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1.
The goal of the paper was to determine the activity of 137Cs and 40K radionuclides as well as heavy metals Zn, Cr, Pb in soil samples taken from the Tatra National Park in the south of Poland. The samples were obtained as cores (10 cm in diameter) from the top 10-cm layer of the soil. Each sample was divided into three subsamples (a, b and c), where a was the subsample closest to the surface and c was the deepest one. Activity of the radionuclides was determined by means of gamma spectrometry, while analysis of heavy metals was performed (after microwave digestion) using atomic absorption spectrometry technique. The highest activity of cesium-137 was detected (5112 ± 120 Bq kg?1) in the “a” layer of the core with the peak concentration of cesium-137 (14,452 ± 278 Bq m?2) in the whole soil core. The highest detected concentration of heavy metals was: Zn—52.8 ± 4.4 mg kg?1, Pb—260.1 ± 9.4 mg kg?1, Cr—52.8 ± 4.4 mg kg?1, respectively. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to examine the obtained data. Application of statistical analysis tools allowed specifying the interdependencies between the examined variables.  相似文献   

2.
随着邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)增塑剂在塑料大棚、地膜覆盖栽培技术中的广泛应用,我国农业土壤中已普遍存在邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)污染问题。针对我国中西部岩溶高原区农业土壤中存在的DEHP环境问题,本文选取云南岩溶高原区的红壤及烟草地膜作为研究对象,通过田间试验模拟覆膜土壤环境,并采用气相色谱-质谱分析法检测农膜、土壤介质中DEHP含量,定量研究了地膜中DEHP的释放及其在覆膜土壤中的浓度分布特征。结果表明:覆盖于原状土壤上的地膜,其DEHP释放量最大,均值为13.57mg/kg;覆盖于加生物抑制剂土壤上的地膜,其DEHP释放量略高于未覆土壤地膜,前者DEHP平均值为10.83mg/kg,后者为10.77mg/kg;地膜中DEHP的释放表现为缓慢释放和集中陡升两个释放段,总体释放量随时间的延长而增加。两组覆膜土壤中DEHP的检出浓度范围分别为0.17～3.74mg/kg(原状土)、0.34～4.29mg/kg(加生物抑制剂土壤),在国内外覆膜农田土壤PAEs类化合物检出浓度范围内;土壤中DEHP含量具有随时间呈先增后减的变化规律。相关性分析表明土壤中DEHP主要来自于地膜中DEHP的释放。研究认为在短周期内岩溶高原红壤不会出现DEHP的累积,合理安排农作物的覆膜种植可有效削减土壤的有机污染。  相似文献   

3.
In this work, the total and each fraction concentration of toxic metals (Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd) in soils as well as in plants from a typical metallurgical industrial area in southwest of China were determined. The obtained experimental results demonstrated that the total toxic metal content in contaminated soils was in the order of Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd. Modified microwave-assisted extraction showed that the distributions of each fraction of toxic metals in soils were different and some soil properties may play a role in the fraction distributions. The content of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in different vegetables ranged from 9.82 ± 1.02 to 39.3 ± 1.13 mg kg?1, 1,321 ± 10.50 to 3,153 ± 11.30 mg kg?1, 4.47 ± 0.21 to 18.9 ± 0.37 mg kg?1 and 28 ± 1.2 to 102 ± 1.5 mg kg?1, respectively. And the accumulation of toxic metals in plants was in the order of Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb in the different tissues of plants were in the range of 0.03–0.43, 0.027–0.35, 0.014–0.12 and 0.004–0.051, respectively. The distribution of each toxic metal in plants indicated that the ability for plants to accumulate toxic metals in different tissues followed the sequence of leaf > stem.  相似文献   

4.
The concentration and dynamic of soil trace metals in natural ecosystems, in particularly, is dependent on the lithology of parent rock as well as topography and geopedological processes. To ascertain more knowledge for this dependency, soils on three parent rocks involving peridotite, pegmatite, and dolerite in two contrasting topography aspects were investigated. The total values of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Ni were determined and compared for different soil pedons. The concentration of Fe, Mn, and Ni were highest in soils developed from peridotite (127, 1.8 g kg?1, and 218 mg kg?1, respectively), intermediate in soils derived from dolerite (81, 1.3 g kg?1, and 166 mg kg?1, respectively), and least in soil developed from pegmatite (50, 0.23 g kg?1, and 20 mg kg?1, respectively). The values of Zn and Cu, originated from different parent rocks, were in order of dolerite (78 mg kg?1) > peridotite (77 mg kg?1) > pegmatite (28 mg kg?1) and pegmatite (121 mg kg?1) > peridotite (111 mg kg?1) > dolerite (28 mg kg?1), respectively. For most of the studied pedons, profile metals distribution differed among the soils: The values of Fe, Cu, and Ni were enriched in the cambic horizons mainly as result of release, mobilization, and redistribution of the studied metals during geopedological processes, whereas those of Zn and Mn were concentrated in the surface horizons. Probably due to greater weathering rate of trace metal-bearing rocks on north-facing slope, the content of the trace metals along with the geoaccumulation index (I geo) and the degree of soil contamination (C d) were higher than on south-facing slope. Based on assessment of soil pollution indices, the soils were categorized as unpolluted [I geo ≤ 0 (class 0)], unpolluted to moderately polluted levels [0 < I geo < 1 (class 1)], and very low [C d < 1.5 (class 0)] to low degree of contamination [1.5 < C d < 2 (class 1)].  相似文献   

5.
Plastic film mulching is widely employed to improve crop yields. Mulching for the entire crop growth period is a widespread practice. However, a shorter plastic film mulching duration is suggested for obtaining larger grain yield recently. To quantify the effects of plastic film mulching durations on soil erosion and nutrient losses, a three-treatment experiment with three replicates was constructed in field. The designed treatments were control (M0, non-mulched treatment), mulching from sowing to the end of the peanut pod-setting stage (M1) and pod-filling stage (M2). Plastic film mulching significantly increased the mean runoff and sediment yield. With film mulching, the mean runoff and soil losses among M1 and M2 treatments had no significant difference, and significantly larger than that in M0 treatment. After mulching removing, there were no significant differences between the mean runoff and soil losses of M0 and M1 treatments. Compared with the M2 treatment, the M0 treatment had significantly reduced mean runoff and soil losses of all the events. Non-mulching increased the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) losses. The M0 treatment had the highest TN (23.0 mg m?2) and TP (3.02 mg m?2) losses in the three treatments. The M2 treatment significantly reduced the TN and TP losses. In conclusion, mulching from sowing to the end of pod-setting stage was suggested as the appropriate choice for the largest yield and less soil erosion. But, some soil conservation measurements should be taken in furrow areas to effectively reduce soil erosion, under the condition of film mulching.  相似文献   

6.
Concentration of natural radionuclides in three major staple food crops cultivated around a fertilizer plant in Onne, Rivers State Nigeria and the cultivated soil samples were determined using gamma spectroscopy operated on a Canberra vertical high purity 3″ × 3″ NaI(TI) detector. The average activity concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K was determined, for cassava flour (U 19.3 ± 5.0, Th 11.4 ± 3.3, K 426.9 ± 33.8) Bq kg?1, for yam flour (U 6.3 ± 1.8, Th 8.4 ± 2.6, K 227.0.9 ± 27.3) Bq kg?1 while for cocoyam flour (U 7.5 ± 2.7, Th 7.1 ± 2.3, K 195.8 ± 25.83) Bq kg?1. The mean activity concentration for soil samples is 18.7 ± 3.7 Bq kg?1, 18.0 ± 3.8 Bq kg?1 and 308.4 ± 22.4 Bq kg?1 for 238U, 232Th and 40K, respectively. These values obtained show enhanced 40K concentration which is attributed to the effluent discharge from a fertilizer plant and its applications to farmlands, but 238U, 232Th values are well within the global average and values reported in some regions and countries of the world. Radiation hazard indices obtained to estimate potential radiological health risk in both foodstuffs and soil samples are well below their permissible limit as set by UNSCEAR [Sources and effects of ionizing radiation (Report to the General Assembly), 2000]. The rate of radionuclides transfer from soil to crops was moderate with mean transfer factors of 232Th < 238U < 40K.  相似文献   

7.
Aljustrel mine is located in SW Portugal, in the western sector of the Iberian Pyrite Belt. The Aljustrel village was developed around the exploitations of massive polymetallic sulphides that occur in the area (4 orebodies mined, 2 in exploration phase). The pyrite ore was extensively exploited from 1850 to 1993, when production was discontinued. A mining restart occurred in 2008, only during a few months. The objectives of the study were to assess the levels of soil contamination, to determine associations between the different chemical elements and their spatial distribution, as well as to identify possible sources of contamination that can explain the spatial patterns of soil pollution in the area. Principal component analysis combined with spatial interpretation successfully grouped the elements according to their sources and provided evidence about their geogenic or anthropogenic origin. From this study, it is possible to conclude that soils around Algares/Feitais tailing deposits, Estéreis and Águas Claras mine dams and S. João mine show severe contamination. The highest concentrations of As (up to 3,936 mg kg?1) and certain heavy metals (up to 321.7 mg kg?1 for Bi, 5,414 mg kg?1 for Cu, 20,000 mg kg?1 for Pb, 980.6 mg kg?1 for Sb, and 22 mg kg?1 Cd) were obtained near Algares area while the highest concentration of Cd (up to 61.6 mg kg?1) and Zn (up to 20,000 mg kg?1) were registered in samples collected in the S. João area. The highest pollution load index (>4.0) was recorded at the Algares area where the metal concentrations exceed typical soil background levels by as much as two orders of magnitude.  相似文献   

8.
Bio-concentration of elements such as Mo, As, Se, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb was analyzed in spring onion (Allium fistulosum L.) in three different locations of central Punjab, Pakistan. At location GW, relatively low level of hazardous elements was found in spring onion, suggesting that groundwater is a safe source of water for irrigating food crops. The pH of soil at wastewater irrigation was found less acidic (pH 7.4) than the other sites. The range of concentration in the different samples of spring onion was as follows: 6.15–8.16 mg kg?1 for Mo, 2.77–4.28 mg kg?1 for As, 0.395–0.705 mg kg?1 for Se, 36.73–48.17 mg kg?1 for Fe, 10.58–16.26 mg kg?1 for Cu, 28.87–39.79 mg kg?1 for Zn, 6.66–8.75 mg kg?1 for Ni and 4.33–6.09 mg kg?1 for Pb, respectively. High bio-concentration of Zn (15.37) from soil to spring onion was found at canal water irrigated location. The estimated daily intake of metal for spring onion was less, but the health risk index was higher than 1 for Mo, As, Cu, Pb and Ni, respectively. This was due to higher proportion of spring onion in diet, which consequently increased the health risk index for metals. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid growing vegetables in untreated urban and rural wastewater containing elevated amounts of metals.  相似文献   

9.
The goal of this study was to evaluate the soil properties and their modifications within the rhizosphere of spontaneous vegetation as key factors to assess the phytomanagement of a salt marsh polluted by mining wastes. A field survey was performed based on a plot sampling design. The results provided by the analyses of rhizospheric soil (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, total nitrogen, etc.) and metal(loid)s’ phytoavailability (assessed by EDTA) were discussed and related to plant metal uptake. The averages of pH and EC values of the bulk soil and rhizospheric samples were in the range of neutral to slightly alkaline (pH 7–8) to saline (>2 dS m?1), respectively. Heavy metal and As concentrations (e.g. ~600 mg kg?1 As, ~50 mg kg?1 Cd, ~11,000 mg kg?1 Pb) were higher in the rhizosphere for both total and EDTA-extractable fraction. Phragmites australis uptaked the highest concentrations in roots (e.g. ~66 mg kg?1 As, ~1,770 mg kg?1 Zn) but not in shoots, for which most of plant species showed low values for Zn (<300 mg kg?1) but not for Cd (>0.5 mg kg?1) or Pb (~20–40 mg kg?1). Vegetation distribution in the studied salt marsh looked to be more affected by salinity than by metal pollution. The free availability of water for plants and the incoming nutrient-enriched effluents which flow through the salt marsh may have hindered the metal(loid)s’ phytotoxicity. The phytomanagement of these polluted areas employing the spontaneous vegetation is a good option in order to improve the ecological indicators and to prevent the transport of pollutants to nearby areas.  相似文献   

10.
The heavy metal content of particulate matter was investigated in the city of Guangzhou in southern China. Samples of urban foliage near 36 pedestrian bridges were analyzed to determine their Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, V, Ni, and Co contents after digestion in a mixture of strong acids composed of HNO3, HCl, HF, and HClO4. The results revealed a severe heavy metal pollution compared with the background levels in Chinese soils, except for Co and V. The mean concentrations of Zn (1,024 mg kg?1), Pb (233 mg kg?1), Cu (203 mg kg?1), Cr (118 mg kg?1), V (41.9 mg kg?1), Ni (41.4 mg kg?1), and Co (11.3 mg kg?1) in urban dust were higher than the reference levels, and were highest in samples located near high-traffic areas. Multivariate statistical methods (correlation analysis, principal-components analysis, and clustering analysis) were used to identify the possible sources of the metals. Three main pollutant sources are assigned: Zn, Cu and Ni levels were strongly correlated and were possibly related to combustion processes and vehicles; Pb, Cr and Co were mainly derived from traffic sources, combined with soil sources; and V mainly originated from natural sources.  相似文献   

11.
Understanding of the landscape response to agricultural practices mainly in relation to soil trace metals requires particular attention. Consistent with this, the trend and possible pollution of total and DTPA fraction of Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cd in the agricultural soils developed on different landscape positions involving piedmont alluvial plain (PAP), river alluvial plain (RAP), plateau (PL), and lowland (LL) were investigated. The content of the metal in different soil profiles, grouped by landscape positions, varied in the following orders: total and DTPA-Mn as LL > PAP > RAP > PL, total Zn and Cu as PAP > RAP > LL > PL, total Cd as RAP > PAP > PL > LL, DTPA-Zn as RAP > PAP > PL > LL, and DTPA-Cu as RAP > LL > PL > PAP. A wide variation in the total fraction of Mn (89–985 mg kg?1), Zn (24–152 mg kg?1), Cu (8–27 mg kg?1), and Cd (0.6–1.7 mg kg?1) and in the DTPA fraction of Mn (1.2–11 mg kg?1), Zn (0.3–4.4 mg kg?1), Cu (0.3–3 mg kg?1), Cd (0.03–0.09 mg kg?1) observed as a result of the effects of agricultural practices and landscape properties. The values of both total and DTPA-extractable Mn, Zn, and Cu were enriched in the AP horizon probably due to anthropogenic activities particularly successive use of agrochemical compounds and manure during numerous years. Using soil pollution indices [single pollution (PI) and comprehensive pollution (PIN)], the study soils were categorized mainly as low to moderate pollution and Zn was identified as the major element affecting on the yield of these indices.  相似文献   

12.
Heavy metals are constantly emitted into the environment and pose a major threat to human health, particularly in urban areas. The threat is linked to the presence of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in street dust, which consists of mineral and organic particles originating from the soil, industrial emitters, motor vehicles, and fuel consumption. The study objective was to determine the level of street dust contamination with trace metals in Lublin and to indicate their potential sources of origin. The analyses were carried out with an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The sampling sites (49) were located within the city streets characterised by varying intensity of motor traffic. The following mean content values and their variation (SD) were determined: Cd: 5.1?±?1.7 mg kg?1, Cr: 86.4?±?23.3 mg kg?1, Cu: 81.6?±?69.2 mg kg?1, Ni: 16.5?±?3.9 mg kg?1, Pb: 44.1?±?16.4 mg kg?1, and Zn: 241.1?±?94.6 mg kg?1. The level of pollution was assessed with several widely used geochemical indices (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, pollution index, index of ecological risk, and potential ecological risk index). For most of the indices, the mean (median) values are arranged in the following manner: Zn?>?Cu(or Cd)?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Cr. In general, street dust in Lublin does not show pollution with Cr, Ni, and Pb. Igeo and EF indices show moderate levels for Cu, Cd, and Zn; their presence in street dust is linked with anthropogenic factors (motor traffic). A significant threat is posed by Cd, and more than half of the samples show considerable pollution with cadmium (median for the index of ecological risk: 151). The spatial pattern of indices and the results of statistical analyses (CA, PCA) indicate three groups of elements: (1) Cr and Ni: natural origin; (2) Pb: mixed origin; and (3) Cd, Cu, and Zn: anthropogenic origin (mainly motor vehicle traffic). Higher content values for metals of anthropogenic origin in street dust indicate that it is a source of pollution of soil and air in the city.  相似文献   

13.
Pollution from mining activities is a significant problem in several parts of the Republic of Macedonia. A geochemical study of the surficial sediments of Lake Kalimanci in the eastern part of the Republic of Macedonia was carried out to determine their elemental compositions and to evaluate the pollution status of lake sediments by employing an enrichment factor (EF). The major and trace element contamination in surficial lake sediments was studied to assess the effects of metalliferous mining activities. The mean concentrations of major elements (wt%) Si 23.5, Al 7.9, Fe 6.6, Mg 1.3, Ca 3.8, Na 1.1, K 2.3, Ti 0.4, P 0.2, Mn 0.6 and trace elements ranged within Mo 1.0–4.6 mg kg?1, Cu 144.4–1,162 mg kg?1, Pb 1,874–16,300 mg kg?1, Zn 2,944–20,900 mg kg?1, Ni 21.7–79.3 mg kg?1, Cd 16.5–136 mg kg?1, Sb 0.6–3.6 mg kg?1, Bi 3.0–24,3 mg kg?1 and Ag 1.4–17.3 mg kg?1. The EF ranged within 0.12–590.3. Among which, Cd, Pb, Zn and As have extremely severe enrichment. The data indicate that trace elements had extremely high concentrations in Lake Kalimanci surficial sediments owing to the anthropogenic addition of contaminants.  相似文献   

14.
Pollution by heavy metals presents an environmental concern, and their toxicity threats soil, water, animals and human health. Phytoremediation can be used as a solution to remediate contaminated soils. The aim of this study was to identify native plants collected from tailings: material of Pb–Zn mine sites of Fedj Lahdoum and Jebel Ressas (two abandoned mines located, respectively, in the northwest of Tunisia and in the south of Tunis City). The tolerance of plant to heavy metals (lead, zinc and cadmium) is evaluated. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for Pb, Zn and Cd concentration. The total soil Pb, Zn and Cd are, respectively, reached 6132 mg kg?1, 11,052 mg kg?1 and it doesn’t exceed 479 mg kg?1 for Cd. The highest content of Zn in plants was detected in shoots of Rumex bucephalophorus (1048 mg kg?1), and the highest Pb concentration was detected in roots of Chrysopogon zizanioides (381 mg kg?1), while for Cd Silene colorata it accumulated the highest content in roots (51 mg kg?1). From all plants, only 12 have a translocation factor for Pb which is higher than one. Among all plants, only 17 have a translocation factor that is higher than one for Zn, while for Cd only 13 plants indicate TF > 1. As for the biological absorption coefficient, all samples indicate a rate which is lower than one. These plants can be primarily hyper accumulators and useful in remediation of lead- and zinc-contaminated soils after further biochemistry researches in mechanism of accumulation and translocation of heavy metals in plants.  相似文献   

15.
La Goulette, Rades and Sidi Bou Said harbours are considered as the most important commercial and tourist ports in the Gulf of Tunis. They are located on the northeast coast of Tunis and receive industrial and municipal wastewaters from Tunis city. The contamination level of copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, iron, total nitrogen and total organic carbon in the surface sediments was assessed on the basis of the enrichment index factors and corresponding to sediment quality guidelines. The results revealed moderate to highly elevated concentrations near to the sites of intense industrial, shipping and/or commercial activities suggesting a direct influence of these sources. In winter and summer, concentrations varied for cadmium, 0.28–1.40 mg kg?1; lead, 18–217 mg kg?1; zinc, 87–459 mg kg?1; copper, 8–121 mg kg?1; manganese, 208–254 mg kg?1; and for iron, 24–40 g kg?1. Furthermore, in summer the concentration of the total organic carbon and the total nitrogen contents range between 4.3–6.5 % and 0.06–0.49 % with an average value of 5.9 and 0.15 %, respectively. Whereas, in winter, total organic carbon and the total nitrogen concentrations varied between 2.3–9.6 % and 0.03–0.22 % with an average value of 6.1 and 0.14 %, respectively. The levels of lead, copper, zinc and iron in suspended particulate matter content range between 3.1–27.5 mg kg?1; 0.4–11.7 mg kg?1; 1–1.5 mg kg?1; 1.2–1.7 g kg?1, respectively. This study revealed that heavy metals pollution is mainly localized in the commercial (Rades) and fishing (La Goulette) harbours and not in the yachting (Sidi Bou Said) harbour.  相似文献   

16.
Greenhouse tests were conducted to study the effect of chelates on the phytoextraction of cadmium and lead, and the rhizodegradation of used engine oil present as a mixed contaminant in a sandy soil. Indian mustard plants were grown in test pot soil for 30 days and chelates ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) were individually applied to the test soil. The soil was spiked earlier with 50 mg kg?1 of CdCl2, 500 mg kg?1 of PbCl2 and 500 mg kg?1 of used engine oil to form the mixed soil contaminant. At the same concentration of chelates, EDTA was found to be more effective than EDDS in increasing the concentration of metal contaminants Cd and Pb in the plant. Compared to EDDS, EDTA was also more effective in promoting rhizodegradation of the organic contaminant formed by used engine oil. The study demonstrated that the application of chelates to soils containing mixed contaminants such as heavy metals (Cd and Pb) and organics (used engine oil) can simultaneously assist metal accumulation at higher concentrations in the biomass of Indian mustard plant and also reduce the amount of used engine oil in the soil through rhizodegradation.  相似文献   

17.
Effects of paper mill wastes on the status of soil copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in and around 16 sites near a paper mill in Assam, North East India (26°07.485′ to 26°07.915′ N latitude and 92°12.706′ to 92°15.065′ E longitude), have been investigated in the present study. The six-step sequential extraction techniques revealed that the water-soluble fraction had the least contribution (below detectable limit to 3.24 mg kg?1 of Cu, 13.87 mg kg?1 of Mn and 1.25 mg kg?1 of Zn) towards soil contamination, irrespective of the metals evaluated. Chemical fractionation of Cu, Mn and Zn in majority of the sampling locations showed non-homogenous orders of contamination. Comparison of the magnitude of local and individual heavy metal contamination factors against global values showed that the places near the paper mill waste disposal site displayed higher potential risk from metal contamination. Furthermore, the mobility factor related to ecotoxicity of soil environment was found to be metal specific and depended not only on total metal concentration but also on the nature of metal in the order Mn > Cu > Zn.  相似文献   

18.
Conversion of native desert to irrigation cropland often results in the changes of soil processes and properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes of soil nutrients and their spatial distribution characteristics of a newly reclaimed cropland at the initial stage of the conversion using statistical and geo-statistical methods. Soil samples were collected at regular intervals from a cropland of 0.24 ha, and their nutrient indicators determined. The mean contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and pH value in this newly reclaimed sandy cropland were averaged at 4.45 g kg?1, 0.49 g kg?1, 19.99 mg kg?1, 21.08 mg kg?1, 121.60 mg kg?1, and 8.98, respectively. The ranges were less than 20 m for the semivariogram of SOC, TN, and pH, but exceeded 20 m for AN, AP, and AK. The ratios of nugget-to-sill were less than 10 % for the semivariogram of SOC, TN, and pH, but exceeded 25 % for AN, AP, and AK. There were similar distribution characteristics for SOC, AN, and pH, with different sizes of patches present; such distribution patterns were related to the regular planting of orchard and the interval application of manures. There were big-sized patches in the distributions of AN, AP, and AK. Topography was the main factor causing the spatial heterogeneity of available N, P, K, and the 4 years (2001–2004) of cropping affected the distribution patterns of these nutrient variables. The conversion of native desert to irrigation cropland caused significant increases in soil nutrients, but their spatial distributions had large variations. This study identified the main factors affecting the spatial distribution of each soil nutrient variable, including the environment factors and anthropogenic management practices. There is a great potential to improve the productivity and soil fertility for the newly reclaimed sandy cropland, only if the appropriate and sustainable soil management practices are adopted.  相似文献   

19.
The reuse of waste materials as soil additives could be a welcome development in soil remediation. The mobility of Cd, Pb and As in a contaminated soil was investigated using natural and calcined poultry wastes (eggshell and chicken bone), CaCO3 and CaO at different application rates (0, 1, 3 and 5 %). The chemical composition accompanied with mineralogical composition indicated that CaCO3 and CaO were the major components in natural and calcined eggshells, respectively, while hydroxyapatite (HAP) dominated the natural and calcined chicken bones. The results showed that soil pH tended to increase in response to increasing application rates of all soil additives. The effectiveness of the additives in reducing Cd, Pb and As mobility was assessed by means of chemical extractions with 0.1 N HCl for Cd and Pb or 1 N HCl for As, according to Korean Standard Test (KST) method. Both calcined eggshell and chicken bone were equally effective with CaO or CaCO3 in reducing the concentration of 0.1 N HCl-extractable Cd from 6.17 mg kg?1 to below warning level of 1.5 mg kg?1, especially at the highest application rate. The application of calcined eggshell, CaO and CaCO3 also decreased the concentration of 0.1 N HCl-extractable Pb from 1,012 mg kg?1 to below warning level of 100 mg kg?1. The Pb concentration decreased significantly with an increasing application rate of chicken bone, but remained above warning level even at the highest application rate. On the contrary, natural and calcined chicken bones led to a significant increase in the mobility of As when compared with the control soil. These findings illustrate that calcined eggshell in particular is equally effective as pure chemical additives in stabilizing Cd and Pb in a contaminated agricultural soil. The presence of As in metal-contaminated soils should be taken into consideration when applying phosphate-containing materials as soil additives, because phosphate can compete with arsenate on adsorption sites and result in As mobilization.  相似文献   

20.
The presence of arsenic (As) in surface water constitutes an important environmental risk, where mobility and adsorption processes are responsible for its behavior in the sediment–water interface. Therefore, the assessment of adsorption, mobility and water availability of arsenic in freshwater sediments, with agricultural, livestock and urban soil uses was performed. Arsenic concentrations in sediments ranged from 5.4 to 15.9 mg kg?1 (total) and 2.8 to 6.5 mg kg?1 (labile), and those of iron and manganese were 11,563–23,500 and 140.6–662.1 mg kg?1, respectively. The As levels in water were significantly lower than those of sediments. Results would suggest that As co-precipitation and adsorption on Fe oxides are probably the major route of immobilization, determining its low lability. Manganese did not present an outstanding contribution to the retention, and cation-exchange capacity, pH and organic matter of sediments did not show an influence on the mobility of As.  相似文献   

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