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1.
Acid leaching of the primitive C-chondrite Murchison and O-chondrite QUE 97008 reveal nucleosynthetic anomalies in Cr, Sr, Ba, Nd, Sm and Hf. The anomalies in all but Cr and Sm are best explained by variable additions of pure s-process nuclides to a background nebular composition slightly enriched in r-process isotopes compared to average Solar System material. Leaching leaves a residue in Murchison that is strongly enriched in s-process nuclides with depletions of over 0.1% in 135Ba and seven parts in 10,000 in 84Sr. If there are p-process anomalies in these two elements, they are lost in the variability caused by different r-, s-process contributions to the normalizing isotopes. The concentration and isotope systematics are consistent with the Ba and Sr isotopic composition in the Murchison residue being strongly influenced by s-process-rich presolar SiC. In general, the nucleosynthetic isotope anomalies are 2- to 5-fold smaller in QUE 97008 than in Murchison. The different magnitudes of isotope anomalies are similar to the difference in matrix abundance between CM and O chondrites consistent with the suggestion that the carriers of nucleosynthetically anomalous material preferentially reside in the matrix and that some of this material has been distributed throughout the O-chondrite minerals as a result of thermal metamorphism.Neodymium, Sm and Hf display variable s-, r-process nuclide abundances as in Ba and Sr, but the anomalies are much smaller (e.g. ε148Nd, ε148Sm = −5.7, 2.1, respectively, in Murchison and −0.43, 0.16, respectively in QUE 97008 residues). After correcting Nd and Sm for s-, r-process variability, Sm in whole rock chondrites shows variable relative abundances of the p-process isotope 144Sm that correlate weakly with 142Nd suggesting that the direct p-process contribution to 142Nd is small (∼7-9%). Nucleosynthetic variability in Nd explains the range in 142Nd/144Nd seen between C and O, E-chondrites, but not the difference between chondrites and all modern Earth rocks, leaving decay of 146Sm and a superchondritic Sm/Nd ratio as the likely explanation for Earth’s high 142Nd/144Nd.  相似文献   

2.
New precise Te isotope data acquired by multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) are presented for selected extraterrestrial and terrestrial materials. Bulk samples of carbonaceous, ordinary and enstatite chondrites as well as the metal and sulfide phases of iron meteorites were analyzed to search for nucleosynthetic isotope anomalies and to find evidence of formerly live 126Sn, which decays to 126Te with a half-life of 234,500 yr. None of the meteorites show evidence of mass dependent Te isotope fractionations larger than 2‰ for δ126/128Te. Following internal normalization of the data to 125Te/128Te, the Te isotope ratios of all analyzed meteorites were found to be identical to a terrestrial standard, within uncertainties. This provides evidence that the regions of the solar disk that were sampled during accretion of the meteorite parent bodies were well mixed and homogeneous on a large scale, with respect to Te isotopes. The data acquired for bulk carbonaceous chondrites indicate that the initial 126Sn/118Sn ratio of the solar system was <4 × 10−5, but this is dependent on the assumption that no redistribution of Sn and Te occurred since the start of the solar system. Five Archean sedimentary sulfides that display both mass dependent and mass-independent isotope effects for S yield internally normalized Te isotope data, which indicate that mass-independent Te isotope effects are absent. The mass dependent fractionations in these samples are constrained to be less than ∼1‰ for δ126/128Te.  相似文献   

3.
Stepwise dissolutions of the carbonaceous chondrites Orgueil (CI), Murchison (CM) and Allende (CV) reveal large nucleosynthetic anomalies for Zr isotopes that contrast with the uniform compositions found in bulk meteorites. Two complementary nucleosynthetic components are observed: one enriched and one depleted in s-process nuclides. The latter component, characterized by excess 96Zr, is most distinctive in the acetic acid leachate (up to ε96Zr ≈ 50). The excess decreases with increasing acid strength and the final leaching steps of the experiment are depleted in 96Zr and thus enriched in s-process nuclides. Presolar silicon carbide grains are likely host phases for part of the anomalous Zr released during these later stages. However, by mass balance they cannot account for the 96Zr excesses observed in the early leaching steps and this therefore hints at the presence of at least one additional carrier phase with significant amounts of anomalous Zr. The data provide evidence that average solar system material consists of a homogenized mixture of different nucleosynthetic components, which can be partly resolved by leaching experiments of carbonaceous chondrites.  相似文献   

4.
Barium isotopic compositions of chemical leachates from six carbonaceous chondrites, Orgueil (CI), Mighei (CM2), Murray (CM2), Efremovka (CV3), Kainsaz (CO3), and Karoonda (CK4), were determined using thermal ionization mass spectrometry in order to assess the chemical evolution in the early solar system.The Ba isotopic data from most of the leachates show variable 135Ba excesses correlated with 137Ba excesses, suggesting the presence and heterogeneity of additional nucleosynthetic components for s- and r-processes in the solar system. The isotopic deviations observed in this study were generally small (−1 < ε < +1) except in the case of the acid residues of CI and CM meteorites. Large deviations of 135Ba (ε = −13.5 to −5.0) and 137Ba (ε = −6.2∼−1.2) observed in the acid residues from one CI and two CM meteorites show significant evidence for the enrichment of s-process isotopes derived from presolar grains. Two models were proposed to estimate the 135Cs isotopic abundances by subtraction of the s- and r-isotopic components from the total Ba isotopic abundances in the three CM meteorites, Mighei, Murchison (measured in a previous study), and Murray. The data points show individual linear trends between 135Cs/136Ba ratios and 135Ba isotopic deviations for the three samples. Considering the different trends observed in the three CM meteorites, the Ba isotopic composition of the CM meteorite parent body was heterogeneous at its formation. Chronological information is unclear in the data for Murchison and Murray because of large analytical uncertainties imposed by error propagation. Only the Mighei meteorite data indicate the possible existence of presently extinct 135Cs (135Cs/133Cs = (2.7 ± 1.6) × 10−4) in the early solar system. Another explanation of the data for the three CM meteorite is mixing of at least three components with different Ba isotopic compositions, although this is model-dependent.  相似文献   

5.
We discuss the possible stellar sources of short-lived radionuclides (SLRs) known to have been present in the early solar system (26Al, 36Cl, 41Ca, 53Mn, 60Fe, 107Pd, 129I, 182Hf, 244Pu). SLRs produced primarily by irradiation (7Be, 10Be) are not discussed in this paper. We evaluate the role of the galactic background in explaining the inventory of SLRs in the early solar system. We review the nucleosynthetic processes that produce the different SLRs and place the processes in the context of stellar evolution of stars from 1 to 120 M⊙. The ejection of newly synthesized SLRs from these stars is also discussed. We then examine the extent to which each stellar source can, by itself, explain the relative abundances of the different SLRs in the early solar system, and the probability that each source would have been in the right place at the right time to provide the SLRs. We conclude that intermediate-mass AGB stars and massive stars in the range from ∼20 to ∼60 M⊙ are the most plausible sources. Low-mass AGB stars fail to produce enough 60Fe. Core-collapse Type II supernovae from stars with initial masses of <20 M⊙ produce too much 60Fe and 53Mn. Sources such as novae, Type Ia supernovae, and core-collapse supernovae of O-Ne-Mg white dwarfs do not appear to provide the SLRs in the correct proportions. However, intermediate-mass AGB stars cannot provide 53Mn or the r-process elements, so if an AGB star provided the 41Ca, 36Cl, 26Al, 60Fe, and 107Pd, and if a late stellar source is required for 53Mn and the r-process elements, then two types of sources would be required. A separate discussion of the production of r-process elements highlights the difficulties in modeling their production. There appear to be two sources of r-process elements, one that produces the heavy r-process elements, including the actinides, and one that produces the elements from N to Ge and the elements ∼110 < A < ∼130. These can be assigned to SNII explosions of stars of ?11 M⊙ and stars of 12-25 M⊙, respectively. More-massive stars, which leave black holes as supernova remnants, apparently do not produce r-process elements.  相似文献   

6.
The r-process only nuclide 247Cm decays to 235U with a characteristic half-life of ∼16 million years. 247Cm is presently extinct, but offers considerable potential as a short-lived r-process chronometer, providing constraints on the time interval between the last r-process nucleo-synthetic event and the formation of the solar system. The existence of “live” 247Cm in the early solar system should be manifested today as variations in 235U/238U, provided Cm was chemically fractionated from U when solids formed in the early solar system. Using multiple-collector ICPMS and a high-purity mixed 233U-236U spike to monitor instrumental mass fractionation, we are able to resolve variations in 235U/238U at the 1-2 epsilon level (2σM; 1 epsilon = 1 part in 10,000) on sample sizes consisting of 20 ng of uranium. Data can be acquired on smaller (<10 ng) samples with ±2-3 epsilon 2σ uncertainties. Uranium isotopic measurements and U, Nd and Sm concentrations were acquired on bulk samples of a suite of carbonaceous chondrites, unequilibrated and equilibrated ordinary chondrites and eucrites, for which conflicting results had previously been obtained. Our results show no well-resolved excursions in 235U/238U away from the terrestrial value at the ∼2 epsilon level, and constrain the amount of 247Cm-produced excess 235U atoms to less than ∼1 × 108 atoms per gram of chondritic meteorite, with respect to terrestrial 235U/238U. Large (permil- level) anomalies in 235U/238U could, however, be artificially generated in the ordinary chondrites during laboratory processing. Therefore, U may be more susceptible to isotopic fractionation during chemical processing than previously recognized, and may reconcile some of the highly conflicting ε235U results reported by previous workers for chondritic meteorites. Our results indicate that a timescale of ∼1-2 × 108 years between the last actinide producing r-process event and the formation of the solar system may not be unreasonable based on the 247Cm-235U system. However, this conclusion is far from robust at this stage because the only bulk meteorites analysed that display strong Nd/U fractionation are highly metamorphosed chondrites that may have experienced a protracted history of redistribution and re-equilibration. The search for “live” 247Cm in the early solar system can now be extended to early-formed condensates and mineral phases displaying strong Cm-U fractionations.  相似文献   

7.
Application of 182Hf-182W chronometry to constrain the duration of early solar system processes requires the precise knowledge of the initial Hf and W isotope compositions of the solar system. To determine these values, we investigated the Hf-W isotopic systematics of bulk samples and mineral separates from several Ca,Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) from the CV3 chondrites Allende and NWA 2364. Most of the investigated CAIs have relative proportions of 183W, 184W, and 186W that are indistinguishable from those of bulk chondrites and the terrestrial standard. In contrast, one of the investigated Allende CAIs has a lower 184W/183W ratio, most likely reflecting an overabundance of r-process relative to s-process isotopes of W. All other bulk CAIs have similar 180Hf/184W and 182W/184W ratios that are elevated relative to average carbonaceous chondrites, probably reflecting Hf-W fractionation in the solar nebula within the first ∼3 Myr. The limited spread in 180Hf/184W ratios among the bulk CAIs precludes determination of a CAI whole-rock isochron but the fassaites have high 180Hf/184W and radiogenic 182W/184W ratios up to ∼14 ε units higher than the bulk rock. This makes it possible to obtain precise internal Hf-W isochrons for CAIs. There is evidence of disturbed Hf-W systematics in one of the CAIs but all other investigated CAIs show no detectable effects of parent body processes such as alteration and thermal metamorphism. Except for two fractions from one Allende CAI, all fractions from the investigated CAIs plot on a single well-defined isochron, which defines the initial ε182W = −3.28 ± 0.12 and 182Hf/180Hf = (9.72 ± 0.44) × 10−5 at the time of CAI formation. The initial 182Hf/180Hf and 26Al/27Al ratios of the angrites D’Orbigny and Sahara 99555 are consistent with the decay from initial abundances of 182Hf and 26Al as measured in CAIs, suggesting that these two nuclides were homogeneously distributed throughout the solar system. However, the uncertainties on the initial 182Hf/180Hf and 26Al/27Al ratios are too large to exclude that some 26Al in CAIs was produced locally by particle irradiation close to an early active Sun. The initial 182Hf/180Hf of CAIs corresponds to an absolute age of 4568.3 ± 0.7 Ma, which may be defined as the age of the solar system. This age is 0.5-2 Myr older than the most precise 207Pb-206Pb age of Efremovka CAI 60, which does not seem to date CAI formation. Tungsten model ages for magmatic iron meteorites, calculated relative to the newly and more precisely defined initial ε182W of CAIs, indicate that core formation in their parent bodies occurred in less than ∼1 Myr after CAI formation. This confirms earlier conclusions that the accretion of the parent bodies of magmatic iron meteorites predated chondrule formation and that their differentiation was triggered by heating from decay of abundant 26Al. A more precise dating of core formation in iron meteorite parent bodies requires precise quantification of cosmic-ray effects on W isotopes but this has not been established yet.  相似文献   

8.
Barium isotopic compositions of single 2.3-5.3 μm presolar SiC grains from the Murchison meteorite were measured by resonant ionization mass spectrometry. Mainstream SiC grains are enriched in s-process barium and show a spread in isotopic composition from solar to dominantly s-process. In the relatively coarse grain size fraction analyzed, there are large grain-to-grain variations of barium isotopic composition. Comparison of single grain data with models of nucleosynthesis in asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars indicates that the grains most likely come from low mass carbon-rich AGB stars (1.5 to 3 solar masses) of about solar metallicity and with approximately solar initial proportions of r- and s-process isotopes. Measurements of single grains imply a wide variety of neutron-to-seed ratios, in agreement with previous measurements of strontium, zirconium and molybdenum isotopic compositions of single presolar SiC grains.  相似文献   

9.
The extinct radionuclide 107Pd decays to 107Ag (half-life of 6.5 Ma) and is an early solar system chronometer with outstanding potential to study volatile depletion in the early solar system. Here, a comprehensive Ag isotope study of carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites is presented. Carbonaceous chondrites show limited variations (ε107Ag = −2.1 to +0.8) in Ag isotopic composition that correlate with the Pd/Ag ratios. Assuming a strictly radiogenic origin of these variations, a new initial 107Pd/108Pd of 5.9 (±2.2) × 10−5 for the solar system can be deduced. Comparing the Pd-Ag and Mn-Cr data for carbonaceous chondrites suggests that Mn-Cr and Pd-Ag fractionation took place close to the time of calcium-aluminium-rich inclusion (CAI) and chondrule formation ∼4568 Ma ago. Using the new value for the initial 107Pd abundance, the revised ages for the iron-rich meteorites Gibeon (IVA, 8.5 +3.2/−4.6 Ma), Grant (IIIAB, 13.0 +3.5/−4.9 Ma) and Canyon Diablo (IA, 19.5 +24.1/−10.4 Ma) are consistent with cooling rates and the closure temperature of the Pd-Ag system. In contrast to carbonaceous chondrites, ordinary chondrites show large stable isotope fractionation of order of 1 permil for 107Ag/109Ag. This indicates that different mechanisms of volatile depletion were active in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites. Nebular processes and accretion, as experienced by carbonaceous chondrites, did not led to significant Ag isotope fractionation, while the significant Ag isotope variations in ordinary chondrites are most likely inflicted by open system parent body metamorphism.  相似文献   

10.
We have analyzed the Pb isotopic compositions of whole-rocks and various components (CAIs, chondrules, and/or mineral separates) of two carbonaceous chondrites, Allende (CV3) and Murchison (CM2), and nine ordinary chondrites, Sainte Marguerite (H4), Nadiabondi and Forest City (H5), Kernouvé (H6), Bjurböle (L/LL4), Elenovka and Ausson (L5), Tuxtuac (LL5), and Saint-Séverin (LL6) by MC-ICP-MS. Three CAI fractions from Allende define an isochron with an age of 4568.1 ± 9.4 Ma (MSWD = 0.08) and plot on the same isochron as fragments of the Efremovka inclusion E60 analyzed by Amelin et al. [Amelin, Y., Krot, A. N., Hutcheon, I. D., and Ulyanov, A. A. (2002a). Lead isotopic ages of chondrules and calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions. Science297, 1679-1683]. When these two groups of samples are combined, the isochron yields an age of 4568.5 ± 0.5 (MSWD = 0.90), which is our best estimate of the age of the Solar System. Chondrules and pyroxene-olivine fractions from the ordinary chondrites yield ages that reflect the blocking of Pb isotope equilibration with the nebular gas. The combination of these ages with the corresponding metamorphic phosphate ages provides constraints on the thermal history of the different chondrite parent bodies. Among the H chondrites, Sainte Marguerite cooled to below ∼1100 K within a few My at 4565 Ma and to ∼800 K at 4563 Ma. Nadiabondi appears to have experienced a slightly more protracted cooling history with the corresponding interval lasting from 4559 to 4556 Ma. The data from Forest City and Kernouvé show evidence of late-stage perturbation with resulting U/Pb fractionation. Likewise, Pb isotopes in Tuxtuac (LL5) record a cooling history lasting from ∼4555 to 4544 Ma, which may indicate that the cooling history for the LL parent body was more prolonged than for the H parent body. We suggest a thermal evolution model for the growth of the planetary bodies based on the release of radiogenic heat from 26Al and 60Fe. This model incorporates the accretion rate, which determines the time at which the radiogenic heat becomes efficiently trapped, and the terminal size of the parent body, which controls its overall thermal inertia. The parent bodies of carbonaceous chondrites, which show little indication of metamorphic transformation, collect cooler nebular material at a relatively late stage. Small asteroids of ∼10-50 km radius accreting within 1-3 My could be the parent bodies of H and LL chondrites. The parent body of the L chondrites is likely to be a larger asteroid (r > 100 km) or possibly the product of collisions of smaller planetary bodies.  相似文献   

11.
We report the isotopic composition of molybdenum in twenty-three presolar SiC grains from the Murchison meteorite which have been measured by resonant ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS). Relative to terrestrial abundance (and normalized to s-process-only 96Mo), the majority of the analyzed grains show strong depletions in the p-process isotopes 92Mo and 94Mo and the r-process isotope 100Mo. Sixteen of these grains have δ-values <−600% for these three isotopes. The observed isotopic patterns of Mo from mainstream SiC grains clearly reveal the signature of s-process nucleosynthesis. Three-isotope plots of all grain data (δiMo vs. δ92Mo) show strong linear correlations with characteristic slopes. This finding suggests mixing of solar-like material and pure s-process material in the parent stars. Comparison with evolutionary calculations of nucleosynthesis and mixing in red giants suggests that low-mass thermally-pulsed symptotic giant branch (TP-AGB) stars are the most likely site for the observed s-process nucleosynthesis.  相似文献   

12.
Seventeen trace elements (Ag, Au, Bi, Br, Cd, Cs, Ge, In, Ir, Rb, Re, Sb, Se, Te, Tl, U and Zn) were measured by neutron activation analysis in 8 C1 samples (1 Alais, 3 Ivuna, 4 Orgueil) and in 3 C2 samples (one each of Mighei, Murchison, Murray). The results show far less scatter than earlier literature data. The standard deviation of a single measurement from the mean of 8 C1 samples lies between 2 and 14 per cent, except for the following 4 elements: Au ±18 per cent, Ag ±22 per cent, Rb ±19 per cent and Br ±33 per cent. The first two probably reflect contamination and sample heterogeneity, the last two, analytical error. Apparently C1 chondrites have a far more uniform composition than some authors have claimed.The new data suggest significant revisions in cosmic abundance for the following elements (old values in parentheses): Zn 1250 (1500), Cd 1.51 (2.12), Ir 0.72 (0.43) atoms/106 Si atoms. The Br value is also lower, 6.8 vs 20.6, but may be affected by analytical error.Relative to C1 chondrites, the C2 chondrites Mighei, Murchison and Murray are depleted in volatile elements by a factor of 0.508 ± 0.038, much more constant than indicated by oldor data. Ordinary chondrites also show a more uniform depletion relative to the new C1 data. The mean depletion factor of Sb, F, Cu, Ga, Ge, Sn, S, Se, Te and Ag is 0.227 ± 0.027 in H-chondrites. This constancy further strengthens the case for the two-component model of chondrite formation.  相似文献   

13.
Contributors to chromium isotope variation of meteorites   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
We report the results of a comprehensive, high precision survey of the Cr isotopic compositions of primitive chondrites, along with some differentiated meteorites. To ensure complete dissolution of our samples, they were first fused with lithium borate-tetraborate at 1050-1000 °C. Relative to the NIST Cr standard SRM 3112a, carbonaceous chondrites exhibit excesses in 54Cr/52Cr from 0.4 to 1.6ε (1ε = 1 part in 10,000), and ordinary chondrites display a common 54Cr/52Cr deficit of ∼0.4ε. Analyses of acid-digestion residues of chondrites show that carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites share a common 54Cr-enriched carrier, which is characterized by a large excess in 54Cr/52Cr (up to 200ε) associated with a very small deficit in 53Cr/52Cr (<2ε). We did not find 54Cr anomalies in either bulk enstatite chondrites or in leachates of their acid-digestion residues. This either requires that the enstatite chondrite parent bodies did not incorporate the 54Cr anomaly carrier phase during their accretion, or the phase was destroyed by parent body metamorphism. Chromium in the terrestrial rocks and lunar samples analyzed here show no deviation from the NIST SRM 3112a Cr standard. The eucrite and Martian meteorites studied exhibit small deficits in 54Cr/52Cr. The 54Cr/52Cr variations among different meteorite classes suggest that there was a spatial and/or temporal heterogeneity in the distribution of a 54Cr-rich component in the inner Solar System.We confirm the correlated excesses in 54Cr/52Cr and 53Cr/52Cr for bulk carbonaceous chondrites, but the new data yield a steeper slope (∼6.6) than that reported in Shukolyukov and Lugmair (2006). The correlated excesses may affect the use of the Mn-Cr chronometer in carbonaceous chondrites. We could not confirm the bulk carbonaceous chondrite Mn-Cr isochron reported by Shukolyukov and Lugmair (2006) and Moynier et al. (2007), mostly because we find much smaller total variations in ε53Cr (∼0.2). All bulk chondrites have small ε53Cr excesses (up to 0.3) relative to the Earth, most likely reflecting the sub-chondritic Mn/Cr ratio of the Earth. The ε53Cr variations in chondrites do seem to grossly correlate with Mn/Cr and yield an initial Solar System 53Mn/55Mn value of 5.4(±2.4) × 10−6, corresponding to an absolute age of 4566.4 (±2.2) Ma.Nuclear interactions with cosmic rays result in coupled excesses in ε54Cr and ε53Cr with a ∼4:1 ratio in phases with high Fe/Cr. These are most dramatically demonstrated in the iron meteorite Carbo, showing excesses in ε54Cr of up to 140ε. These new results show that the Mn-Cr chronometer should be used with caution in samples/minerals with high Fe/Cr and long cosmic ray exposure ages.  相似文献   

14.
When recent geological calibrations of the 176Lu decay constant are used, the 176Lu-176Hf ages of chondrites are consistently 4% too old (∼4.75 Ga). Here, we suggest that this discrepancy reflects the photoexcitation of the long-lived 176Lu ground state to the short-lived isomeric state (T1/2 = 3.7 h) by γ-rays irradiating early condensates. Irradiation may have been of solar origin and taking place at the inner edge of the nebular disk. Alternatively, the source of γ-rays could have been one or more supernova(e) exploding in the vicinity of the solar nebula. Such photoexcitation has been experimentally observed, but requires γ-ray photons that have energies in excess of 838 keV. At this stage, we cannot assess whether the Hf isotope composition of the Bulk Silicate Earth differs from that of chondrites, eucrites, and the 4.56 Ga old Martian meteorite ALH84001, and therefore, whether the precursor material for these different planetary bodies received comparable fluences of γ-rays.  相似文献   

15.
Aqueous alteration of primitive meteorites was among the earliest geological processes during the evolution of our solar system. ‘Clumped-isotope’ thermometry of carbonates in the CM chondrites, Cold Bokkeveld, Murray, and Murchison, demonstrates that they underwent aqueous alteration at 20-71 °C from a fluid with δ18OVSMOW of 2.0‰ to 8.1‰ and δ17OVSMOW of −0.1‰ to 3.0‰. The δ13CVPDB values of these carbonates exhibit a negative correlation with the δ18OVSMOW of their formation waters, consistent with formation and escape of 13C-depleted CH4 during aqueous alteration. Methane generation under these conditions implies that the alteration fluid was characterized by an Eh ? −0.67 and pH ? 12.5 (or lower at the highest alteration temperatures). Our findings suggest that methane generation may have been a widespread consequence of planetesimal and planetary aqueous alteration, perhaps explaining the occurrence of methane on Titan, Triton, Pluto, and other Kuiper-belt objects.  相似文献   

16.
It has been recently suggested that (1) CH chondrites and the CBb/CH-like chondrite Isheyevo contain two populations of chondrules formed by different processes: (i) magnesian non-porphyritic (cryptocrystalline and barred) chondrules, which are similar to those in the CB chondrites and formed in an impact-generated plume of melt and gas resulted from large-scale asteroidal collision, and (ii) porphyritic chondrules formed by melting of solid precursors in the solar nebula. (2) Porphyritic chondrules in Isheyevo and CH chondrites are different from porphyritic chondrules in other carbonaceous chondrites ( [Krot et al., 2005], [Krot et al., 2008a] and [Krot et al., 2008b]). In order to test these hypotheses, we measured in situ oxygen isotopic compositions of porphyritic (magnesian, Type I and ferroan, Type II) and non-porphyritic (magnesian and ferroan cryptocrystalline) chondrules from Isheyevo and CBb chondrites MAC 02675 and QUE 94627, paired with QUE 94611, using a Cameca ims-1280 ion microprobe.On a three-isotope oxygen diagram (δ17O vs. δ18O), compositions of chondrules measured follow approximately slope-1 line. Data for 19 magnesian cryptocrystalline chondrules from Isheyevo, 24 magnesian cryptocrystalline chondrules and 6 magnesian cryptocrystalline silicate inclusions inside chemically-zoned Fe,Ni-metal condensates from CBb chondrites have nearly identical compositions: Δ17O = −2.2 ± 0.9‰, −2.3 ± 0.6‰ and −2.2 ± 1.0‰ (2σ), respectively. These observations and isotopically light magnesium compositions of cryptocrystalline magnesian chondrules in CBb chondrites (Gounelle et al., 2007) are consistent with their single-stage origin, possibly as gas-melt condensates in an impact-generated plume. In contrast, Δ17O values for 11 Type I and 9 Type II chondrules from Isheyevo range from −5‰ to +4‰ and from −17‰ to +3‰, respectively. In contrast to typical chondrules from carbonaceous chondrites, seven out of 11 Type I chondrules from Isheyevo plot above the terrestrial fractionation line. We conclude that (i) porphyritic chondrules in Isheyevo belong to a unique population of objects, suggesting formation either in a different nebular region or at a different time than chondrules from other carbonaceous chondrites; (ii) Isheyevo, CB and CH chondrites are genetically related meteorites: they contain non-porphyritic chondrules produced during the same highly-energetic event, probably large-scale asteroidal collision; (iii) the differences in mineralogy, petrography, chemical and whole-rock oxygen isotopic compositions between CH and CB chondrites are due to various proportions of the nebular and the impact-produced materials.  相似文献   

17.
We have investigated the distribution and isotopic composition of nitrogen and noble gases, and the Ar-Ar chronology of the Bencubbin meteorite. Gases were extracted from different lithologies by both stepwise heating and vacuum crushing. Significant amounts of gases were found to be trapped within vesicles present in silicate clasts. Results indicate a global redistribution of volatile elements during a shock event caused by an impactor that collided with a planetary regolith. A transient atmosphere was created that interacted with partially or totally melted silicates and metal clasts. This atmosphere contained 15N-rich nitrogen with a pressure ?3 × 105 hPa, noble gases, and probably, although not analyzed here, other volatile species. Nitrogen and noble gases were re-distributed among bubbles, metal, and partly or totally melted silicates, according to their partition coefficients among these different phases. The occurrence of N2 trapped in vesicles and dissolved in silicates indicates that the oxygen fugacity (fO2) was greater than the iron-wüstite buffer during the shock event. Ar-Ar dating of Bencubbin glass gives an age of 4.20 ± 0.05 Ga, which probably dates this impact event. The cosmic-ray exposure age is estimated at ∼40 Ma with two different methods. Noble gases present isotopic signatures similar to those of “phase Q” (the major host of noble gases trapped in chondrites) but elemental patterns enriched in light noble gases (He, Ne and Ar) relative to Kr and Xe, normalized to the phase Q composition. Nitrogen isotopic data together with 40Ar/36Ar ratios indicate mixing between a 15N-rich component (δ15N = +1000‰), terrestrial N, and an isotopically normal, chondritic N.Bencubbin and related 15N-rich meteorites of the CR clan do not show stable isotope (H and C) anomalies, precluding contribution of a nucleosynthetic component as the source of 15N enrichments. This leaves two possibilities, trapping of an ancient, highly fractionated atmosphere, or degassing of a primitive, isotopically unequilibrated, nitrogen component. Although the first possibility cannot be excluded, we favor the contribution of primitive material in the light of the recent finding of extremely 15N-rich anhydrous clasts in the CB/CH Isheyevo meteorite. This unequilibrated material, probably carried by the impactor, could have been insoluble organic matter extremely rich in 15N and hosting isotopically Q-like noble gases, possibly from the outer solar system.  相似文献   

18.
Our examination of nine CM chondrites that span the aqueous alteration sequence leads us to conclude that compact dark fine mantles surrounding chondrules and inclusions in CM chondrites are not discrete fine-grained rims acquired in the solar nebula as modeled by Metzler et al. [Accretionary dust mantles in CM chondrites: evidence for solar nebula processes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta56, 1992, 2873-2897]. Nebular processes that lead to agglomeration produce materials with porosities far higher than those in the dark mantles. We infer that the mantles were produced from porous nebular materials on the CM parent asteroid by impact-compaction (a process that produces the lowest porosity adjacent to chondrules and inclusions). Compaction was followed by aqueous alteration that formed tochilinite, serpentine, Ni-bearing sulfide, and other secondary products in voids in the interchondrule regions. Metzler et al. reported a correlation between mantle thickness and the radius of the enclosed object. In Yamato 791198 we find no correlation when all sizes of central objects and dark lumps are included but a significant correlation (r2 = 0.44) if we limit consideration to central objects with radii >35 μm; a moderate correlation is also found in QUE 97990. We suggest that impact-induced shear of a plum-pudding-like precursor produced the observed “mantles”; these were shielded from comminution during impact events by the adjacent stronger chondrules and inclusions. Some mantles in CM chondrites with low degrees of alteration show distinct layers that may largely reflect differences in porosity. Typically, a gray, uniform inner layer is surrounded by an outer layer consisting of darker silicates with BSE-bright speckles. The CM-chondrite objects characterized as “primary accretionary rocks” by Metzler et al. did not form in the nebula, but rather on the parent body. The absence of solar-flare particle tracks and solar-wind-implanted rare gases in these clasts reflect their lithified nature and low surface/volume ratios during the period when they resided in the regolith and were subject to irradiation by solar particles. The clasts are analogous to the light-colored metamorphosed clasts in ordinary-chondrite regolith breccias (which also lack solar-flare particle tracks and solar-wind gas).  相似文献   

19.
Enstatite meteorites include the undifferentiated enstatite chondrites and the differentiated enstatite achondrites (aubrites). They are the most reduced group of all meteorites. The oxygen isotope compositions of both enstatite chondrites and aubrites plot along the terrestrial mass fractionation line, which suggests some genetic links between these meteorites and the Earth as well.For this study, we measured the Zn isotopic composition of 25 samples from the following groups: aubrites (main group and Shallowater), EL chondrites, EH chondrites and Happy Canyon (impact-melt breccia). We also analyzed the Zn isotopic composition and elemental abundance in separated phases (metal, silicates, and sulfides) of the EH4, EL3, and EL6 chondrites. The different groups of meteorites are isotopically distinct and give the following values (‰): aubrite main group (−7.08 < δ66Zn < −0.37); EH3 chondrites (0.15 < δ66Zn < 0.31); EH4 chondrites (0.15 < δ66Zn < 0.27); EH5 chondrites (δ66Zn = 0.27 ± 0.09; n = 1); EL3 chondrites (0.01 < δ66Zn < 0.63); the Shallowater aubrite (1.48 < δ66Zn < 2.36); EL6 chondrites (2.26 < δ66Zn < 7.35); and the impact-melt enstatite chondrite Happy Canyon (δ66Zn = 0.37).The aubrite Peña Blanca Spring (δ66Zn = −7.04‰) and the EL6 North West Forrest (δ66Zn = 7.35‰) are the isotopically lightest and heaviest samples, respectively, known so far in the Solar System. In comparison, the range of Zn isotopic composition of chondrites and terrestrial samples (−1.5 < δ66Zn < 1‰) is much smaller ( [Luck et al., 2005] and [Herzog et al., 2009]).EH and EL3 chondrites have the same Zn isotopic composition as the Earth, which is another example of the isotopic similarity between Earth and enstatite chondrites. The Zn isotopic composition and abundance strongly support that the origin of the volatile element depletion between EL3 and EL6 chondrites is due to volatilization, probably during thermal metamorphism. Aubrites show strong elemental depletion in Zn compared to both EH and EL chondrites and they are enriched in light isotopes (δ66Zn down to −7.04‰). This is the opposite of what would be expected if Zn elemental depletion was due to evaporation, assuming the aubrites started with an enstatite chondrite-like Zn isotopic composition. Evaporation is therefore not responsible for volatile loss from aubrites. On Earth, Zn isotopes fractionate very little during igneous processes, while differentiated meteorites show only minimal Zn isotopic variability. It is therefore very unlikely that igneous processes can account for the large isotopic fractionation of Zn in aubrites. Condensation of an isotopically light vapor best explains Zn depletion and isotopically light Zn in these puzzling rocks. Mass balance suggests that this isotopically light vapor carries Zn lost by the EL6 parent body during thermal metamorphism and that aubrites evolved from an EL6-like parent body. Finally, Zn isotopes suggest that Shallowater and aubrites originate from distinct parent bodies.  相似文献   

20.
CM chondrites contain carbonates and other secondary minerals such as phyllosilicates, sulfides, sulfates, oxides and hydroxides that are believed to have formed by aqueous alteration reactions on their parent asteroid. We report in situ Mn-Cr isotope measurements in the highly aqueously altered CM2.1 chondrites QUE 93005 and ALH 83100 using secondary ion mass spectrometry (Cameca ims-1270 ion microprobe). The 53Cr excesses are correlated with the 53Mn/55Mn ratio and result from the in situ decay of 53Mn, a short-lived radioisotope with a half-life of 3.7 Ma. If we assume that carbonate grains in samples QUE 93005 and ALH 83100 are cogenetic, then the excesses define initial 53Mn/55Mn ratios ((53Mn/55Mn)0) of (4.1 ± 1.2) × 10−6 and (5.1 ± 1.7) × 10−6, respectively. These values are comparable to those in carbonates from other CM chondrites as reported in the literature. Initial 53Mn/55Mn ratios for calculated model isochrones for individual carbonate grains range from (3.8 ± 1.4) × 10−6 to (4.8 ± 2.1) × 10−6 for QUE 93005 and from (3.1 ± 1.6) × 10−6 to (1.3 ± 0.5) × 10−5 for ALH 83100. A possible interpretation for the ranges in (53Mn/55Mn)0 could be that alteration in individual CM chondrites was episodic and occurred over an extended period of time. However, isochrones based on the entire set of carbonate grains in each of the CM chondrites imply that the degree of aqueous alteration is roughly correlated with the age of carbonate formation in CM chondrites of different subtypes and that alteration on the CM parent asteroid started contemporaneously with or shortly after CAI formation and lasted at least 4 Ma.  相似文献   

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