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1.
Thomas Bittner Maureen Donnelly Barry Smith 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(6):765-798
This paper presents an axiomatic formalization of a theory of top-level relations between three categories of entities: individuals, universals, and collections. We deal with a variety of relations between entities in these categories, including the sub-universal relation among universals and the parthood relation among individuals, as well as cross-categorial relations such as instantiation and membership. We show that an adequate understanding of the formal properties of such relations – in particular their behavior with respect to time – is critical for geographic information processing. The axiomatic theory is developed using Isabelle, a computational system for implementing logical formalisms. All proofs are computer verified and the computational representation of the theory is available online. 相似文献
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《The Journal of geography》2012,111(4):220-223
Abstract This article identifies teaching strategies to explore cultural universals. Traits that contribute to distinguishing one culture from another can be classified into general categories that all cultures share. Students identify universals in their daily lives and then compare and contrast different cultural perspectives through an exploration of these universals. Computer technology provides access to images and information about other cultures that might be used to increase students' understanding of cultural perspectives. The Internet provides a vehicle for classrooms to exchange cooperative creative writing stories that allow students the opportunity to explore different cultural perspectives through the eyes of other students around the world. Suggestions about how to establish and conduct a classroom exchange project over the Internet are provided. 相似文献
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Z.‐R. Peng 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(4):459-481
Current data sharing in the Internet environment is supported using metadata at the file level. This approach has three fundamental shortcomings. First, sharing data from different sources with different semantics, data models, and acquisition methods usually requires data conversion and/or integration like data conflation. This can be tedious and error‐prone. Second, data updated from one source cannot be automatically propagated to other related data or applications. Finally, data sharing at the file level makes it difficult to provide feature‐level data for searching, accessing, and exchanging in real time over the Internet. This paper addresses these three issues by proposing a standards‐based framework for sharing geospatial data in the transportation application domain. The proposed framework uses a standard data model—geospatial data model proposed by the Geospatial One‐Stop initiative to harmonize the semantics and data models without the use of data integration methods. It uses Geography Markup Language (GML) for geospatial data coding and feature relationship, which provides a basis to propagate the data update from one source to related other sources and applications, and to search and extract data at the feature level. The framework uses the Web Feature Service (WFS) to search, access and extract data at the feature level from distributed sources. Finally, the Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) standard was used for data display on the Web browser. Two transportation network datasets are used in the prototype case study to implement the proposed framework. The prototype allows the user to access and extract data at the feature level on the Web from distributed sources without downloading the full data file. It shows that the proposed standards‐based feature‐level data‐sharing system is capable of sharing data without data conflation, accessing, and exchanging data in real time at the feature level. The prototype also shows that changes in one database can be automatically reflected or propagated in another related database without data downloading. 相似文献
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S. Sen 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):825-846
Partial knowledge about geospatial categories is important for practical use of ontologies in the geospatial domain. Degree of overlaps between geospatial categories, especially those based on geospatial actions concepts and geospatial enitity concepts, need to be specified in ontologies. Conventional geospatial ontologies do not enable specification of such information, and this presents difficulties in ontology reasoning for practical purposes. We present a framework to encode probabilistic information in geospatial ontologies based on the BayesOWL approach. The approach enables rich inferences such as most similar concepts within and across ontologies. This paper presents two case studies of using road‐network ontologies to demonstrate the framework for probabilistic geospatial ontologies. Besides inferences within the probabilistic ontologies, we discuss inferences about most similar concepts across ontologies based on the assumption that geospatial action concepts are invariable. The results of such machine‐based mappings of most similar concepts are verified with mappings of concepts extracted from human subjects testing. The practical uses of probabilistic geospatial ontologies for concept matching and measuring naming heterogeneities between two ontologies are discussed. Based on our experiments, we propose such a framework for probabilistic geospatial ontologies as an advancement of the proposal to develop semantic reference systems. 相似文献
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J.-P. de Almeida J.G. Morley I.J. Dowman 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(8):1514-1529
Interpretation and analysis of urban topology are particularly challenging tasks given the complex spatial pattern of the urban elements, and hence their automation is especially needed. In terms of the urban scene meaning, the starting point in this study is unstructured geospatial data, i.e. no prior knowledge of the geospatial entities is assumed. Translating these data into more meaningful homogeneous regions can be achieved by detecting geographic features within the initial random collection of geospatial objects, and then by grouping them according to their spatial arrangement. The techniques applied to achieve this are those of graph theory applied to urban topology analysis within GIS environment. This article focuses primarily on the implementation and algorithmic design of a methodology to define and make urban topology explicit. Conceptually, such procedure analyses and interprets geospatial object arrangements in terms of the extension of the standard notion of the topological relation of adjacency to that of containment: the so-called ‘containment-first search’. LiDAR data were used as an example scenario for development and test purposes. 相似文献
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航空情报资料是空中交通地理活动所必需或所产生的航空地理数据,在信息化管理过程中面临着多源异构数据的集中管理、统一维护和分布使用等需求。GML作为开放的空间数据模型标准,为航空地理数据的交换和共享提供了要素编码方法和数据交换规范。针对航空信息化系统建设中对规范的航空地理数据的应用需求,在研究航空地理数据特点的基础上,通过分析航空地理数据与GML模型之间的映射关系,以航线管理系统中基础航空情报数据库的建设为例,基于GML规范设计了航空地理数据模型,阐明了数据处理流程,为建立标准化的航空信息数据仓库进行了有益的尝试。 相似文献
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Javier Lacasta F. Javier Lopez-Pellicer Borja Espejo-García Javier Nogueras-Iso F. Javier Zarazaga-Soria 《International journal of geographical information science》2017,31(8):1583-1605
Geospatial data catalogs enable users to discover and access geographical information. Prevailing solutions are document oriented and fragment the spatial continuum of the geospatial data into independent and disconnected resources described through metadata. Due to this, the complete answer for a query may be scattered across multiple resources, making its discovery and access more difficult. This paper proposes an improved information retrieval process for geospatial data catalogs that aggregates the search results by identifying the implicit spatial/thematic relations between the metadata records of the resources. These aggregations are constructed in such a way that they match better the user query than each resource individually. 相似文献
9.
Alain Tamayo Carlos Granell Joaquín Huerta 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(6):1109-1130
The use of standards in the geospatial domain, such as those defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), for exchanging data has brought a great deal of interoperability upon which systems can be built in a reliable way. Unfortunately, these standards are becoming increasingly complex, making their implementation an arduous task. The use of appropriate software metrics can be very useful to quantify different properties of the standards that ultimately may suggest different solutions to deal with problems related to their complexity. In this regard, we present in this article an attempt to measure the complexity of the schemas associated with the OGC implementation specifications. We use a comprehensive set of metrics to provide a multidimensional view of this complexity. These metrics can be used to evaluate the impact of design decisions, study the evolution of schemas, and so on. We also present and evaluate different solutions that could be applied to overcome some of the problems associated with the complexity of the schemas. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTTerrain feature detection is a fundamental task in terrain analysis and landscape scene interpretation. Discovering where a specific feature (i.e. sand dune, crater, etc.) is located and how it evolves over time is essential for understanding landform processes and their impacts on the environment, ecosystem, and human population. Traditional induction-based approaches are challenged by their inefficiency for generalizing diverse and complex terrain features as well as their performance for scalable processing of the massive geospatial data available. This paper presents a new deep learning (DL) approach to support automatic detection of terrain features from remotely sensed images. The novelty of this work lies in: (1) a terrain feature database containing 12,000 remotely sensed images (1,000 original images and 11,000 derived images from data augmentation) that supports data-driven model training and new discovery; (2) a DL-based object detection network empowered by ensemble learning and deep and deeper convolutional neural networks to achieve high-accuracy object detection; and (3) fine-tuning the model’s characteristics and behaviors to identify the best combination of hyperparameters and other network factors. The introduction of DL into geospatial applications is expected to contribute significantly to intelligent terrain analysis, landscape scene interpretation, and the maturation of spatial data science. 相似文献
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Research identifies various place features (e.g., bars, schools, public transportation stops) that generate or attract crime. What is less clear is how the spatial influence of these place features compares across relatively similar environments, even for the same crime. In this study, risk terrain modeling (RTM), a geospatial crime forecasting and diagnostic tool, is utilized to identify place features that increase the risk of robbery and their particular spatial influence in Chicago, Illinois; Newark, New Jersey; and Kansas City, Missouri. The results show that the risk factors for robbery are similar between environments, but not necessarily identical. Further, some factors were riskier for robbery and affected their surrounding landscape in different ways that others. Consistent with crime pattern theory, the results suggest that the broader organization of the environmental backcloth affects how constituent place features relate to and influence crime. Implications are discussed with regard to research and practice. 相似文献
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In the context of challenging targets for renewable energy generation, this paper draws out social implications of moves towards low carbon energy systems. As renewable energy develops as a heterogeneous category, many potential forms of social relation between 'publics' and technologies are emerging. Utilising perspectives from science and technology studies, we outline five modes in which renewable energy has been implemented in the UK and how these involve different configurations of technology and social organisation. We argue that a multiplicity of roles for 'the public' are implicated across this increasingly complex landscape, cutting across established categories and raising questions of meaning, differentiation, interrelation and access. Policy assumptions and conceptions are questioned, highlighting that dominant characterisations of public roles have been part of a concentration on particular socio-technical pathways to the exclusion of others. 相似文献
14.
Zhou Huang Yu Fang Bin Chen Lun Wu Mao Pan 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):1117-1145
Over recent years, massive geospatial information has been produced at a prodigious rate, and is usually geographically distributed across the Internet. Grid computing, as a recent development in the landscape of distributed computing, is deemed as a good solution for distributed geospatial data management and manipulation. Thus, the Grid computing technology can be applied to integrate various distributed resources into a ‘super-computer’ that enables efficient distributed geospatial query processing. In order to realize this vision, an effective mechanism for building the distributed geospatial query workflow in the Grid environment needs to be elaborately designed. The workflow-building technology aims to automatically transform the global geospatial query into an equivalent distributed query process in the Grid. In response to this goal, detailed steps and algorithms for building the distributed geospatial query workflow in the Grid environment are discussed in this article. Moreover, we develop corresponding software tools that enable Grid-based geospatial queries to be run against multiple data resources. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methodology is feasible and correct. 相似文献
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地理空间数据本质特征语义相关度计算模型 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
关联数据是跨网域整合多源异构地理空间数据的有效方式,语义丰富的关联是准确、快速发现目标数据的关键。根据地理空间数据在空间、时间、内容上的语义关系,提出地理空间数据本质特征语义相关度计算模型。通过构建本质特征的关联指标体系,分层次逐级计算地理空间数据的语义相关度。与传统的语义相关度计算方式不同,以地理元数据为语料库,充分考虑地理空间数据的特点及空间、时间、内容在检索中不同的重要程度,分别采用几何运算、数值运算、词语语义相似度计算和类别层次相关度计算的方式,构建地理空间数据的语义相关度计算模型。该模型具有构建简单、适用于多源异构数据、充分结合了数学运算和专家经验知识等特点。实验表明：模型能够有效地计算地理空间数据本质特征的语义相关度,并具备一定的扩展性。 相似文献
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地理空间元数据关联网络的构建 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用资源描述框架（RDF）设计地理空间元数据关联模型,根据地理空间元数据之间的语义关系和语义相关度的计算,以构建以元数据为节点、元数据之间的语义关系为边、语义相关度为权重的关联网络。在这一网络中,一个节点是一个地理空间元数据的资源描述图,包含属性特征（数据来源、空间特征、时间特征、内容）及其关系特征（元数据之间的语义关系、语义相关度）。实验及其分析表明,地理空间元数据关联网络可以有效地支持地理空间数据语义关联检索、推荐等应用,这与传统的基于关键词的元数据检索方式相比,具有更高的准确度。 相似文献
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地理空间中的空间关系表达和推理 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
针对地理空间中的应用,归纳了在空间关系的表达与推理中不同于人工智能领域研究的一些特点:在人工智能领域,更注重建立形式化的推理系统;而在地理信息科学中,则需更关注地理空间的特点以及地物的地理语义。该文基于地理空间和地理现象的本质且顾及地理空间认知,总结了地理空间中空间关系表达和推理的特点,具体包括空间的有限性、地球的球面特征、地物的地理语义、地物形状的复杂性、面状地物、特殊的空间关系、空间关系的层次性与尺度相应原则、不确定性、三维与时态特性九方面;进而介绍了地理空间关系表达的两个应用,即地理信息检索和基于对象的图像分析。该文的探讨可为地理信息科学中的相关研究提供方向性指导。 相似文献
18.
Maythm Al-Bakri 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(8):1437-1456
One difficulty in integrating geospatial data sets from different sources is variation in feature classification and semantic content of the data. One step towards achieving beneficial semantic interoperability is to assess the semantic similarity among objects that are categorised within data sets. This article focuses on measuring semantic and structural similarities between categories of formal data, such as Ordnance Survey (OS) cartographic data, and volunteered geographic information (VGI), such as that sourced from OpenStreetMap (OSM), with the intention of assessing possible integration. The model involves ‘tokenisation’ to search for common roots of words, and the feature classifications have been modelled as an XML schema labelled rooted tree for hierarchical analysis. The semantic similarity was measured using the WordNet::Similarity package, while the structural similarities between sub-trees of the source and target schemas have also been considered. Along with dictionary and structural matching, the data type of the category itself is a comparison variable. The overall similarity is based on a weighted combination of these three measures. The results reveal that the use of a generic similarity matching system leads to poor agreement between the semantics of OS and OSM data sets. It is concluded that a more rigorous peer-to-peer assessment of VGI data, increasing numbers and transparency of contributors, the initiation of more programs of quality testing and the development of more directed ontologies can improve spatial data integration. 相似文献
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