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1.
Hein de Haas 《Geoforum》2006,37(4):565-580
Although Morocco has evolved into one of the world’s leading emigration countries, the systematic study of the developmental impact of migration in migrant-sending regions in Morocco and the Maghreb has been relatively neglected after a temporary surge of pessimistic studies in the 1970s. Empirical work from this region has therefore been largely absent from the lively theoretical debate on migration and development. This study attempts to re-establish this link through qualitative research and a survey among 507 non-migrant, internal and international migrant households in the Moroccan Todgha oasis. The study shows that international migration and remittances have significantly contributed to economic development, improved standards of living and enabled the partial emancipation of subaltern ethnic groups. International migrant households invest more than others in housing, agriculture and other enterprises. Risk spreading and income stabilisation rather than increasing incomes seem to be the prime rationale behind internal migration, although internal migration tends to facilitate the education and international migration of younger household members. Remittance expenditure and investments have stimulated the diversifying and urbanising regional economy and have triggered a counter-flow of “reverse” internal migration. However, several structural constraints prevent the high development potential of migration from being fully realised. 相似文献
2.
《Geoforum》2015
Agricultural land use in much of Brong-Ahafo region, Ghana has been shifting from the production of food crops towards increased cashew nut cultivation in recent years. This article explores everyday, less visible, gendered and generational struggles over family farms in West Africa, based on qualitative, participatory research in a rural community that is becoming increasingly integrated into the global capitalist system. As a tree crop, cashew was regarded as an individual man’s property to be passed on to his wife and children rather than to extended family members, which differed from the communal land tenure arrangements governing food crop cultivation. The tendency for land, cash crops and income to be controlled by men, despite women’s and young people’s significant labour contributions to family farms, and for women to rely on food crop production for their main source of income and for household food security, means that women and girls are more likely to lose out when cashew plantations are expanded to the detriment of land for food crops. Intergenerational tensions emerged when young people felt that their parents and elders were neglecting their views and concerns. The research provides important insights into gendered and generational power relations regarding land access, property rights and intra-household decision-making processes. Greater dialogue between genders and generations may help to tackle unequal power relations and lead to shared decision-making processes that build the resilience of rural communities. 相似文献
3.
Informal settlements are an important source of affordable housing and economic activity in developing cities. Research shows that informal settlements are at high risk from natural hazards and the effects of global climate change. Conditions within such settlements are diverse, however, and it is important that we understand the variation in risk across households. In this paper, we study the uneven terrain of risk to localized hazards in informal settlements in Kolkata, India. Our research question is, which factors predict household exposure to monsoon rain hazards? We surveyed 414 households living in low-lying informal settlements on the city’s periphery. Using a variety of predictors, we estimate binary logistic models for two outcome variables tied to monsoon rain: home flooding and home leaking. We find that household exposure varies significantly across our study population and follows predictable patterns based on socio-economic and infrastructure variables. The home flooding model results show that households with higher incomes are less likely to flood, but in situ births increase exposure. Households living in structures made of more permanent materials are less likely to flood, as are households living near infrastructure. The home leaking model shows that households with relative financial stability are less likely to leak, as are those that have been living in the settlement for longer periods of time and whose houses are made of better quality materials. These findings indicate that extensive risk in informal settlements is unevenly experienced and that policies intended to reduce disaster and climate risk should focus on the lowest-income households, the provision of infrastructure, and security of tenure. 相似文献
4.
Differential impacts of climate change on communities in the middle hills region of Nepal 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
There is a growing understanding that the impacts of climate change affect different communities within a country, in a variety of ways—not always uniformly. This article reports on research conducted in the middle hills region of Nepal that explored climate change vulnerability in terms of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity across different well-being groups, genders of the head of household and household location. In the study region, dry land farming has increasingly experienced climate-induced changes to farm productivity and natural resources. The experience of vulnerability to decreased livelihood options and natural resource hazards due to a changing climate varied according to household wealth and well-being status, with very poor and poor households more vulnerable than medium and well-off households. The research indicates that the climate change adaptation would benefit by considering: (i) differential impacts of vulnerability mainly based on well-being status of households; (ii) understanding of the local socio-political context and underlying causes of vulnerability and its application; and (iii) identifying vulnerable populations for the units of vulnerability analysis and adaptation planning. 相似文献
5.
Although some scholars describe migrant farmers as ‘exceptional resource degraders’ others do not. This paper uses evidence from the transitional agro-ecological zone of Ghana, to examine whether there are substantial differences between households of migrants and the host population regarding agricultural land use. The aim is to determine whether migrants are more destructive of the land (and hence the environment) than the host population. This will be examined using a standard model of the determinants of agricultural land use, to which we add variables representing demographic impacts, including in-migration. The data used are from a household survey undertaken in 2002 among 110 migrant and 142 host population farming households in central Ghana. Results are mixed. We find no support for the hypothesis that households with migrants are less likely to consider the long-term effects of land use by increasing the land area in cultivation, but at the same time there is evidence of use of more land-intensive agricultural practices which tend to degrade farm land over time. 相似文献
6.
《Geoforum》2014
Accelerated by economic reforms, a large scale migration of younger workers from rural to urban China has taken place since the 1990s. This has separated many adult children from their ageing parents and imposed significant challenges on traditional patterns of familial support for rural older people. These challenges are augmented by the fact that in rural China the elderly have been deprived a state pension and other welfare provisions available to urban residents.Drawing upon qualitative data from a project on ageing in rural China, this article examines the agency of older people and their families in responding to geographical separation resulting from the migration of the economically active to the cities. Through 32 life history interviews with multiple generations of nine households in one rural village, this article sheds light on the resilience and flexibility of rural households which have experienced migration and highlights the webs of interdependence that feature in the daily strategies of householding. It shows how members of the household across different geographical locations worked together to build and maintain the collective welfare of the family. In particular, this article argues that it would be over simplistic to suggest that migration is always detrimental to the older generation who stay behind. Contrary to assumptions in some migration studies and ageing literature in China, it shows that it is the breakdown of the webs of interdependence and reciprocity rather than the event of migration that will have inevitable negative effects upon old age care for the seniors in the household. Further, while highlighting the significance of householding, this article reveals the internal dynamics within a household. It identifies the role of gender in daily householding and suggests that the caring, supportive and kin-keeping roles performed mainly by women played a critical role in ensuring social and physical reproduction across generations. The article finds that while daughters took over some responsibilities which were traditionally expected from their brothers and sisters-in-law in old age support, the persistence of gendered practices and traditions in rural villages allowed sons more symbolic status and material benefits. 相似文献
7.
This article explores the various strategies rural households employ to sustain wetland use and conservation in the context of the restrictions imposed by the existing legal framework in Zimbabwe. Wetland cultivation is a common feature of the rural landscape and is mainly triggered by subsistence households endeavouring to stabilize their food security, especially in semi-arid and arid environments of the developing countries. Data was collected through a household questionnaire survey, key informant interviews, document review and direct observations. Quantitative data was analysed using ANOVA, Spearman Correlation Coefficient and Wilcoxon in Statistical Package for Social Scientists, whereas qualitative data was subjected to thematic analysis. The results revealed that most households adjacent to wetlands were food secure as wetland conditions enable the provision of a wide range of crops and natural products, contributing almost half of the food directly consumed and 48.2 % of average annual household total cash income. It was also observed that various soil and water conservation practices were adopted and local institutional arrangements were put in place to oversee their effective implementation. Thus, the general result has been increased wetland productivity, improved livelihoods and ecosystem protection. This has largely rendered the impact of legislation restricting wetland cultivation subtle in the local context. The study concluded that there is a need to promote participatory wetland management based on low-cost approaches sensitive to local conditions and the needs and practices of the local communities. 相似文献
8.
The 2004 tsunami devastated large areas in the southern part of Thailand. This paper takes a particular look at the circumstances
of vulnerability and the process of recovery in the area of Khao Lak and its surrounding villages, which constitute a booming
tourist hotspot at the centre of a region that is still dominated by agriculture. A quantitative vulnerability model was developed,
integrating a quantitative household survey and remote sensing data. This model describes and specifies the circumstances
of vulnerability and the factors leading to a recovery of the area. Indirect effects on the livelihood of households in particular,
such as the disruption of infrastructure or the loss of income, show a negative effect on the recovery time. External help
received by the households even shows an extending influence on the duration of their recovery period. 相似文献
9.
Atiqur Rahman 《GeoJournal》2006,65(3):211-227
The main objectives of the present study are: (i) to assess the income-wise household environmental conditions of the sampled
households in Aligarh city, (ii) to examine income-wise disease profile of the population, (iii) to assess the relationship
between income and four most occurring diseases, (iv) draw out inter-relationship between income, non-ideal household environmental
conditions and environment related diseases. The quality of life and diseases in any urban areas get reflected by the immediate
neighborhood in different parts of the city which depends upon the income strata of the households, their way of living, and
their understanding of their household environment. This is because it is the household environment, which exerts the most
and immediate influence on the life of the people. This study was carried out in order to assess household environmental conditions
(i.e. housing conditions, bathroom and sanitation conditions, water supply conditions, water logging conditions, household
garbage and solid waste, household pests, indoor air and indoor noise pollution) and their effect on the health of the resident
population of Aligarh city. The method includes household survey of Aligarh city using questionnaires. The sampled households
were classified into five income groups from very low to very high. Relationship was tested between income and household environmental
conditions and also between income and diseases using Chi-Square technique. About 55% of the total sampled households suffer
from diarrhea/dysentery, 43% jaundice, 42% malaria and 41% respiratory diseases. About 40% suffer from skin diseases, small
pox/chicken pox. All these diseases are a result of poor household environmental conditions. Whereas 35% people reported other
diseases (i.e. heart disease, hypertension and diabetes), only 14.42% households reported of tuberculosis. The study concludes
that there exists a significant positive relationship between income level and household environmental conditions, and also
between income and various diseases among sampled households of Aligarh city. 相似文献
10.
In Europe the process of agricultural engagement or disengagement is attributed to the economic factor and mainly on the level
of alternative employment source development. It is the relational quality of economic, social and environmental factors that
determine sustainability of agricultural holdings and, hence, households. In regions of poor agricultural structures and of
many employment opportunities as well as in regions suffering from agricultural depression, households exhibit stronger tendencies
towards agricultural disengagement. Remarkably in southern Europe a stable agricultural engagement and not disengagement is
observed, even though in recent years there are limited possibilities of alternative income sources and prevailing agricultural
depression. This article highlights the factors which lead households to stable engagement with agriculture in a region of
southern Europe, the island of Lesvos. The island is characterised by traditional olive grove mono-culture, poor agricultural
structures and limited employment opportunities. The investigation of the economic, social and environmental farm household
characteristics concluded that in regions where poor agricultural infrastructure and lack of employment prevail, all three
factors of sustainability contribute to stability and/or low agricultural disengagement. Among these, the economic factor
is the most sensitive and hence highly influential. The social factor is highlighted as a quality and consistent factor due
to the respect for tradition. The environmental factor, finally, is characterised by mild cultivation practices, contributing
to environment conservation. 相似文献
11.
This study evaluated the level of household dependence on remittances, its uses and linkages with landscape/environmental conditions in South Eastern Nigeria. The study area is a landscape unit defined by the Idemili River Basin of Anambra State. The concept of socio-ecological systems provided the basis for an integrated assessment of remittances environment linkages using primary data from a survey of 840 households in 25 localities in the basin and landscape data from a Nigerias at 32 m resolution image dataset. Based on this, linear and non linear regression modelling of locality level relationships between four indicators of household remittances (HR) and a key landscape variable (vegetation cover density-VCD) was implemented. About 45 % of the households had access to remittances; 10 % of receiving households depended on it as their main income source; and over 87 % used the receipts mainly to meet basic household needs. Only 4 % of the households used it in activities that directly affected the vegetation cover. The linear and non linear relationships between the indicators of HR and VCD were generally weak (R2 < 0.250). However, the pattern of relationship was different for various indicators of HR. It was inverse for locality aggregate (total) and average HR and positive for level of household access to remittances/locality. This illustrates the complex relationship between remittances and landscape variables in the basin. The study shows that the impact of remittances on households and the environment in the region is both positive (through the alleviation of poverty and land pressure) and negative (through reduction of vegetation cover density). 相似文献
12.
The study assesses the level of development and disparities in terms of living conditions of the households in the districts of Bundelkhand region. To measure actual scenario of living conditions of the HHs, a Composite Index was developed on the basis of 18 indicators. Even to assess living conditions of the HHs, four indices have been developed namely Housing Index, Physical Capital Index and Asset Index. The level of development of the districts has been categorized on the basis of Composite Index value. The results show that there is a wide disparity in terms of conditions of living in different districts of Bundelkhand region. The results also shows that northern part of Bundelkhand region is more developed as compared to southern part. From the result, it was recorded that the districts belonging in Madhya Pradesh having better condition of living in comparison to Uttar Pradesh in Bundelkhand region. The research study suggests that authorities should focus on the proper implementation of the existing policies and more effective planning and policies should be implemented to enhance the better living conditions of the households in Bundelkhand region.
相似文献13.
Few studies of land use change were particularly considered the hierarchical data structure originating from different scales
and levels. Using interviewing data collected from 107 villages, 1,050 households and 4,780 fields between November 2003 and
August 2005, the objective of this paper is to predict the occurrence of land use from field to village level in mountainous
area, China, and to improve our understanding of the causes of land use. Household’s behavior in the choice of land use type
is guided by multiple, often confiding, household objectives, subject to the available resources, possible productive activities,
and external economic and biophysical constraints. For rice model, the household level variables cannot be substituted by
village level aggregates. Aggregated variables at village level do not capture any of the variability at the household level.
Village level variables can virtually be explained in virtue of the variables of field and household level. The households
and the villages show significant clustering of the occurrence of rice, and they explain the 11.3 and 4.5% variance, respectively.
For corn model, corn as dependent variable does not show any significant variance component. The variables of household and
village level have lower effects on the occurrence of corn. There is a significant relation between slope of a field and the
choice to cultivate corn and a significant random effect at the village level. However, cropland size, input–output, transportation
cost, even family income in household level and road density and food market development in village level, at some extent,
are controlled by slope. These variables do not influence corn cultivation significantly and that those are predominantly
determined by slope. In a word, the household level can be crucial in explaining land use at the field level. Multilevel analysis
can be applied to statistically model the occurrence of land use, and to explore a number of cross-scale propositions.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
14.
The Fuelwood Crisis in Southern Africa — Relating Fuelwood Use to Livelihoods in a Rural Village 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The aim of the paper is to examine wood as a source of fuel energy in rural South Africa and factors influencing its usage.
The analysis is based on household profiles and characteristics (e.g., gender, caste, population and income) in a livelihood
framework. Fuelwood consumption was estimated to be 692 kg/capita, and 4343 kg/user household per annum, valued at $311 per
household. Consumption was modelled in relation to informal and formal cash incomes, and population of children, female and
male adults. However, only the population of female adults could significantly influence consumption of fuelwood. This implied
that where there were more women in a household, consumption was likely to be high. This might be due to the majority of women
doing the cooking and heating in the household. Any change in the value of cash income of households had no significant impacts
on fuelwood consumed. Cash incomes might therefore not be strong determinants of the types of energy used by rural households.
The average quantity of wood consumed for fuel energy in summer was not significantly different from consumption in winter.
Some households perpetually used more wood than others. The study further showed that harvesting of wood for fuel energy is
not opportunistic, but requires reallocation of time for other livelihood activities in times of shortage. The fuelwood crisis
is not simple and not only about shortage of fuelwood and/or population growth but linked to household profiles and other
livelihood strategies and subsequently vulnerability of households. These would require thorough investigation and understanding
in relation to precise demand and supply data for fuelwood before the fuelwood problem can be sufficiently managed.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy. 相似文献
16.
Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy. 相似文献
17.
Ghislain Dubois Benjamin Sovacool Carlo Aall Maria Nilsson Carine Barbier Alina Herrmann Sébastien Bruyère Camilla Andersson Bore Skold Franck Nadaud Florian Dorner Karen Richardsen Moberg Jean Paul Ceron Helen Fischer Dorothee Amelung Marta Baltruszewicz Jeremy Fischer Françoise Benevise Valérie R. Louis Rainer Sauerborn 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2010
Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy. 相似文献
18.
Ghislain Dubois Benjamin Sovacool Carlo Aall Maria Nilsson Carine Barbier Alina Herrmann Sébastien Bruyère Camilla Andersson Bore Skold Franck Nadaud Florian Dorner Karen Richardsen Moberg Jean Paul Ceron Helen Fischer Dorothee Amelung Marta Baltruszewicz Jeremy Fischer Françoise Benevise Valérie R. Louis Rainer Sauerborn 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2011
Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy. 相似文献
19.
Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy. 相似文献
20.
Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy. 相似文献