that majority of these elements originates from the oceanic spray. The content of pollutants in precipitation depends on the air masses types and on the rout of their approach to the sampling site. The typing of synoptic situations was employed for the determination of the air masses types and routs and of the corresponding fronts and precipitation fields.  相似文献   

9.
The interactions of seafloor hydrothermal fluid with igneous rocks can result in leaching elements from the rocks,creating potential ore-forming fluids and influencing the chemical compositions of near-bottom seawater.The hydrothermal alteration of plagioclase microphenocrysts and basaltic glass in the pillow basalts from one dredge station(103°57.62′′W,12°50.55′N,water depth 2480 m)on the East Pacific Rise(EPR)near 13°N were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope(SEM)and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDS).The results show that the edges of the plagioclase microphenocrysts and the basaltic glass fragments are altered but the pyroxene and olivine microphenocrysts in the interior of the pillow basalts appear to be unaffected by the hydrothermal fluids.In addition,our results show that the chemical alteration at the rims of the plagioclase microphenocrysts and the edges of basaltic glass fragments can be divided into separate types of alteration.The chemical difference in hydrothermal alteration of the plagioclase microphenocrysts and the basaltic glass indicate that different degrees of hydrothermal fluid-solid phase interaction have taken place at the surface of the pillow basalts.If the degree of hydrothermal fluid-solid phase interaction is relatively minor,Si,Al,Ca and Na diffuse from the inside of the solid phase out and as a result these elements have a tendency to accumulate in the edge of the plagioclase microphenocrysts or basaltic glass.If the degree of hydrothermal fluid-solid phase interaction is relatively strong,Si,Al,Ca and Na also diffuse from the inside of solid phase out but these elements will have a relatively low concentration in the edge of the plagioclase microphenocrysts or basaltic glass.Based on the chemical variation observed in the edges of plagioclase microphenocrysts and basaltic glass,we estimate that the content of Si,Al and Fe in the edges of plagioclase microphenocrysts can have a variation of 10.69%,17.59%and 109%,respectively.Similarly,the Si,Al and Fe concentrations in the edges of basaltic glass can have a variation of 9.79%,16.30%and 37.83%,respectively,during the interaction of hydrothermal fluids and seafloor pillow basalt.  相似文献   

10.
Human health and environmental problems related to particulate matter emission from vehicles has become a topic of research interest in recent years. These airborne particles can not only be directly inhaled, but are also present as suspended and deposited particles on paved areas and roadside soils. Here we report on magnetic studies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and chemical analyses of vehicle-derived particles collected from both primary sources and as deposited particles on roads and soils. Preliminary results, recently published by the authors, have revealed that the magnetic signal of such particles is controlled by a magnetite-like phase with magnetic grain size ranging between 0.1 μm and 5 μm. An enrichment of some trace elements: Ba, Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb was also found. In this study we focus on SEM and EDS complementary studies of magnetic extracts. SEM observations showed small individual particles or spherulites, small aggregates in the form of chains or clusters, large aggregates of spherules, flake-like bodies, fibre-like particles, sheet-like particles, irregular debris and large particle agglomerates, i.e. a wide variety of shapes. Grain size distribution is also in agreement with magnetic grain size estimations. Additionally the following elements: C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, K, Ca, V, Ba, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb were detected by EDS analysis.  相似文献   

11.
Comparison of crystalline and glassy comendites shows that compositional changes during solidification involve losses of Na, Cs, Cl, F, gain of Sr, and gains and losses of REE at near-solidus temperatures. Variation in a thick trachyte lava suggests deuteric mobility of the same elements, while variation in a trachyte-comendite suite shows that Fe loss can also occur. Al, Si, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Th, U, and Rb are not significantly affected, nor are the proportions of the REE, and these elements can be relied upon in petrochemical studies of crystalline peralkaline silicic rocks.  相似文献   

12.
The crater lake water from Maly Semiachik volcano in Kamchatka was used for the international analytical laboratory comparison of major and minor elements, and hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen isotope data. Eight institutions participated in this program, giving analytical results of 9 major and 20 minor elements mainly by using ICP-AES for cations and IC for anions. Among the major elements, Na, Mg and Si showed coefficients of variation (CV) of 10% or more, whereas B, Al, Fe, Mn had coefficients less than 7%. The CV% of the minor elements Co, Cu, P, Cr, Pb was much greater (>30%) while the V analyses agreed well (<10%). Ti, Sr, Zn, and F were intermediate (between 10 and 20 CV%). The errors observed for these constituents are inherent to the methods applied: large dilutions and spectrometric interferences. Even the major anions such as Cl (>2000 ppm) and SO4 (>5000 ppm) gave considerable ranges (5.1 and 8.8 CV%, respectively) as did the obtained pH values (22 CV%). The measured δ18O of the water samples and δ34S of sulfate are in excellent agreement but the δD values had CV% of 8. Technical recommendations are presented to improve the analytical results for these elements with significant deviations from the mean values.  相似文献   

13.
The analysis of physicochemical variables and selected dissolved elements was performed on the Apure River waters for 15 months. The variables pH, alkalinity, dissolved O2, conductivity and Na, Ca, Mg and Cd concentrations showed maximum values during low water, whereas K, Si, Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) showed maximum concentrations during rising and high water. Five important factors were found to control the amount and temporal variability of the dissolved elements: lithology, hydrology, vegetation–floodplain processes, redox conditions and organic complexation. Weathering of silicates, carbonates and evaporites in the Andes provides most of the proportion of Na, Ca, Mg and HCO3? to waters. The temporal variability of these ions is controlled by a dilution process. Although Si can be taken up by the biomass, Si and K can be leached from the floodplain by weathering of clays. Microbial decay of the submerged plants in the floodplain during the inundation periods provides DOC and K to river waters and changes the redox conditions in water. The changing redox conditions control the solubility of Mn, Zn and Fe. Dissolved Mn is a function of pH‐dependent redox process, whereas Zn solubility is controlled by scavenging of Zn during the oxidation of Mn2+ to MnO2. Positive relationships between Al, Fe, Cu, Cr and DOC suggest that these elements are complexed by organic colloids generated in the floodplain. Moreover, the binding capacity of Fe with DOC increases under reducing conditions. Although Cd seems to be provided by weathering in the Andes, several processes can affect the mobility of Cd during transport. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

14.
The dissolved (<0.40 γm) fraction of water samples from Newark Bay, New Jersey was analysed for Zn, Cu and Pb content by differential pulse anodic stripping polarographic techniques. In the dissolved fraction, non-labile forms of Zn, Cu and Pb exist as shown by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry analysis on acidified samples and acidified-UV irradiated samples. The particulate fraction (>;0.40 μm) contains metals in the form of sulphides (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn), oxides and oxyhydroxides (Si, Al, Fe, Cu, Ni, Sn), phosphate (Ca, Ce, La), clay minerals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Ti) and carbonaceous material (Fe, Cu, Zn) as demonstrated by X-ray microanalysis. The solid phases are likely present in colloidal form in the dissolved fraction of the water column as well. The forms of the metals in the water column are partially due to the resuspension of bottom sediments by dredging and natural processes, to sewage outfall and to natural geochemical processes.  相似文献   

15.
The particulate concentrations of 17 trace metals, Al, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Ag, Sb, Au, Hg, Pb and Th have been measured in the marine atmosphere (58 samples) and in the deep waters (35 samples) of the Tropical North Atlantic. For oceanic suspended matter, our results are similar to those in samples from the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans collected during the GEOSECS Program. Based on these results, we have made a flux balance for the mixed layer between input via the atmosphere and removal through small and large particles. These data show that the primary flux of suspended aluminosilicates in the Tropical North Atlantic is attributable to the atmospheric input. Elements Sc, Th, Fe, V, Mn, Co and Cr show high correlation with Al in the marine atmosphere. Of these elements, Fe, Mn, V, Co and Cr are influenced by additional processes such as biological, in the marine environment. For elements Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Ag, Sb, Au, Hg and Pb, we observe high enrichments (relative to average crustal material) in the marine atmosphere which may be due, at least partially, to the influence of anthropogenic sources. These metals also show similar enrichments in deep ocean suspended matter. Model calculations indicate that the atmospheric flux may not control the deep ocean particulate chemistry of Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Sb, Au and Hg. Hence it is likely that, for these elements, the enrichment in the ocean is due to processes within the marine regime, for example their involvement in the biological cycle of the ocean. For Se and Pb, the atmospheric source looks to be the dominant contribution to their particulate concentration in seawater. In the deep North Atlantic, particulate Pb appears to be mostly of anthropogenic origin, which is not the case for Se.  相似文献   

16.
The top‐soil samples were collected from urban, industrial, agricultural, and rural sites to investigate the modification in the elemental composition due to anthropogenic influence in one of the biggest city of Turkey, namely Izmir. The elemental profiles were dominated by lithophilic elements such as Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, K, and sea salt element, Na, which is typical for Mediterranean region. The trace elemental concentrations showed significant variation with higher concentrations in the industrial sites, particularly in the vicinity of iron‐steel producers from scrap materials (EAF‐Steels). Lead, Zn, and Cd around EAF‐Steels were found to be higher than other sites. Comparison to universal upper crusts and local reference soil has shown that Izmir top‐soils were contaminated in terms of many trace elements, most probably due to anthropogenic activities. Correlation matrix, crustal enrichment factors, and factor analysis were applied to investigate the extent of soil modification and possible sources. The results indicated that the elemental profiles of top‐soils were mainly determined by parent materials; however, anthropogenic activities were found to be factor effective on the profile.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
In geochemical logging, the standard capture gamma-ray spectra of Al, Mg, and K have no distinct characteristic energy peaks. This feature easily influences the spectral bands of characteristic peaks of other elements and thus affects the accuracy of calculating their concentrations. To study this influence, we constructed a model formation containing Al, Mg, and K, and employed the Monte Carlo N Particle Transport Code (MCNP) program to simulate their capture spectra. The results indicate that the calculated dry weights of Si are almost free from the influences of Mg, K, and Al. The ones of Ca and Fe are influenced, but only to a minor extent. The dry weight of S is concurrently influenced. Specifically, the K concentration causes S concentration to deviate significantly from its real concentration. By correcting for such influences, we can obtain relatively accurate values. Data processing for a real well validates the finding that Mg, Al, and K in the formation influence the precision of calculation of other elements and also testifies to the effectiveness of the correction method.  相似文献   

19.
Mass-spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma was used to determine the element composition of 19 amphipod species, most of which are widespread in the stony littoral of Lake Baikal. Amphipod composition was found to be dominated by Ca > P ≥ S > K ≥ Na > Cl > Mg > Sr ≥ Br ≥ Si. The concentrations of all elements determined in amphipods is greater than the respective concentrations in water. The amphipods were found to concentrate P > Br > Cu > Zn > Cd to the greatest extent relative to the element composition of water and Br > P ≥ I > Ca > S > Cl ≥ As > Sr relative to that of the stone substrate. The concentrations of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, Pb, and Hg in 2003–2006 in the amphipods of the stony littoral of Baikal was not greater than their concentrations in the amphipods from conventionally non-polluted or weakly polluted aquatic ecosystems. The obtained results can be used as background values in environmental monitoring.  相似文献   

20.
杜尔基地区处于大兴安岭中南段,区内中生代侵入岩广泛发育。八个样品K—Ar全岩法测年结果为100．15～120．29Ma,形成于早白垩世。岩石化学分析结果具有高硅、高钾、富碱、过铝、贫铁、镁、钙特征,属于碱性岩系列。稀土元素总量平均值为146．85μg/g,球粒陨石标准化曲线整体平缓右倾,显示富Rb,贫Sr、Ba特征,具有Eu负异常,微量元素具有明显的Sr、Ba、Ti负异常,反映了具有强烈分异的分离结晶作用存在,说明岩石形成于长期较稳定的构造背景,可能形成于非造山板内裂谷或热点地幔柱环境。  相似文献   

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