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1.
The giant diatom Ethmodiscus was examined along an east–west transect at 28–30°N during 2002 and 2003 to determine if abundance, chemical composition or physiological status of this largest of diatoms varied on the scale of 100's–1000's of km in North Pacific gyre. Abundance ranged from <0.1–>2.0 cells m−3 and supported the notion of an abundance mosaic reported previously. However, there was only minimal support for the relationship between abundance and nutrient concentration at 125 m reported previously. Cellular chlorophyll varied little along the transect (7.3–10.9 ng chl cell−1) except at the westernmost station. Cellular N and P quotas co-varied 3–4.5 fold (mean=50.8±3.7 and 3.7±0.8 nmol N and P cell−1) and yielded N:P ratios that closely clustered around the Redfield ratio (average=14.6±1.1). Only low levels of chlorophyll-normalized alkaline phosphatase (APase) activity were observed (0.4–2.5 nmol P μg chl−1 h−1) with APase activity lower than that in either the bulk water, or co-occurring Trichodesmium spp. and Pyrocystis noctiluca. The active fluorescence parameter Fv:Fm, a property sensitive to Fe stress, was uniformly high at all stations (average=0.73±0.04 for 2003, and 0.69±0.05 for 2002), indicating sufficient Fe for optimum photosynthetic competence. These results contrasted sharply with results from Rhizosolenia mats reported along the same transect where there was a significant decline westward in Fv:Fm. Both ferredoxin (Fd) and flavodoxin accumulated in cells of Ethmodiscus, resulting in Fd Index values of<0.6. Iron cell quotas ranged from 0.7–5.1 pmol Fe cell−1. When normalized to cytoplasmic volume, the Fe μm−3 was comparable to that of Escherichia coli. We note that the disproportionate contribution of the vacuole (with its high organic content) to total volume typical of large diatoms is a potentially significant source of error in Fe:C ratios and suggest that Fe should be normalized to cytoplasmic volume whenever possible to permit valid intercomparisons between studies. The composition, Fv:Fm data and Fe:C ratio suggest a relatively uniform population experiencing little N, P or Fe stress. The uncoupling of the Fd Index from these measures is consistent with previous findings showing that the expression of flavodoxin can be characterized as an early stress response and that its accumulation is not necessarily correlated with physiological deficit. Ethmodiscus appears to be well adapted to some of the most oligotrophic waters in the ocean. Because it is an important sedimentary marker, the biology of living Ethmodiscus provides insights into the source of extensive Ethmodiscus oozes. Mass sedimentation after frontal accumulation has been suggested as a source for these oozes. Our data contain no evidence that the flux is linked directly to Fe, N or P stress.  相似文献   

2.
Temporal changes in the abundance, community composition, and photosynthetic physiology of phytoplankton in surface waters were investigated during the second in situ iron (Fe) fertilization experiment in the NW subarctic Pacific (SEEDS-II). Surface chlorophyll a concentration was 0.75 mg m−3 on the day before the first Fe enrichment (i.e. Day 0), increased ca. 3-fold until Day 13 after two Fe additions, and thereafter declined with time. The photochemical quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) and functional absorption cross-section (σPSII) of photosystem II for total phytoplankton in surface waters increased and decreased inside the Fe-enriched patch through Day 13, respectively. These results indicate that the photosynthetic physiological condition of the phytoplankton improved after the Fe infusions. However, the maximum Fv/Fm value of 0.43 and the maximum quantum yield of carbon fixation (φmax) of 0.041 mol C (mol photon)−1 during the development phase of the bloom were rather low, compared to their theoretical maximum of ca. 0.65 and 0.10 mol C (mol photon)−1, respectively. Diatoms, which were mainly composed of oceanic species, did not bloom, and autotrophic nanoflagellates such as cryptophytes and prasinophytes became predominant in the phytoplankton community inside the Fe-enriched patch. In ferredoxin/flavodoxin assays for micro-sized (20–200 μm in cell length) diatoms, ferredoxin was not detected but flavodoxin expressions consistently occurred with similar levels both inside and outside the Fe-enriched patch, indicating that the large-sized diatoms were stressed by Fe bioavailability inside the Fe-enriched patch even after the Fe enrichments. Our data suggest that the absence of a Fe-induced large-sized diatom bloom could be partly due to their Fe stress throughout SEEDS-II.  相似文献   

3.
We conducted full-depth hydrographic observations between 8°50′ and 44°30′N at 165°W in 2003 and analyzed the data together with those from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment and the World Ocean Database, clarifying the water characteristics and deep circulation in the Central and Northeast Pacific Basins. The deep-water characteristics at depths greater than approximately 2000 dbar at 165°W differ among three regions demarcated by the Hawaiian Ridge at around 24°N and the Mendocino Fracture Zone at 37°N: the southern region (10–24°N), central region (24–37°N), and northern region (north of 37°N). Deep water at temperatures below 1.15 °C and depths greater than 4000 dbar is highly stratified in the southern region, weakly stratified in the central region, and largely uniform in the northern region. Among the three regions, near-bottom water immediately east of Clarion Passage in the southern region is coldest (θ<0.90 °C), most saline (S>34.70), highest in dissolved oxygen (O2>4.2 ml l?1), and lowest in silica (Si<135 μmol kg?1). These characteristics of the deep water reflect transport of Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) due to a branch current south of the Wake–Necker Ridge that is separated from the eastern branch current of the deep circulation immediately north of 10°N in the Central Pacific Basin. The branch current south of the Wake–Necker Ridge carries LCDW of θ<1.05 °C with a volume transport of 3.7 Sv (1 Sv=106 m3 s?1) into the Northeast Pacific Basin through Horizon and Clarion Passages, mainly through the latter (～3.1 Sv). A small amount of the LCDW flows northward at the western boundary of the Northeast Pacific Basin, joins the branch of deep circulation from the Main Gap of the Emperor Seamounts Chain, and forms an eastward current along the Mendocino Fracture Zone with volume transport of nearly 1 Sv. If this volume transport is typical, a major portion of the LCDW (～3 Sv) carried by the branch current south of the Wake–Necker and Hawaiian Ridges may spread in the southern part of the Northeast Pacific Basin. In the northern region at 165°W, silica maxima are found near the bottom and at 2200 dbar; the minimum between the double maxima occurs at a depth of approximately 4000 dbar (θ～1.15 °C). The geostrophic current north of 39°N in the upper deep layer between 1.15 and 2.2 °C, with reference to the 1.15 °C isotherm, has a westward volume transport of 1.6 Sv at 39–44°30′N, carrying silica-rich North Pacific Deep Water from the northeastern region of the Northeast Pacific Basin to the Northwest Pacific Basin.  相似文献   

4.
The design and testing of a robotic analyzer for autonomous TCO2 measurement from oceanographic moorings is described. The analyzer employs a conductimetric method of TCO2 measurement wherein CO2 from an acidified sample diffuses across a semi-permeable membrane into a NaOH solution decreasing the conductivity of the base. The instrument is capable of ～850 analyses over a period of at least six months. It is designed to operate to depths of at least 1000 m. TCO2 calibration is based on in situ standardization throughout a deployment.We report both laboratory and in situ tests of the analyzer. In the laboratory automated analyses over a period of 38 days at temperatures ranging from 8° to 25 °C yielded a TCO2 accuracy and precision of ±2.7 μmol/kg. In situ tests were conducted at the WHOI dock with a deployment of 8 weeks at in situ temperatures of 5°–13 °C. The accuracy and precision of TCO2 analyses over the deployment period, based on in situ calibration, was ±3.6 μmol/kg.Laboratory tests of reagent and standard solution stability are also reported. Standards, based on Certified Reference Material were followed for periods of up to 2 years. In all cases TCO2 increased. Drift of the standards was the equivalent of ～1 to 3 μmol/kg per 6 months. The conductivity indicator solution was found to be stable for at least 2 months.  相似文献   

5.
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6.
Mode-1 internal tides were observed the western North Atlantic using an ocean acoustic tomography array deployed in 1991–1992 centered on 25°N, 66°W. The pentagonal array, 700-km across, acted as an antenna for mode-1 internal-tides. Coherent internal-tide waves with O(1 m) displacements were observed traveling in several directions. Although the internal tides of the region were relatively quiescent, they were essentially phase locked over the 200–300 day data record lengths. Both semidiurnal and diurnal internal waves were detected, with wavenumbers consistent with those calculated from hydrographic data. The M2 internal-tide energy flux was estimated to be about 70 W m−1, suggesting that mode-1 waves radiate 0.2 GW of energy, with large uncertainty, from the Caribbean island chain at this frequency. A global tidal model (TPXO 5) suggested that 1–2 GW is lost from the M2 barotropic tide over this region, but the precise value was uncertain because the complicated topography makes the calculation problematic. In any case, significant conversion of barotropic to baroclinic tidal energy does not occur in the western North Atlantic basin. It is apparent, however, that mode-1 internal tides have very weak decay and retain their coherence over great distances, so that ocean basins may be filled up with such waves. Observed diurnal amplitudes were an order of magnitude larger than expected. The amplitude and phase variations of the K1 and O1 constituents observed over the tomography array were consistent with the theoretical solutions for standing internal waves near their turning latitude. The energy densities of the resonant diurnal internal waves were roughly twice those of the barotropic tide at those frequencies.  相似文献   

7.
Hydrographic, geochemical, and direct velocity measurements along two zonal (7.5°N and 4.5°S) and two meridional (35°W and 4°W) lines occupied in January–March, 1993 in the Atlantic are combined in an inverse model to estimate the circulation. At 4.5°S, the Warm Water (potential temperature θ>4.5°C) originating from the South Atlantic enters the equatorial Atlantic, principally at the western boundary, in the thermocline-intensified North Brazil Undercurrent (33±2.7×106 m3 s−1 northward) and in the surface-intensified South Equatorial Current (8×106 m3 s−1 northward) located to the east of the North Brazil Undercurrent. The Ekman transport at 4.5°S is southward (10.7±1.5×106 m3 s−1). At 7.5°N, the Western Boundary Current (WBC) (17.9±2×106 m3 s−1) is weaker than at 4.5°S, and the northward flow of Warm Water in the WBC is complemented by the basin-wide Ekman flow (12.3±1.0×106 m3 s−1), the net contribution of the geostrophic interior flow of Warm Water being southward. The equatorial Ekman divergence drives a conversion of Thermocline Water (24.58⩽σ0<26.75) into Surface Water (σ0<24.58) of 7.5±0.5×106 m3 s−1, mostly occurring west of 35°W. The Deep Water of northern origin flows southward at 7.5°N in an energetic (48±3×106 m3 s−1) Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC), whose transport is in part compensated by a northward recirculation (21±4.5×106 m3 s−1) in the Guiana Basin. At 4.5°S, the DWBC is much less energetic (27±7×106 m3 s−1 southward) than at 7.5°N. It is in part balanced by a deep northward recirculation east of which alternate circulation patterns suggest the existence of an anticyclonic gyre in the central Brazil Basin and a cyclonic gyre further east. The deep equatorial Atlantic is characterized by a convergence of Lower Deep Water (45.90⩽σ4<45.83), which creates an upward diapycnal transport of 11.0×106 m3 s−1 across σ4=45.83. The amplitude of this diapycnal transport is quite sensitive to the a priori hypotheses made in the inverse model. The amplitude of the meridional overturning cell is estimated to be 22×106 m3 s−1 at 7.5°N and 24×106 m3 s−1 at 4.5°S. Northward heat transports are in the range 1.26–1.50 PW at 7.5°N and 0.97–1.29 PW at 4.5°S with best estimates of 1.35 and 1.09 PW.  相似文献   

8.
Diagenetic analysis based on field and petrographic observations, isotope and microthermometric data was used to reconstruct the fluid flow history of the Cretaceous shallow water limestones from the Panormide platform exposed in north-central Sicily. Analysis focused on diagenetic products in cavities and dissolution enlarged fractures of the karstified limestones that occur just below a regional unconformity. The fluid flow history could be broken down into five stages that were linked to the kinematic and burial history of the region. (1) Petrography (zoned cathodoluminescence and speleothem textures) and stable isotopes (6.5 < δ18OV-PDB < ?3.5‰ and 0 < δ13CV-PDB < ?14‰) indicate that the earliest calcite phase was associated with karstification during emergence of the platform. Limestone dissolution at this stage is important with regard to possible reservoir creation in the Panormide palaeogeographic domain. (2) Fine-grained micrite sedimentation, dated as latest Cretaceous by nannopalaeontology and its 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio (0.7078), marks replacement by marine fluids during subsequent submergence of the karstified platform. (3) The following calcite cement was still precipitated by marine-derived fluids (?7.0 < δ18OV-PDB < ?5.0‰ and ?3.0 < δ13CV-PDB < 0.5‰/Tm = ?2 to ?5 °C), but at increasingly higher temperatures (Th = 60–120 °C). This has been interpreted as precipitation during Oligocene foredeep burial. (4) Hot (Th = 130–180 °C), low saline (Tm < ?2.5 °C) fluids with increasingly higher calculated δ18OSMOW signatures (+6 to +14‰) subsequently invaded the karst system. These fluids most likely migrated during fold and thrust belt development. The low salinity and relatively high δ18OSMOW signatures of the fluids are interpreted to be the result of clay dewatering reactions. The presence of bitumen and associated fluorite with hydrocarbon inclusions at this stage in the paragenesis constrains the timing of oil migration in the region. (5) Finally, high saline fluids with elevated 87Sr/86Sr (0.7095–0.7105) signatures invaded the karst system. This last fluid flow event was possibly coeval with localized dolomitization and calcite cementation along high-angle faults of Pliocene age, as suggested by identical radiogenic signatures of these diagenetic products.  相似文献   

9.
Rocky shore ecosystems are considered sentinels of climate warming because they are in close contact with the atmosphere and their shallow waters present low thermal inertia. Concerns on the vulnerability of rocky shore species subject to climate warming make the investigation of their thermal tolerance an urgent topic. The aim of this study was to determine the upper thermal limits of species that are common in tidal pools of rocky shore ecosystems of the Northeast Atlantic. The method used was the Critical Thermal Maximum (CTMax), which allowed the ranking of species in terms of their upper thermal limits as follows: Coryphoblennius galerita (32.0 °C), Palaemon serratus (33.0 °C), Gobius paganellus (33.1 °C), Palaemon elegans (33.4 °C), Lipophrys pholis (33.9 °C) and Paralipophrys trigloides (35.0 °C). Intraspecific variability was always lower than 2%.  相似文献   

10.
The results from a～1 km resolution HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM), forced by 1/2° Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) atmospheric data, were used in order to study the dynamic response of the Persian Gulf to wintertime shamal forcing. Shamal winds are strong northwesterly winds that occur in the Persian Gulf area behind southeast moving cold fronts. The period from 20 November to 5 December 2004 included a well defined shamal event that lasted 4–5 days. In addition to strong winds (16 m s?1) the winter shamal also brought cold dry air (Ta=20 °C, qa=10 g kg?1) which led to a net heat loss in excess of 1000 W m?2 by increasing the latent heat flux. This resulted in SST cooling of up to 10 °C most notably in the northern and shallower shelf regions. A sensitivity experiment with a constant specific humidity of qa=15 g kg?1 confirmed that about 38% of net heat loss was due to the air–sea humidity differences. The time integral of SST cooling closely followed the air–sea heat loss, indicating an approximate one-dimensional vertical heat balance. It was found that the shamal induced convective vertical mixing provided a direct mechanism for the erosion of stratification and deepening of the mixed layer by 30 m. The strong wind not only strengthened the circulation in the entire Persian Gulf but also established a northwestward flowing Iranian Coastal Current (ICC, 25–30 cm s?1) from the Strait of Hormuz to about 52°E, where it veered offshore. The strongest negative sea level of 25–40 cm was generated in the northernmost portion of the Gulf while the wind setup against the coast of the United Arab Emirates established a positive sea level of 15–30 cm. The transport through the Strait of Hormuz at 56.2°E indicated an enhanced outflow of 0.25 Sv (Sv≡106 m3 s?1) during 24 November followed by an equivalent inflow on the next day.  相似文献   

11.
pH and alkalinity measurements from a coastal upwelling area located near 30°S (Coquimbo, Chile), are used to describe the short-term variations of CO2 air–sea exchanges over a period of one week in summer 1996. A 180 km ocean–coastal transect, together with two almost-synoptic grid surveys off Coquimbo covering approximate 2500 km2 each, showed that during and immediately after a 4 day long southwesterly wind event (24–28 January) a large area of cold surface water (≈14°C), highly supersaturated in CO2 (fCO2 up to 900 μatm), was located near the coast. Three days after the end of the event, the second grid survey showed that in most of the study area the surface temperature and pH had increased significantly (by 1–3°C and 0.05–0.2, respectively), and that the surface water was no longer supersaturated in CO2. The CO2-supersaturated water observed in the first grid survey was identified as upwelled subsurface equatorial water, a water mass with its core at about 200 m depth: the depth from which the water upwells is a major determinant of the surface water fCO2. Integrated C fluxes within a 20 km wide coastal strip (1900 km2) indicate a strong outgassing of CO2 from the ocean under upwelling conditions (Grid 1; 121 t C day-1), while the net C exchange was directed to the ocean during the relaxation period (Grid 2; 19 t C day-1). Estimates of CO2 fluxes in upwelling areas based on surface water fCO2 measurements must therefore take into account these short-term variations: reliance on longer-term averages and interpolation will lead to erroneous results.  相似文献   

12.
Determinations of the activity of the respiratory electron transport system (ETS), during the FRAM III expedition permit us to estimate oxygen utilization rates (RO2) from the surface to 2000 m under the polar pack ice in the Nansen Basin just north of Svalbard (83°N, 7°E) during April 1981. We found RO2 at in situ temperatures ranging from 20 pM O2 min−1 just below the ice to 0.2 pM O2 min−1 at 2000 m. These rates are low compared to most other ocean regions, but they could decrease particulate organic carbon and nitrogen by 76% and 74%, respectively, over a period of ∼6 months. The RO2 calculations based on measurements made at 0 °C yielded a power function of RO2 vs. depth (Z) of RO2=67Z−0.5534. When this RO2 profile was superimposed on a more recent oxygen utilization rate profile made using the 3He–3H–AOU method (OUR), in the same vicinity of the Nansen Basin during 1987 (OUR=52Z–0.4058, [Zheng, Y., Schlosser, P., Swift, J.W., Jones, E.P., 1997. Oxygen utilization rates in the Nansen Basin, Arctic Ocean: implications for new production. Deep Sea Research I 44, 1923–1943]), the agreement of the two profiles was close. On one hand, this was to be expected because RO2 is the biological basis of OUR, on the other hand, it was a surprise because the methodologies are so different. Nitrate mineralization obtained from ETS activities also compared favorably with calculations based on the data of Zheng et al. [1997. Oxygen utilization rates in the Nansen Basin, Arctic Ocean: implications for new production. Deep Sea Research I 44, 1923–1943]. Chlorophyll ranged from 6 ng L−1 at 5 m to 0.06 ng L−1 at 2000 m. Particulate organic carbon (POC) decreased from 0.93 μM C just below the ice to less than 0.4 μM C at 500 m. Particulate organic nitrogen (PON) was not detectable below 70 m, however in the upper 70 m it ranged from 0.16 to 0.04 μM N. The C/N mass ratio over these depths ranged from 5.8 to 11.3. Annual carbon productivity as calculated to balance the total water column respiration was 27 g C m−2 y−1. The integrated respiration rate between 50 and 4000 m suggests that exported production and carbon flux from the 50 m level was 24 g C m−2 y−1. These are minimal estimates for the southern Nansen Basin because they are based on measurements made at the end of the Arctic winter.  相似文献   

13.
The Antarctic Peninsula is currently considered as one of the fastest changing regions on Earth yet temperature variability in some of its environments and habitats is not well-documented. Given the increased glacier retreat, summer melts, sea level rise and ozone losses the intertidal zone is likely to be one of the most rapidly altering of environments but also one of the least investigated in polar waters. This study aims to quantify summer temperature variability in some habitats of the intertidal zone at King George Island. Three transects were selected across tidal flat. Four temperature loggers were deployed at each of them from extreme low water spring tide level to extreme high water spring tide level between 07.12.2010 and 18.03.2011. All the loggers were deployed at the rocky substratum. The temperature range across the study tidal flat was between − 2.26 °C and + 21.18 °C. The average (summer) temperature obtained from 12 loggers varied from + 1.89 to + 3.26 °C. In all the three transects average temperature increased with tidal height. Much higher temperature variability was recorded at higher than at lower tide locations. Differences in temperature between the three study transects existed. Results obtained from the studied tidal flat show that several factors combined altogether, including: water movement by tidal forces, wave action, air temperature, sun light intensity, shore lithology and the presence of ice and snow in the area, seem to influence its temperature.  相似文献   

14.
《Journal of Sea Research》2010,63(4):229-237
Length growth in relation to water temperature was studied for Crangon crangon (L.) from two populations at the northern and southern edges of its distributional range to determine whether counter-gradient growth compensation occurs. In crustaceans, growth rate depends on the time between moulting events (intermoult period) and the size increase at moult (moult increment). In this study, the period between moults was shorter at higher temperature, ranging respectively from about 11 days at 25 °C to 27 days at 10 °C at southern edge, and from 10 to 24 days at the same temperatures at the northern edge. Moult increment showed a large variability, from 1.5 to 2.7 mm with no clear trend with temperature at the northern edge; and decreasing from about 2.7 mm at 10 °C to about 1.5 mm at 25 °C at the southern edge. As a result, the temperature effect on the overall growth rate differed between shrimps from the north and those from the south, suggesting counter-gradient growth compensation. At the northern edge, mean growth increased from about 0.12 mm d− 1 at 10 °C to about 0.23 mm d− 1 at 25 °C, while at the southern edge, growth was lower, about 0.08 mm d− 1 at 10 °C and increased to about 0.16 mm d− 1 at 25 °C. Maximum observed growth rates of shrimps from the north were also higher and ranged from 0.17 mm d− 1 at 10 °C to 0.89 mm d− 1 at 25 °C, while shrimps from the south grew at a maximum of 0.08 to 0.75 mm d− 1 respectively at 15 and 20 °C. Sex and size differences were also found, with males growing slower than females and at a decreasing growth rate with increasing size. Implications for the brown shrimp's life cycle are discussed.  相似文献   

15.
This study explores the changes in the surface water fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2) and biological carbon uptake in two Southern Ocean iron fertilisation experiments with different hydrographic regimes. The Southern Ocean Iron Release Experiment (SOIREE) experiment was carried out south of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF) at 61°S, 141°E in February 1999 in a stable hydrographic setting. The EisenEx experiment was conducted in a cyclonic eddy north of the APF at 48°S, 21°E in November 2000 and was characterised by a rapid succession of low to storm-force wind speeds and dynamic hydrographic conditions. The iron additions promoted algal blooms in both studies. They alleviated algal iron limitation during the 13-day SOIREE experiment and probably during the first 12 days of EisenEx. The fCO2 in surface water decreased at a constant rate of 3.8 μatm day−1 from 4 to 5 days onwards in SOIREE. The fCO2 reduction was 35 μatm after 13 days. The evolution of surface water fCO2 in the iron-enriched waters (or ‘patch’) displayed a saw tooth pattern in EisenEx, in response to algal carbon uptake in calm conditions and deep mixing and horizontal dispersion during storms. The maximum fCO2 reduction was 18–20 μatm after 12 and 21 days with lower values in between. The iron-enriched waters in EisenEx absorbed four times more atmospheric CO2 than in SOIREE between 5 and 12 days, as a result of stronger winds. The total biological uptake of inorganic carbon across the patch was 1389 ton C (±10%) in SOIREE and 1433 ton C (±27%) in EisenEx after 12 days (1 ton=106 g). This similarity probably reflects the comparable size of the iron additions, as well as algal growth at a similar near-maximum growth rate in these regions. The findings imply that the different mixing regimes had less effect on the overall biological carbon uptake across the iron-enriched waters than suggested by the evolution of fCO2 in surface water.  相似文献   

16.
An Autonomous Microbial Sampler (AMS) is described that will obtain uncontaminated and exogenous DNA-free microbial samples from most marine, freshwater and hydrothermal ecosystems. Sampling with the AMS may be conducted using manned submersibles, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), or when tethered to a hydrowire during hydrocast operations on research vessels. The modular device consists of a titanium nozzle for sampling in potentially hot environments (>350 °C) and fluid-handling components for the collection of six independent filtered or unfiltered samples. An onboard microcomputer permits sampling to be controlled by the investigator, by external devices (e.g., AUV computer), or by internal programming. Temperature, volume pumped and other parameters are recorded during sampling. Complete protection of samples from microbial contamination was observed in tests simulating deployment of the AMS in coastal seawater, where the sampling nozzle was exposed to seawater containing 1×106 cells ml−1 of a red pigmented tracer organism, Serratia marinorubra. Field testing of the AMS at a hydrothermal vent field was successfully undertaken in 2000. Results of DNA destruction studies have revealed that exposure of samples of the Eukaryote Euglena and the bacterium S. marinorubra to 0.5 N sulfuric acid at 23 °C for 1 h was sufficient to remove polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifiable DNA. Studies assessing the suitability of hydrogen peroxide as a sterilizing and DNA-destroying agent showed that 20% or 30% hydrogen peroxide sterilized samples of Serratia in 1 h and destroyed the DNA of Serratia in 3 h, but not 1 or 2 h. DNA AWAY™ killed Serratia and destroyed the DNA of both Serratia and the vent microbe (GB-D) of the genus Pyrococcus in 1 h.  相似文献   

17.
Thermocline ventilation rates for the subtropical North Pacific are determined using a 1-dimensional (meridional) along-isopycnal advective–diffusive model tuned to chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) concentrations measured along 152°W in 1991 during WOCE P16. Mean southward advection rates in the subtropics range from 1.03 to 0.56 cm s-1 between σθ=25.5 and 26.6. Model-derived ventilation times for the subtropical gyre increase from about 10 to 27 years for that isopycnal range. Oxygen utilization rates (OURs) determined using the advective-diffusive model decrease with depth from 6.6 to 3.2 μmol kg-1 yr-1 between σθ=25.5 and 26.6. Extrapolation of the OUR versus depth trend to the base of the euphotic zone with the 1/Z power function of Martin et al. (1987) and integration from 500 to 100 m depth implies a carbon export rate from the overlying euphotic zone of 2.2±0.5 moles C m-2 yr-1 at 30°N, 152°W. Analysis of the WOCE radiocarbon and salinity distributions indicates that zonal and cross-isopycnal transport terms would have to be considered in modeling these tracers in the subtropical North Pacific.  相似文献   

18.
Although a great amount of information is available on bacteria inhabiting deep-sea sediments, the occurrence of fungi in this environment has been poorly studied and documented. We report here the occurrence of fungi in deep-sea sediments from ∼5000 m depth in the Central Indian Basin (9–16°S and 73–76°E). A total of 181 cultures of fungi, most of which belong to terrestrial sporulating species, were isolated by a variety of isolation techniques. Species of Aspergillus and non-sporulating fungi were the most common. Several yeasts were also isolated. Maximum species diversity was observed in 0–2 cm sections of the sediment cores. Direct staining of the sediments with Calcofluor, a fluorescent optical brightener, revealed the presence of fungal hyphae in the sediments. Immunofluorescence using polyclonal antibodies raised against a deep-sea isolate of Aspergillus terreus (# A 4634) confirmed its presence in the form of hyphae in the sub-section from which it was isolated. A total of 25 representative species of fungi produced substantial biomass at 200 bar pressure at 30° as well as at 5 °C. Many fungi showed abnormal morphology at 200 bar/5 °C. A comparison of terrestrial isolates with several deep-sea isolates indicated that the former could grow at 200 bar pressure when growth was initiated with mycelial inocula. However, spores of a deep-sea isolate A. terreus (# A 4634), but not the terrestrial ones, showed germination at 200 bar pressure and 30 °C. Our results suggest that terrestrial species of fungi transported to the deep sea are initially stressed but may gradually adapt themselves for growth under these conditions.  相似文献   

19.
The Lophelia pertusa community at Viosca Knoll (VK826) is the most extensive found to date in the Gulf of Mexico. As part of a multi-disciplinary study, the physical setting of this area was described using benthic landers, CTD transects and remotely operated vehicle observations. The site was broadly characterised into three main habitats: (1) dense coral cover that resembles biogenic reef complexes, (2) areas of sediment, and (3) authigenic carbonate blocks with sparse coral and chemosynthetic communities. The coral communities were dominated by L. pertusa but also contained numerous solitary coral species. Over areas that contained L. pertusa, the environmental conditions recorded were similar to those associated with communities in the north-eastern Atlantic, with temperature (8.5–10.6 °C) and salinity (～35) falling within the known species niche for L. pertusa. However, dissolved oxygen concentrations (2.7–2.8 ml l?1) and density (σΘ, 27.1–27.2 kg m?3) were lower and mass fluxes from sediment trap data appeared much higher (4002–4192 mg m?2 d?1). Yet, this species still appears to thrive in this region, suggesting that L. pertusa may not be as limited by lower dissolved oxygen concentrations as previously thought. The VK826 site experienced sustained eastward water flow of 10–30 cm s?1 over the 5-day measurement period but was also subjected to significant short-term variability in current velocity and direction. In addition, two processes were observed that caused variability in salinity and temperature; the first was consistent with internal waves that caused temperature variations of 0.8 °C over 5–11 h periods. The second was high-frequency variability (20–30 min periods) in temperature recorded only at the ALBEX site. A further pattern observed over the coral habitat was the presence of a 24 h diel vertical migration of zooplankton that may form part of a food chain that eventually reaches the corals. The majority of detailed studies concerning local environmental conditions in L. pertusa habitats have been conducted within the north-eastern Atlantic, limiting most knowledge of the niche of this species to a single part of an ocean basin. Data presented here show that the corals at VK826 are subjected to similar conditions in temperature, salinity, and flow velocity as their counterparts in the north-east Atlantic, although values for dissolved oxygen and density (sigma-theta: σΘ) are different. Our data also highlight novel observations of short-term environmental variability in cold-water coral habitat.  相似文献   

20.
Mytilopsis leucophaeata, an invasive bivalve species, causes fouling problems by settling on submerged constructions and in cooling water circuits in brackish water. To predict spat fall we studied the larval occurrence and settlement of this species in the brackish Noordzeekanaal canal in the Netherlands for several years (1989–1992), while measuring water temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a levels. Larvae were collected monthly by means of a plankton net drawn across the whole width of the canal. Settled spat were collected from PVC panels exposed for one month. Larvae first appeared in May or June, and reached maximum numbers in June or July, before disappearing in October, November or even December. The larval period started at a water temperature of 14 °C, reached maximum numbers at 19–23 °C and ended when it fell below 9 °C. No larvae were observed anymore until the temperature rose to 14 °C in the spring of the next year. Spat fall (June–November) was related to the water temperature in April. If the water temperature in April was lower than 12.5 °C, spat fall started in July, while if temperature was already higher in April, it started a month earlier. The spat fall period started at 15 °C, with maximum numbers at 20–24 °C, and ended when the water temperature dropped below 5 °C. Redundancy analysis (RDA) demonstrated a strong relationship between larval and spat densities and water temperature.  相似文献   

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