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1.
Dana K. Nakase Anthony S. Hartshorn Katherine A. Spielmann Sharon J. Hall 《Geoarchaeology》2014,29(2):79-97
Prehistoric farmers in arid and semiarid ecosystems commonly used rock alignments to concentrate water and sediments on their fields. Previous research has emphasized the importance of runoff from organic matter‐rich uplands as a mechanism for soil nutrient replenishment. However, eolian inputs to these dryland ecosystems might also contribute substantially to mineral‐derived nutrient pools. We explored the relative importance of eolian deposition, prehistoric agriculture, and the presence of rock alignments on soil properties in a semiarid grassland in Arizona. Subsurface soils behind natural rock alignments are finer in texture than soils unbound by rock alignments, while subsurface soils behind agricultural rock alignments coarsen relative to unbound soils. Neither rock alignments nor estimated crop yields had detectable effects on mineral‐derived nutrient pools. In contrast, eolian deposition is an important source of soil mass and nutrients to modern soils. While dust deposition likely reduced soil heterogeneity across this landscape, it could have also contributed to the sustainability of prehistoric agriculture. 相似文献
2.
本文对美国中西部和中国黄土高原０．５Ｍａ以来的气候序列进行了对比。０．５—０．１ＭａＢ．Ｐ．，美国中西部间冰期以干暖为特征，１０００００—３５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．，气候从干暖向温湿转化。本次冰进阶段，冰盖达到最大后，风尘堆积占优势，气候湿凉为主。全新世先从温凉转为温湿，继而干暖，后又转向湿凉。总之，０．５Ｍａ以来除末次冰期外，美国中西部与中国黄土高原温度变化的总趋势是一致的，但两地的湿度变化是相反的。 相似文献
3.
Sudhakar M. Rao 《Engineering Geology》1995,40(3-4):215-221
The presence of allophane minerals imparts special engineering features to the volcanic ash soils. This study examines the reasons for the allophanic soils exhibiting unusual shear strength properties in comparison to sedimentary clays. The theories of residual shear strength developed for natural soils and artificial soil mixtures and the unusual surface charge properties of the allophane particle are invoked to explain the high shear strength values of these residual soils. The lack of any reasonable correlation between ′ (effective stress-strength parameter) and plasticity index values for allophanic soils is explained on the basis of the unusual structure of the allophane particle. The reasons as to why natural soil slopes in allophanic soil areas (example, Dominica, West Indies) are stable at much steeper angles than natural slopes in sedimentary clay deposits (London clay areas) are explained in light of the hypothesis developed in this study. 相似文献
4.
The well known Clovis and Plainview archaeological sites of New Mexico and Texas have yielded new data on regional late Quaternary geologic, paleoclimatic, and pedologic histories. Eolian sedimentation at the Clovis site from about 10,000 to less than 8500 yr B.P. was followed by the formation of a cumulic soil between 8500 and 5000 yr B.P. Episodic eolian and slope wash deposition then culminated in massive eolian sedimentation about 5000 yr B.P. after which a Haplustalf formed then was subsequently buried by part of a dune system within the last 1000 yr. At the Plainview site, a basal stream gravel contains Plainview cultural material (ca. 10,000 yr B.P.), which is followed by a localized early Holocene lacustrine deposit, two eolian deposits (the younger dating to about 5000 yr B.P.), and a marsh deposit which slowly accreted as an Argiustoll formed in the younger eolian unit. The data indicate that on the Southern High Plains (1) between 12,000 and 8500 yr B.P. sedimentation varied from site to site, (2) there was a regional climate change toward warming and drying in the early Holocene, (3) two episodes of severe drought apparently occurred in the middle Holocene (6500 to 4500 yr B.P.), (4) between 4500 yr B.P. and the present an essentially modern climate existed, but with several shifts toward aridity within the last 1000 yr, (5) argillic horizons have developed in late Holocene soils, (6) clay illuviation can occur in calcareous soils, and (7) long-distance correlation of Holocene stratigraphy in the region is possible, particularly with the aid of soil morphology. 相似文献
5.
In September 1979, rain-induced complex landslides occurred in two separate localities along the slopes of the Akovolwo Mountains near Jato-Aka in the Kwande Local Government area of Benue State, Nigeria.The two movements developed on bedrock slopes covered by a veneer of colluvium and (or) residuum no more than 1.5 to 2m deep. Each started as a slump and graduated into a debris flow. The slump, extending downhill a short distance away from the head scarp, had been reconstituted into a debris flow as the initial movement (sliding movement) of the soil mass caused remoulding of the saturated moving mass into viscous debris-laden mud. The resulting mass moved partly along a pre-existing mountain stream channel and partly along a fresh channel it cleared in the savanna forest. At the break of slope, the mass of boulders was dumped and a trail of smaller fragments littered the channels towards the Katsina-Ala River. 相似文献
6.
Chen Shanxiong* School of Civil Engineering Mechanics Huazhong University of Science Technology Wuhan China Institute of Rock Soil Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China Yu Song Liu Zhiguo Xu Haibin Institute of Rock Soil Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2005,16(4)
INTRODUCTION Theinfiltrationandevaporationofwaterinasoil slopeareofparamountimportanceindetermining slopestability.Previousengineeringcasesandstud ieshaveshownthatrainwaterisoftenamajorfactor intheslopefailureofexpansivesoils.Expansivesoils intropicalandsubtropicalzonesareoftenunsaturat ed,andsoilslopesareinastablestateinnormalcli mateconditionsbecauseofthehighsuctionandshear strengthofthesoilmass.However,oncepermeation happensrainwaterwillinfiltrateintothesoilmasswhichleadstoanincreasein… 相似文献
7.
崩积体剪切性能试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
崩积体是一种由土体和块石堆积形成的天然地质体,其内部结构特征在很大程度上控制着崩积体的物理力学特性。通过对崩积体进行现场实地踏勘,收集典型工点的崩积体试样,考虑原样级配,开展了对崩积体重塑样的室内大尺度直剪试验,获得了不同含石量、块石形状、土体性质以及应力状态下崩积体的剪应力-应变曲线与抗剪强度曲线,分析并探讨了其变形与强度特性变化规律及内在机制,首次提出了崩积体抗剪强度随含石量增长模式曲线。研究结果表明：崩积体剪应力-应变曲线较常规的单一介质有显著区别。在低法向应力下,崩积体表现为剪胀,而在高法向应力下,则表现为先剪缩后剪胀。崩积混合体的抗剪强度随含石量的增加经历了缓慢增长－快速增长－缓慢增长的过程,其内摩擦角增量与含石量（含黏性土崩积体为0～80%,含砂土崩积体为40%～80%）近似成线性增长的关系。相同含石量情况下,含不规则形状块石的崩积体内摩擦角显著高于含规则形状块石的混合体。 相似文献
8.
Multidisciplinary characterization of the middle Holocene eolian deposits of the Elsa River basin (central Italy) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
E.A.C. Costantini S. Priori B. Urban A. Hilgers D. Sauer G. Protano L. Trombino D. Hülle F. Nannoni 《Quaternary International》2009,209(1-2):107
In temperate regions, eolian deposits of different natures are often pedogenically-altered and mixed with underlying sediments. The research reported in this paper identifies for the first time the presence of eolian deposits in soils of central Tuscany and investigates the characteristics and origin. Five relict, polycyclic paleosol profiles were studied. P1 was situated in a natural dust trap, a doline on top of an isolated limestone hill; P2 and P3 were both situated on a limestone plateau, and P4 and P5 on a mid- and foot slope on schist. The profiles were sampled for routine analyses, iron forms, heavy minerals, major and trace elements, and pollen, spores and non-pollen palynomorphs. Undisturbed samples were taken for micromorphological and SEM analyses. Nine soil horizons were sampled for OSL dating. Eolian deposits were dominant or abundant in the first layers of P1, P2 and P3. OSL age determinations of soil horizons deriving from eolian parent material were middle Holocene. Chemical and heavy mineral analyses indicated different possible sources, including bare slopes, alluvial fans and wide channels, coming from the nearby streams that drain the Middle Tuscany ridge and the Mounts of Chianti; marginal contribution of volcanic ashes was only found in P1.The research demonstrated that wind soil erosion accompanied water erosion and colluvial deposition during the middle Holocene in the Elsa River basin. Pollen spectra, in particular, indicated that soil degradation occurred in an environment showing signs of incipient desertification, resulting from an increase of aridity in a land already strongly influenced by humans. Although central Italy is currently considered to be only marginally affected by wind soil erosion, a climate change, which would imply increased arid conditions, could trigger a new cycle of slope denudation, wind erosion and loess deposition. 相似文献
9.
The residual shear strength of soils is increasingly becoming an active research area, as landslides occur almost daily all over the world. Since Skempton published his landmark paper in 1964, several researchers proposed correlations between soil index properties and residual friction angle of soils for preliminary estimates. However, recent data gathered from Japanese colluvium soils indicate that previously proposed charts correlating soil index properties with residual friction angle yield very poor estimates. In this study, first previously published Japanese data are reevaluated to establish a theoretical foundation for such correlations. Then, it is shown that equivalent smectite content (ESC) largely controls the residual friction angle of soils. In the second stage of the paper using the data of several researchers, it is shown that there is piecewise linear correlation between the equivalent basal spacing (EBS) and the residual friction angle. This study lays down a foundation for theoretical correlation between EBS and residual friction angle of soils. 相似文献
10.
古水水电站工程区域堆积体边坡工程地质分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
西南地区水电工程中堆积体边坡的稳定性问题研究对水电工程建设极为重要。堆积体边坡研究中比较关键的问题包括:堆积体的历史成因、不同条件下的力学参数取值和稳定性分析。本文通过对古水水电站坝址区域内下覆为板岩、上覆为堆积体的工程地质条件进行了相关分析,得到了该区域上覆堆积体和下覆板岩倾倒变形的历史演化过程:在冰水的携带作用下,边坡顶部的岩土体逐步向下迁移而形成堆积体,并且表现出明显的层状效应;板状岩体在构造运动、河谷下切和风化卸荷等共同作用下,加之上覆堆积体重量的不断增加,从而发生折断并导致倾倒变形。在对冰水堆积体物理力学特性分析的基础上,结合现场的工程地质调查,得到了区域内堆积体边坡的变形破坏模式表现为顺软弱面整体滑动破坏和局部圆弧型滑动。 相似文献
11.
12.
我国高寒山地区广泛发育连片冰碛土堆积边坡,因其普遍具有级配宽、分选差、孔隙率大等特点,在复杂构造地貌条件和冻融条件影响下,往往会发生剧烈的水-热-质交换而产生富冰滞水润滑效应,进而诱发冰碛土界面型滑坡灾害。冰碛土界面型滑坡对该区域工程建设具有重大的潜在风险,而系统掌握高寒山地区冰碛土水热迁移及聚冰冻胀孕灾机制是实现该类地质灾害科学防控的基础性工作。据此,首先研究了冰碛土的粒度组成和结构特征,明确了冰碛土存在典型的“二粒组”的组构特征;而后,围绕冻融作用下冰碛土水热迁移及聚冰冻胀规律研究现状予以深入剖析,厘清了冰碛土的多相多场迁移机制及聚冰冻胀特性;最后,围绕冰碛土边坡孕灾演化过程开展研究,阐明了内部富冰带成因及滞水促滑失稳机制。研究表明:(1)冰碛土的典型组构特征为其水-热-质多相多场迁移提供了前提条件,也是诱发局部化聚冰冻胀的重要因素;(2)冰碛土因剧烈水热迁移产生的定向化界面聚冰现象,而界面效应是诱发边坡失稳的“源生地”,探究冰碛土边坡失稳问题应重点关注富冰带发育特征及其促滑失稳机制;(3)高寒山地区冰碛土边坡的孕灾机制主要受两种模式控制:①混态水-热迁移聚冰效应;②富冰带界面的滞水润滑效应。该综述研究以期为高寒山地区冰碛土边坡多相多场孕灾机制提供基础性参考。 相似文献
13.
O.G. Zanina S.V. Gubin S.A. Kuzmina S.V. Maximovich D.A. Lopatina 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(17-18):2107-2123
A detailed study of the Duvanny Yar section in the Kolyma Lowland (Yakutia) provides the most extensive knowledge to date about late-Pleistocene soil formation processes and environments in the North–East Siberian Arctic. Late-Quaternary palaeoenvironmental changes were reconstructed using paleopedological data and a range of palaeoecological bio-indicators (palynomorphs, plant macrofossils and insects). The frozen sediments representing marine isotope stage 3 (MIS-3), which encompasses the Karginsky interstadial, include profiles of four palaeosols of different ages. The oldest palaeosol is early Karginskian, and three overlying soil horizons represent a late-Karginskian pedocomplex. Palaeopedological data indicate a change of from synlithogenic soil formation processes to epigenic ones during these intervals. The intervening periods of synlithogenic pedogenesis were accompanied by active accumulation of eolian deposits. The Earlier Karginskian period of pedogenesis occurred in the absence of eolian sedimentation and when summer conditions were warm. The wide spectrum of peaty and peaty-gley soils observed in the late-Karginskian deposits developed under conditions of progressive cooling. The structure and content of fossil rodent burrows dated to approximately 30 000 yr BP from frozen late-Pleistocene deposits at Duvanny Yar indicate an arid and severe climate, a depth of active layer of 60–80 cm, and a wide distribution of disturbed habitats with pioneer and steppe vegetation. 相似文献
14.
We analyzed thin sections from two palaeoseismic trenches across the low-slip-rate Geleen Fault in the Belgian Maas River valley to help identifying the most recent large palaeoearthquake on this fault segment. In the first trench we sampled silty sediment below and above a prehistoric stone pavement that was supposedly at or near the surface at the time of the event, and subsequently thrown down. The samples below show a well-developed in situ argillic Bt soil horizon in parent sediment containing remnants of stratification, whereas the sediment above is a structureless colluvium reworked at least partly from Bt-horizon material. Below the stone pavement, we also found evidence of contorted stratification, which is in agreement with macroscopic observations of both the sediment and the stone pavement itself, and which is attributed to co-seismic soft-sediment deformation. In the second trench, we sampled a sequence of vaguely discernible soil horizons in the hanging-wall, interpreted as a buried soil profile (Bt, E, and possibly A horizons), overlain by a featureless deposit. Thin-section analysis supports the colluvial nature of the latter, and also provides evidence that both the base of this layer and the top of the poorly developed A horizon below have occupied a shallow position in a soil profile. A sample from the same depth in the footwall is composed of very different material. Instead of colluvium, we find patches of Bt soil, most likely representing the same pedogenic level as the in situ Bt horizon at larger depth in the hanging-wall, but displaced and subsequently degraded. Furthermore, thin sections confirm that vertical structures cutting this Bt horizon are sand dykes. These dykes could be traced macroscopically upward to the base of the colluvium. In both trenches, we have thus identified a stratigraphic boundary in the hanging-wall, close to the surface, separating an in situ soil below from colluvium above. We interpret this limit and the overlying colluvium as the event horizon and the colluvial wedge, respectively, of a surface-rupturing palaeoearthquake. In addition, in both cases we found evidence of soft-sediment deformation (related to liquefaction) contemporaneous with the event within the stratigraphic resolution. 相似文献
15.
Gullies up to 5 m deep are developed on sodic soils near St. Michael's Mission, central Zimbabwe, A preliminary study was undertaken to reconstruct the nature and timing of past gullying, and to determine the main factors affecting gully growth during the last 50 years. The gullies are formed in colluvium, with interbedded humic layers and stonelines containing stone artefacts, reflecting cycles of gully entrenchment, sheetwash and pedogenesis which occurred during the Late Quaternary. Significantly, historical and present day gully growth appears to be both more extensive and intensive than at any earlier period in the Late Quaternary. Recent gully growth appears to be a function of complex interaction of physical and anthropogenic factors. Attempts to arrest gully headward extension are discussed. It is argued that long and medium term perspectives on gully erosion, combined with present day observations, offer a more balanced view of the soil erosion problem. 相似文献
16.
Shales of the Lower Ecca stage of the Late Palaeozoic Series are actively degrading in the particular topography and climate of Natal. The failure of a large road embankment near Pietermaritzburg and the subsequent failure of the adjacent natural slope were caused by movement along existing shear zones in the underlying colluvium. Other cases of instability in both natural slopes and engineering earthworks are known, in the Pietermaritzburg and Durban areas and elsewhere in Natal. These failures in various types of slope in different parts of Natal suggest an inherent instability in colluvial and residual soil derived from shale of the Lower Ecca stage. 相似文献
17.
Sudhakar M. Rao 《Engineering Geology》1996,43(4):265-279
This study examines the effect of loss of apparent cohesion from rainwater infiltration upon the stability of partly saturated, allophanic soil slopes of Dominica (West Indies). The parent material of the Dominican allophanic soils are the andesitic and dacitic volcanic rocks from ten volcanic centres of mainly Pleistocene age. Although simplifying assumptions are made to assess the depth of wetting front and magnitudes of true and apparent cohesion values of the partly saturated allophanic soils, certain inferences of practical significance emerge from the study.
Matric suction contributes to the effective stress of unsaturated soils and increases the shear strength of these soils by imparting them an apparent cohesion strength component. This apparent cohesion strength component of the partly saturated Dominician allophanic soils is considered to be related to the matric suction term (ua−uw) by a parabolic relationship.
The partly saturated allophanic soil slopes of Dominica would invariably fail from loss of apparent cohesion upon saturation of the soil mantle by the infiltrating water front only if (a) the average slope angle (β) is greater than or equal to the drained shear strength parameter of the unsaturated soil (Φd) (slopes with β ≥ Φd are referred to as category 1 slopes in this study) and (b) the drained cohesion parameter (cd) belonging to the partly saturated soil of the category 1 slope is mainly contributed by matric suction induced apparent cohesion (capp) and contribution from true cohesion (c′) is absent. However, the possibility of the category 1 slopes (for the case 1 situation) failing in the saturated condition from effective stress reduction due to rise in ground water table is shown to be an unfeasible proposition. In contrast, for the case 1 situation, the partly saturated category 2 slopes (β < Φd) are insusceptible to failure from reduction in effective stress due to loss of matric suction but fail in the saturated condition from effective stress reduction due to rise in ground water table. If the allophanic soils were to possess a sufficient magnitude of true cohesion (c′), even the partly saturated category 1 slopes possessing slope angles (β) much in excess of their Φd values (β − Φd = 15.1°) would remain stable upon total elimination of the matric suction induced cohesion. However, partly saturated category 1 slopes possessing a true cohesion component and insusceptible to failure from reduction in effective stress upon loss of matric suction, invariably fail in the saturated condition from reduction in effective stress due to rise in ground water table.
Using the methodology developed in this study, two previously reported case histories pertaining to rain induced translational landslides in the residual soil areas of Brazil are re-examined and the results obtained in this study are found to be in agreement with the findings of the previous researchers. 相似文献
18.
蒋家沟砾石土的特性及其对斜坡失稳的意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
云南蒋家沟是世界上著名的由降雨导致泥石流、浅层滑坡频发的沟谷之一。组成蒋家沟斜坡表层的砾石土具有孔隙度高、级配宽、不均匀系数大等特点,级配曲线为上凹型或双峰型,为内在不稳定性土。X射线衍射分析表明,粒径小于1 mm 的细粒部分主要由绿泥石和伊利石等黏土矿物及次生石英组成,黏土矿物会影响砾石土的物理力学性质。在环境电镜扫描中观测了砾石土的微观结构,发现一种特殊的“桥式”胶结结构,并在遇水条件下发生断裂,不仅降低了微弱黏聚力,而且土颗粒容易分离成粒径为数十微米的散微粒。这与砾石土中黏性部分具有高分散性有关。此外这些散微粒在自滤过程中会能发生运移,并在孔喉等处积聚而堵塞孔隙,会降低砾石土的渗透性以及有利于斜坡中暂态上层滞水的积聚。 相似文献
19.
黄土高原全新世黄土-古土壤演替及气候演变的再研讨 总被引：21，自引：5，他引：16
文章从黄土-古土壤的演替规律、黄土再沉积与古土壤埋藏后的次生成壤特殊性,揭示了第四纪生物气候演变的实质。对黄土高原具代表性的现代耕种土壤壤土和黑垆土的研究,揭示了土壤剖面内伏形成环境较现代暖湿的古土壤层;对于土壤剖面上部的覆盖层,证实不仅是人为施加土粪的堆积物,且包含新的黄土沉积物;从土壤发生学观点,埃土与黑垆土称之耕种埋藏型古土壤较合适;通过分辨古土壤剖面层内干旱草原和暖湿型森林植被孢粉共存的矛盾实质,证实黄土高原全新世曾存在茂密的森林和森林草原植被及森林型土壤的发育,并延续到人类历史时期。在第四纪研究中,通常把黑垆土作为全新世代表地层,以S0表示,我们的研究补充提出,根据黄土高原生物气候地带性的分异规律,自南而北,S0应以埃土与黑垆土分别表示,并应在S0层上部划分出Lx,说明气候冷干化的趋向及新一轮黄土沉积期已悄然来临。以上问题的再研讨,对第四纪生态环境演变和当前黄土高原生态环境建设的战略部署,具有重要的理论和实际意义。 相似文献
20.
The severe rainstorm of January 3, 4 and 5, 1982, in the San Francisco Bay area, California, produced numerous landslides, many of which transformed into damaging debris flows. The process of transformation was studied in detail at one site where only part of a landslide mobilized into several episodes of debris flow. The focus of our investigation was to learn whether the landslide debris dilated or contracted during the transformation from slide to flow.
The landslide debris consisted of sandy colluvium that was separable into three soil horizons that occupied the axis of a small topographic swale. Failure involved the entire thickness of colluvium; however, over parts of the landslide, the soil A-horizon failed separately from the remainder of the colluvium.
Undisturbed samples were taken for density measurements from outside the landslide, from the failure zone and overlying material from the part of the landslide that did not mobilize into debris flows, and from the debris-flow deposits. The soil A-horizon was contractive and mobilized to flows in a process analogous to liquefaction of loose, granular soils during earthquakes. The soil B- and C-horizons were dilative and underwent 2 to 5% volumetric expansion during landslide movement that permitted mobilization of debris-flow episodes.
Several criteria can be used in the field to differentiate between contractive and dilative behavior including lag time between landsliding and mobilization of flow, episodic mobilization of flows, and partial or complete transformation of the landslide. 相似文献