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1.
In 2006, Earth encountered a trail of dust left by Comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle two revolutions ago, in A.D. 1932. The resulting Leonid shower outburst was observed by low light level cameras from locations in Spain. The outburst peaked on 2006 Nov. 19d 04h39m ± 3m UT (predicted: 19d 04h50m ± 15m UT), with a FWHM of 43 ± 10 min (predicted: 38 min), at a peak rate of ZHR=80±10/h (predicted: 50-200 per hour). A low level background of older and brighter Filament Leonids (χ∼2.1) was also present, which dominated rates for Leonids brighter than magnitude +4. The 1932-dust outburst was detected among Leonids of +0 magnitude and brighter. These outburst Leonids were much brighter than expected, with a magnitude distribution index χ=2.60±0.15 (predicted: χ=3.47 and up). Trajectories and orbits of 24 meteors were calculated, most of which are part of the Filament component. Those that were identified as 1932-dust grains penetrated just as deep as Leonids in past encounters. We conclude that larger meteoroids than expected were present in the tail of the 1932-dust trail and meteoroids did not end up there because of low density. We also find that the radiant position of meteors in the Filament component scatter in a circle with radius 0.39°, which is wider than in 1998, when the diameter was 0.09°. This supports the hypothesis that the Filament component consists of meteoroids in mean-motion resonances.  相似文献   

2.
Anthony Mallama 《Icarus》2007,187(2):620-622
Neptune will eclipse its satellite Nereid (Neptune II) on 2007 April 27 from 00 to 06 h UT and on 2008 April 21 from 12 to 17 h UT, with uncertainties of about 3 h; and a third eclipse may occur on 2009 April 17. These events offer unique opportunities for astrometric and geophysical measurement.  相似文献   

3.
Optical flashes observed on the night side of the Moon during the 1999 Leonid meteor shower have attracted the interest of astronomers. These flashes are attributed to high-velocity impacts of Leonid meteoroids on the lunar surface. Here, we report five lunar flashes detected over a 5.8-h observation period centered at 11:25 UT on Nov. 18, 1999, in Japan. The flashes are characterized by an abrupt brightening. Three flashes exhibited afterglows that remained visible for at least 50 ms, which is longer than the duration predicted for radiation from an impact-generated plasma cloud. We show that thermal radiation from hot droplets ejected from the lunar surface during high-velocity impacts could be the cause of the afterglows.  相似文献   

4.
Jupiter and Saturn produce important gravitational impulses on meteoroids released by comet 109P/Swift-Tuttle. The meteoroids from this comet once released follow retrograde orbits that during their periodic approaches to these planets (within 1.6 and 0.9 A.U., respectively) are impulsed gaining orbital energy. This perturbation effect is translated into a net inward shift in the node of the perturbed meteoroids. Such geometry with Jupiter occurred in 2004 over a meteoroid trail ejected by this comet during the 1862 A.D. return of the comet to perihelion. In order to study the predicted outburst produced by one-revolution meteoroids, the Spanish Photographic Meteor Network (SPMN) performed an extensive campaign. As a part of this observational effort here are presented 10 accurate meteoroid orbits. We discuss their origin by comparing them with the theoretical orbital elements of the dust trails intercepting the Earth during the 2004 Perseid return.  相似文献   

5.
Stewart  R. T.  McCabe  Marie K.  Koomen  M. J.  Hansen  R. T.  Dulk  G. A. 《Solar physics》1974,36(1):203-217
Solar Physics - Hα, white-light and radio observations of a coronal disturbance on 1973 January 11 commencing at about 00h36m UT show that a piston-driven shock wave propagated outwards...  相似文献   

6.
In considering the modern-day hazard from infalling near-Earth asteroids and comets, the focus has shifted toward the smallest, most frequent impacts that can do damage on the ground, like the 1908 Tunguska aerial burst. There is considerable uncertainty about the potential for damage by objects in the range 20 to 100 m diameter. Since smaller, less dangerous, meter-sized meteoroids are part of a continuum of small interplanetary bodies, derived by a collisional cascade and Yarkovsky spin-up, research on such phenomena by meteor scientists can shed light on a vital question that will soon have great practical relevance as new telescopic searches for near-Earth asteroids come on line: what is the threshold size between harmless high-altitude airbursts and impacts that can cause lethal damage on the ground?  相似文献   

7.
A Draconid meteor shower outburst was observed from on board two scientific aircraft deployed above Northern Europe on 8th October 2011. The activity profile was measured using a set of photographic and video cameras. The main peak of the activity occurred around 20:15 ± 0:0.5 UT which is consistent with the model prediction as well as with the IMO network visual observations. The corrected hourly rates reached a value of almost 350. The brighter meteors peaked about 15–20 min earlier than the dimmer ones. This difference can be explained by different directions of the ejection of the meteoroids from the parent comet. One of the instruments was even able to detect meteors connected with the material ejected from the parent comet before 1900 and thus confirmed the prediction of the model, although it was based on uncertain pre-1900 cometary data. Another small peak of the activity, which was caused by material ejected during the 1926 perihelion passage of the parent comet, was detected around 21:10 UT. The mass distribution index determined using the narrow field-of-view video camera was 2.0 ± 0.1. This work shows that the observation of meteor outbursts can constrain the orbital elements, outgassing activity and existence of jets at the surface of a comet.  相似文献   

8.
Summary There is a general agreement that meteoroid streams form through the ejection of dust grains, or meteoroids, up to a few centimeters in size from comets and possibly asteroids. After ejection these meteoroids are subject to forces arising from Solar radiation and the gravitational fields of the planets. Meteoroids may also break up into smaller ones through collisions and other effects. In many cases meteor showers have been observed for millennia, with material being fed into the stream throughout this period from the parent and material lost through the external effects mentioned. Much of the lost material forms the general sporadic background. This paper will review our state of knowledge of the processes involved above and will also aim to give some insight into the structure of the sporadic background  相似文献   

9.
The gravitational attraction of planets can cause significant perturbation of the trajectories of meteoroids. The resulting deflection can result in significant enhancement of the flux of meteoric particles in the neighbourhood of the planet. We give an analytical method for calculating the relative flux of stream meteoroids in the vicinity of a planet. We include the effect of shielding of certain regions that are not accessible to the meteoroids that have impacted the planet. We compare our results with those of Divine et al. and although we confirm the accuracy of their trajectory equations, the fluxes predicted by their calculations are not consistent with integrated fluxes over a planet predicted by the classic work of Öpik. Our method yields predictions for the integrated flux enhancement factor that are identical to Öpik's. We present the results of these calculations and find that in all cases, tail-like regions of enhanced meteoroid flux appear downstream of the planet, with very large enhancements possible in the case of the giant planets for all probable stream velocities.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract— We investigate the action of the martian atmosphere on entering meteoroids for present and past atmospheres with various surface pressures to predict the smallest observable craters, and to understand the implications for the size distributions of craters on Mars and meteoroids in space. We assume different strengths appropriate to icy, stone, and iron bodies and test the results against available data on terrestrial bolides. Deceleration, ablation, and fragmentation effects are included. We find that the smallest icy, stone, and iron meteoroids to hit the martian ground at crater forming speeds of ≥500 m/s have diameters of about 2 m, 0.03‐0.9 m (depending on strength), and 0.01 m, respectively, in the current atmosphere. For hypothetical denser past atmospheres, the cutoff diameters rise. At a surface pressure of 100 mb, the cutoff diameters are about 24 m, 5–12 m, and 0.14 m for the 3 classes. The weaker stony bodies in the size range of about 1–30 m may explode at altitudes of about 10–20 km above the ground. These figures imply that under the present atmosphere, the smallest craters made by these objects would be as follows: by ice bodies, craters of diameter (D) ?8 m, by stones about 0.5–6 m, and by irons, about 0.3 m. A strong depletion of craters should, thus, occur at diameters below about 0.3 m to 5 m. Predicted fragmentation and ablation effects on weak meteoroids in the present atmosphere may also produce a milder depletion below D ?500 m, relative to the lunar population. But, this effect may be difficult to detect in present data because of additional losses of small craters due to sedimentation, dunes, and other obliteration effects. Craters in strewn fields, caused by meteoroid fragmentation, will be near or below present‐day resolution limits, but examples have been found. These phenomena have significant consequences. Under the present atmosphere, the smallest (decimeter‐scale) craters in sands and soils could be quickly obliterated but might still be preserved on rock surfaces, as noted by Hörz et al. (1999). Ancient crater populations, if preserved, could yield diagnostic signatures of earlier atmospheric conditions. Surfaces formed under past denser atmospheres (few hundred mbar), if preserved by burial and later exposed by exhumation, could show: a) striking depletions of small craters (few meter sizes up to as much as 200 m), relative to modern surfaces; b) more clustered craters due to atmospheric breakup; and c) different distributions of meteorite types, with 4 m to 200 m craters formed primarily by irons instead of by stones as on present‐day Mars. Megaregolith gardening of the early crust would be significant but coarser than the gardening of the ancient lunar uplands.  相似文献   

11.
极端质量比旋进系统是空间引力波探测器最重要的波源之一。对引力波的探测需要高精度波形模版。当前主流的极端质量比旋进系统引力波计算模型中,人们一般将小质量天体当作试验粒子进行计算,而忽略了其结构及自身引力对背景引力场的影响。利用Mathisson-Papapetrou-Dixon方程研究延展体在弯曲时空中的运动,以及小天体自旋和质量多极矩对引力波信号识别产生的影响。结果表明,质量比在10?6-10?4范围的旋进系统,其自旋达到很大时,自旋对延展体的轨道运动有不可忽略的影响;在质量比10?4-10?2区间内,需要考虑中心黑洞潮汐作用导致的白矮星形变;在质量比大于10?4,且白矮星自旋很大时,其自旋产生的形变会对小天体轨道运动产生不可忽略的影响。大质量黑洞潮汐作用导致的恒星级黑洞或中子星产生的形变可以忽略,中子星和黑洞的自旋会对轨道运动产生不可忽略的影响,而自旋产生的四极矩对轨道运动不产生影响。  相似文献   

12.
David ?apek  Ji?í Borovi?ka 《Icarus》2009,202(2):361-370
A considerable depletion of sodium was observed in Geminid meteoroids. To explain this phenomenon, we developed a quantitative model of sodium loss from meteoroids due to solar heating. We found that sodium can be lost completely from Geminid meteoroids after several thousands of years when they are composed of grains with sizes up to ∼100 μm. The observed variations of sodium abundances in Geminid meteor spectra can be explained by differences in the grain sizes among these meteoroids. Sodium depletions are also to be expected for other meteoroid streams with perihelion distances smaller than ∼0.2 AU. In our model, the meteoroids were represented by spherical dust-balls of spherical grains with an interconnected pore space system. The grains have no porosity and contain usual minerals known from meteorites and IDP's, including small amount of Na-bearing minerals. We modeled the sequence of three consecutive processes for sodium loss in Geminid meteoroids: (i) solid-state diffusion of Na atoms from Na-bearing minerals to the surface of grains, (ii) thermal desorption from grain surfaces and (iii) diffusion through the pore system to the space. The unknown material parameters were approximated by terrestrial analogs; the solid-state diffusion of Na in the grains was approximated by the diffusion rates for albite and orthoclase.  相似文献   

13.
The research on quasar OJ 287 has lasted over 100 years. OJ 287 exhibits the phenomenon of periodic two-peak outbursts with the eruptive period of 12 years. Observations are rather well interpreted with the black hole binary model. In this model, the secondary black hole moves around the primary black hole and crashes against the accretion disk of the primary black hole, causing outbursts. This model reasonably explains the light curves of OJ 287 and correctly predicts the time of future outbursts. These indirectly justify the precessional effect of general relativity and the existence of gravitational waves. The massive black hole in the center of galaxy is an important kind of gravitational wave source. However, the number of the galaxies with precisely determined kinematical equations of inner components is quite small. The precise kinematic orbits of black holes are provided by the black hole binary model, so the radiation of gravitational waves can be studied on the basis of these kinematic orbits. Based on the existing work, the evolutionary relations of the radiation power and waveform of gravitational waves with time are first derived by using the post-Newtonian approximation method. According to the current progress of the detection equipment of gravitational waves, i.e., IPTA (International Pulsar Timing Array), the direct detection of gravitational waves from OJ 287 may be possible within the future decade.  相似文献   

14.
Maia  D.  Pick  M.  Hawkins  S.E.  Fomichev  V.V.  Jiřička  K. 《Solar physics》2001,204(1-2):197-212
On 14 July 2000, the LASCO coronagraphs showed a very fast halo coronal mass ejection in association with the radio bursts seen shortly after 10:00 UT. Radio imaging observations by the Nançay radioheliograph (NRH) of these bursts showed a very complex event that can be regarded as global: the sources encompassed all the visible range in longitude and a huge span in latitude. Another interesting feature of the radio event is its recurrent nature: after the most intense phase shortly after 10:00 UT, two other strong outbursts are detected, one at about 12:50 UT and another at about 13:48 UT. All of these sub-events showed similar development and likely evidence for CMEs. The launch of a CME in association with the 14:00 UT sub-event is inferred from WIND/WAVES, with interplanetary type II signatures in the hectometric wavelength range at that time. These later events were not detected by LASCO due to energetic particles hitting the CCD. During the Bastille Day event, energetic particle observations measured in situ by ACE/EPAM are dominated by energetic electrons. Changes in anisotropy and energy spectrum of the ～38–350 keV electrons suggest a good correlation with the coronal radio observations. In addition to the three main radio events and particle observations, the NRH data reveal moving features in the southern hemisphere. These moving features, located at about 45 deg south and with an angular extent of about 45 deg, are illuminated by non-thermal electrons and are seen at distances up to 2.5 solar radii from the Sun center. More generally, we interpret the global and recurrent coronal activity, revealed by the radio data, as responsible for populating the interplanetary medium with energetic electrons.  相似文献   

15.
Using the CMOR system, a search was conducted through 2.5 years (more than 1.5 million orbits) of archived data for meteoroids having unbound hyperbolic orbits around the Sun. Making use of the fact that each echo has an individually measured error, we were able to apply a cut-off for heliocentric speeds both more than two, and three standard deviations above the parabolic limit as our main selection criterion. CMOR has a minimum detectable particle radius near 100 μm for interstellar meteoroids. While these sizes are much larger than reported by the radar detections of extrasolar meteoroids by AMOR or Arecibo, the interstellar meteoroid population at these sizes would be of great astrophysical interest as such particles are more likely to remain unperturbed by external forces found in the interstellar medium, and thus, more likely to be traceable to their original source regions. It was found that a lower limit of approximately 0.0008% of the echoes (for the 3σ case) were of possible interstellar origin. For our effective limiting mass of 1×10−8 kg, this represents a flux of meteoroids arriving at the Earth of 6×10−6 meteoroids/km2/h. For our 2σ results, the lower limit was 0.003%, with a flux of 2×10−5 meteoroids/km2/h. The total number of events was too low to be statistically meaningful in determining any temporal or directional variations.  相似文献   

16.
We calculate the position of dust trails from comet 8P/Tuttle, in an effort to explain unusual Ursid meteor shower outbursts that were seen when the comet was near aphelion. Comet 8P/Tuttle is a Halley-type comet in a 13.6-year orbit, passing just outside of Earth's orbit. We find that the meteoroids tend to be trapped in the 12:14 mean motion resonance with Jupiter, while the comet librates in a slightly shorter period orbit around the 13:15 resonance. It takes 6 centuries to decrease the perihelion of the meteoroid orbits enough to intersect Earth's orbit, during which time the meteoroids and comet separate in mean anomaly by 6 years, thus explaining the 6-year lag between the comet's return and Ursid outbursts. The resonances also prevent dispersion along the comet orbit and limit viewing to only one year in each return. We identified past dust trail encounters with dust trails from 1392 (Dec. 1945) and 1378 (Dec. 1986) and predicted another outburst on 2000 December 22 at around 7:29 and 8:35 UT, respectively, from dust trails dating to the 1405 and 1392 returns. This event was observed from California using video and photographic techniques. At the same time, five Global-MS-Net stations in Finland, Japan, and Belgium counted meteors using forward meteor scatter. The outburst peaked at 8:06±07 UT, December 22, at zenith hourly rate ∼90 per hour, and the Ursid rates were above half peak intensity during 4.2 h. We find that most Ursid orbits do scatter around the anticipated positions, confirming the link with comet 8P/Tuttle and the epoch of ejection. The 1405 and 1392 dust trails appear to have contributed similar amounts to the activity profile. Some orbits provide a hint of much older debris being present as well. This work is the strongest evidence yet for the relevance of mean motion resonances in Halley-type comet dust trail evolution.  相似文献   

17.
A program has been developed to evaluated the gravitational binding energy of a clumpy cluster composed ofN particles with a given mass dispersion, a given abundance of binaries and a given massive binary system at the centre. In application to clusters of galaxies nucleated by massivecD binaries, it is found that the gravitational binding energy is typically greater than the equivalent smooth distribution by a factor in the range 2–12. This suggests that the missing mass problem in clusters of galaxies can be reduced by an order of magnitude if the correct binding energy is used in the virial theorem.  相似文献   

18.
The first confirmed lunar impact flash due to a non-Leonid meteoroid is reported. The observed Perseid meteoroid impact occurred at 18h28m27s on August 11, 2004 (UT). The selenographic coordinates of the lunar impact flash are 48±1° N and 72±2° E, and the flash had a visual magnitude of ca. 9.5 with duration of about 1/30 s. The mass of the impactor is estimated to have been 12 g based on a nominal model with conversion efficiency from kinetic to optical energy of 2×10−3. Extrapolation of a power law size-frequency distribution fitting the sub-centimeter Perseid meteoric particles to large meteoroids suggests that several flashes should have been observed at this optical efficiency. The detection of only one flash may indicate that the optical efficiency for Perseid lunar impact is much lower, or that the slope of the size distribution differs between large meteoroids and typical sub-centimeter meteoric particles.  相似文献   

19.
This reading makes the attempt to revive Nordström (1912)’s relativistic theory of gravitation which was rejected on the basis of it contravening observational reality in that it [theory] failed to account for the periastron precession of the planet Mercury and as-well as the gravitational bending of starlight barely grazing the limb of a massive gravitational object such as the Sun. By way of referencing to earlier works (Nyambuya, 2015a; 2015c; Nyambuya and Simango, 2014; Nyambuya, 2010) and putting these works into perspective with the present endaevours, it is argued that Nordström (1912)’s forgotten theory is — in-principle — able to explain these dire shortcomings. With this having been done, the stage is then set for one to re-consider this long forgotten theory. As already demonstrated (in the readings Nyambuya, 2018a; 2018b; 2018c; 2018d; Nyambuya et al., 2018), there is not only merit in doing so — but great hope that, this reconsideration will be able to bear good fruit by way of explaining a number of inexplicable gravitational anomalies and puzzles.  相似文献   

20.
Meteor showers have been observed for a considerable time, and the cause, meteoroids from a meteoroid stream ablating in the Earth's atmosphere, has also been understood for centuries. The connection between meteoroid streams and comets was also established 150 years ago. Since that time our ability both to understand the physics and to numerically model the situation has steadily increased. We will review the current state of knowledge. However, just as there are differences between the behaviour of long period comets, Halley family comets and Jupiter family comets, so also differences exist between the associated meteoroid streams. Streams associated with Jupiter family comets show much more variety in their behaviour, driven by the gravitational perturbations from Jupiter. The more interesting showers associated with Jupiter family comets will be discussed individually.  相似文献   

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