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1.
张杰  张强  田文寿  何金梅 《冰川冻土》2006,28(5):722-727
利用Terra和Aqua卫星上载的MODIS探测器接收资料和祁连山区及周边气象台站6 h降水量资料,应用6S辐射传输模式和Mie模式,针对2002—2005年以来的18次大范围云覆盖的祁连山区,反演了云的光学厚度、云粒子有效半径以及云液态含水量等参数,结合地理信息系统分析了其随海拔高度变化的分布特征及其与地面降雨量的关系.结果表明:祁连山区云的光学厚度、云粒子有效半径以及云液态含水量分布受地形影响具有显著的地域差异,最大值分布在海拔4 300 m以下的山区,是云水资源丰富区和易降水区;云宏观特征参数与地面6 h降水量成正相关关系,产生降水概率较大的云光学厚度在8~20之间,云粒子有效半径在6~12μm之间,云液态含水量在0.04 g·m-3就能产生降水.祁连山区云液态含水量可高达0.15 g·m-3,表明山区云水资源具有很大的开发潜力.  相似文献   

2.
Daily snow cover maps at 500 m resolution are available from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors on NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites. However, information of the ground can only be obtained during clear sky conditions. In addition, the spectral similarity between clouds and snow in the visible part of the spectrum causes some ambiguities in separation of them. The dynamic behavior of clouds with their tendency to move faster often enables discrimination between cloud and snow, since snow remains relatively stationary. In this study, a daily merging methodology to combine Terra and Aqua based snow maps are proposed, and the benefits of this combination are evaluated. The methodology was tested for Eastern Turkey covering the period from December 2002 to March 2003. Merged maps derived from the standard daily snow maps from Terra (MOD10A1) and Aqua (MYD10A1) reduce the cloud cover present in any one image alone, provide better representation of the surface snow cover, and indicate better agreement with ground snow measurements than when either one is used alone. For “on the ground data date” analyses yielded 31% match ratios for MOD10A1 and MYD10A1, whereas combined images enabled 38%. One- to 2-day temporal window shifting enabled further 7% and 5% improvements in match ratios, respectively. The maximum improvement of 25% was achieved in January of 2003. The proposed methodology provides an easy and effective way to improve snow cover maps with little effort and provides fewer cloud-contaminated images for snow monitoring, for hydrology, and water resource management.  相似文献   

3.
基于MODIS的青藏高原季节性积雪去云方法可行性比较研究   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
青藏高原地处中纬度地区,季节性积雪分布破碎,地面观测站点稀少,中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）可为该地区提供每日积雪监测数据,然而云是光学遥感最大的影响因素,为研究MODIS每日积雪产品去云方法在青藏高原的适用性,根据原理将去云方法归纳总结为五大类,并对每种方法的“潜在假设”开展分析讨论。结果显示：基于时间连续性的方法适用性强,去云效果明显,上下午积雪连续的平均概率为72.5%,而2~5d的连续积雪的概率为5.6%~43%不等,可靠性差;临近像元法可去除零散分布的云,平均正确率达到95.5%,但去除云量较少;基于高程的去云算法在山区适用性好,而在高原腹地由于坡度较小而错判概率较大;采用被动微波遥感数据进行去云则依赖于微波对云的识别率,往往误差较大;采用数学方法拟合积雪边界在积雪破碎、降雪融雪较快的青藏高原地区,物理意义较弱。通过分析研究表明,青藏高原地区MODIS日积雪产品的去云,需综合多种算法的区域适用性,充分考虑青藏高原地形及积雪本身的特征,逐步完善每日积雪去云工作。  相似文献   

4.
利用2006—2010年夏季6~8月CloudSat资料对念青唐古拉峰地区云水分布和云类型特征进行分析,从而为研究高原天气过程与其水循环过程的相互作用提供理论依据。结果表明,云水含量垂直分布结构与云类型有关,而冰川区和非冰川区云类型差异主要为降水云类型不同,其中有冰川覆盖的高山上空降水云以深厚对流云为主,无冰川覆盖的高山降水云类型以雨层云为主。念青唐古拉峰南坡冰川区云水平均含量为0.14 g/m3,非冰川区云水平均含量为0.18 g/m3,一定程度说明来自孟加拉湾的水汽在经过冰川附近时,多会产生降水,反映了冰川对水汽传输的阻碍作用。  相似文献   

5.
基于MODIS积雪产品的天山年积雪日数空间分布特征研究   总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0  
赵文宇  刘海隆  王辉  胡伟杰 《冰川冻土》2016,38(6):1510-1517
山区积雪是干旱区气候变化的重要指标因子,积雪日数与积雪分布之间有着密切关系。为了研究天山山区积雪日数空间分布特征,以MODIS8d积雪产品MOD10A2（Terra）和MYD10A2（Aqua）为数据源,首先对数据进行最大化合成,获取新疆天山500m×500m分辨率的年积雪日数,然后分析了2002-2014年13a积雪日的年际变化,并结合DEM数据分析了13a天山多年平均积雪日随高程和坡度的变化特征。结果表明：天山积雪日数分布极为不均,最大年平均积雪日数为193d,13a内天山绝大部分地区年积雪日变化趋势较为稳定,稳定区约占天山总面积的83.92%;在研究时段内天山总积雪日数主要集中在30d以内,其比例约为天山总面积的48%;各个高程带积雪日面积分布差异明显,但总体上积雪日数随着高程的增加而增加;从积雪日数随坡向分布来看,北坡、东北坡、东坡、西坡、西北坡所占面积比例（>30d）相对高于其他坡向。该研究结果对干旱区水资源估算具有参考意义。  相似文献   

6.
作为空中水资源的重要组成部分,云在地球水循环过程和气候系统中扮演着重要角色,不同高度的云因其物理特性和动力过程的不同而对人工增水作业具有不同的指示意义. 采用2007年1月至2008年12月的美国宇航局（NASA）云卫星（CloudSat） 2B-CLDCLASS资料,从不同类型云的高度分布特征分析了新疆阿尔泰山、天山和昆仑山区的云水资源情况.结果表明：各个季节三大山区高层云所占比例均较大,在20%以上,其中,天山山区和昆仑山区雨层云所占比例也较大,在15%以上. 三大山区不同云的云顶和云底高度年变化趋势基本一致,昆仑山区各类型云的平均云顶和云底的高度最大,阿尔泰山区的最低.  相似文献   

7.
Satellite remote sensing provides important observational constraints for monitoring dust life cycle and improving the understanding of its effects on local to global scales. The present work analyzes the dust aerosol patterns over the arid environment of the Sistan region in southeastern Iran, by means of multiple satellite platforms aiming to reveal the spatio-temporal distribution and trends. The dataset includes records of Aerosol Index (AI) from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) (1978–2001) and 6-year AI records from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard Aura. Moreover, the aerosol optical depth is analyzed through 11-year records from Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) aboard Terra (2000–2010) and from Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard Terra (2000–2007) and Aqua (2002–2011). The main focus is to determine the similarities and differences in dust variability over southwest Asia, in general, and the Sistan region, in particular. The results show a marked seasonal cycle with high aerosol loading during summer and lower in winter, while MISR, MODIS, and TOMS/OMI observations agree in both terms of monthly and seasonally mean spatial and temporal patterns. The higher aerosol concentrations during summer are interpreted as a result of the combined effect of the seasonal drying of the Hamoun lakes and the strong northerly Levar winds favoring dust erosion from the alluvial deposits in Sistan. After prolonged drought period, the dust aerosol load over the area has increased in the beginning of the 2000 s and decreased after 2004, thereby leading to an overall declining trend during the last decade. Such a trend is absent during the winter period when dust emission over the region is minimal.  相似文献   

8.
The present research evaluated the relation between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) changes and the climate change during 2000–2014 in Qazvin Plain, Iran. Daily precipitation and mean temperature values during 2015–2040 and 2040–2065 were predicted using the statistical downscaling model (SDSM), and these values were compared with the values of the base period (2000–2014). The MODIS images (MOD13A2) were used for NDVI monitoring. In order to investigate the effects of climate changes on vegetation, the relationship between the NDVI and climatic parameters was assessed in monthly, seasonal, and annual time periods. According to the obtained results under the B2 scenario, the mean annual precipitation at Qazvin Station during 2015–2040 and 2040–2065 was 6.7 mm (9.3%) and 8.2 mm (11.36%) lower than the values in the base period, respectively. Moreover, the mean annual temperature in the mentioned periods was 0.7 and 0.92 °C higher than that in the base period, respectively. Analysis of the correlations between the NDVI and climatic parameters in different periods showed that there is a significant correlation between the seasonal temperature and NDVI (P < 0.01). Moreover, the NDVI will increase 0.009 and 0.011 during 2015–2040 and 2040–2065, respectively.  相似文献   

9.
Remote sensing data from satellites have provided valuable information on the state of the earth for several decades. Since March 2000, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on board NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites have been providing estimates of several land parameters useful in understanding earth system processes at global, continental, and regional scales. However, the HDF-EOS file format, specialized software needed to process the HDF-EOS files, data volume, and the high spatial and temporal resolution of MODIS data make it difficult for users wanting to extract small but valuable amounts of information from the MODIS record. To overcome this usability issue, the NASA-funded Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for Biogeochemical Dynamics at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) developed a Web service that provides subsets of MODIS land products using Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP). The ORNL DAAC MODIS subsetting Web service is a standard based way of serving satellite data that exploits a fairly established and popular Internet protocol to allow users access to massive amounts of remote sensing data. The Web service provides MODIS land product subsets up to 201 × 201 km in a non-proprietary comma delimited text file format. Users can programmatically query the Web service to extract MODIS land parameters for real time data integration into models, decision support tools or connect to workflow software. Information regarding the MODIS SOAP subsetting Web service is available on the World Wide Web (WWW) at .  相似文献   

10.
Spatial variations in aerosol optical properties as function of latitude and longitude are analysed over the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB cruise period of March–May 2006 from in situ sun photometer and MODIS (Terra, Aqua) satellite measurements. Monthly mean 550 nm aerosol optical depths (AODs) over the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea show an increase from March to May both in spatial extent and magnitude. AODs are found to increase with latitude from 4°N to 20°N over the Bay of Bengal while over Arabian Sea, variations are not significant. Sun photometer and MODIS AODs agree well within ±1σ variation. Bay of Bengal AOD (0.28) is higher than the Arabian Sea (0.24) latitudinally. Aerosol fine mode fraction (FMF) is higher than 0.6 over Bay of Bengal, while FMF in the Arabian Sea is about 0.5. Bay of Bengal α(～1) is higher than the Arabian Sea value of 0.7, suggesting the dominance of fine mode aerosols over Bay of Bengal which is corroborated by higher FMF values over Bay of Bengal. Air back trajectory analyses suggest that aerosols from different source regions contribute differently to the optical characteristics over the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.  相似文献   

11.
Aerosol optical depth (AOD), Angstrom exponent (AE), and ozone monitoring instrument aerosols index (OMI-AI) data, derived from MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and OMI sensor on board NASA’s Aqua satellite and NASA-Aura satellite platforms, have been analyzed and classified over Baghdad, Iraq, for an 8-year period (2008–2015). In order to give an obvious understanding of temporal inconsistency in the characteristics and classification of aerosols during each season separately, PREDE POM-02 sky radiometer measurements of AOD, carried out during a 2-year period (2014–2015), were compared with MODIS–Aqua AODs. On seasonal bases, MODIS–Aqua AODs corroborate well with ground-based measurements, with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.74 and 0.8 and RMSE ranging from 0.097 to 0.062 during spring and autumn seasons respectively. The overall satellite- and ground-based measurement comparisons showed a good agreement with correlation coefficients of 0.78 and RMSE of 0.066. These results suggest that MODIS–Aqua gives a good estimate of AOD. Analysis of MODIS–Aqua data for the 8-year period showed that the overall mean AOD, AE, and OMI-AI over Baghdad were 0.44?±?0.16, 0.77?±?0.29, and 1.34?±?0.33 respectively. AOD records presented a unique peak which was extended from mid-spring (April) to mid-summer (July) while the AE annual variability indicated a more complicated behavior with minimum values during the period from late spring (May) to early autumn (September). The maximum AOD and OMI-AI values occurred during summer while their minimum values occurred during winter. The AE showed an opposite behavior to that of AOD such that the highest AE values occurred during autumn and winter and the lowest values happened during spring and summer. This behavior may be attributed to the domination of coarse aerosol particles during autumn and winter seasons and fine aerosol particles during spring and summer seasons. A Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model was utilized to determine the source of air mass transport and to recognize the variability of aerosol origin regions. Finally, AOD, AE, and OMI-AI values have been employed to identify several aerosol types and to present seasonal heterogeneity in their contribution based on their origins.  相似文献   

12.
Atmospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) plays an important role in radiation modeling and partly determines the accuracy of estimated downward surface shortwave radiation (DSSR). In this study, Iqbal’s model C was used to estimate DSSR under cloud-free conditions over the Koohin and Chitgar sites in Tehran, Iran; the estimated DSSR was based on (1) our proposed hybrid modeling scheme where the AOD is retrieved using the Simplified Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm (SARA), ground-based measurements at the AERONET site in Zanjan and (2) the AOD from the Terra MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Several other Terra MODIS land and atmospheric products were also used as input data, including geolocation properties, water vapor, total ozone, surface reflectance, and top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance. SARA-based DSSR and MODIS-based DSSR were evaluated with ground-based DSSR measurements at the Koohin and Chitgar sites in 2011 and 2013, respectively; the averaged statistics for SARA-based DSSR [R 2 ≈ 0.95, RMSE ≈ 22 W/m2 (2.5% mean value), and bias ≈ 3 W/m2] were stronger than those for MODIS-based DSSR [R 2 ≈ 0.79, RMSE ≈ 51 W/m2 (5.8% mean value), and bias ≈ 34 W/m2]. These results show that the proposed hybrid scheme can be used at regional to global scales under the assumption of future access to spatially distributed AERONET sites. Additionally, the robustness of this modeling scheme was exemplified by estimating the aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) during a dust storm in Southwest Asia. The results were comparable to those of previous studies and showed the strength of our modeling scheme.  相似文献   

13.
Suspended sediments concentration (SSC) in surface water derived from bottom sediment resuspension or discharge of sediment-laden rivers is an important indication of coastal water quality and changes rapidly in high-energy coastal area. Since artificial neural networks (ANN) had been proven successful in modeling a variety of geophysical transfer functions, an ANN model to simulate the relationship between surface water SSC and satellite-received radiances was employed. In situ SSC measurements from the Hangzhou Bay and the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250 m daily products were adopted in this study. Significant correlations were observed between in situ measurements and band 1–2 reflectance values of MODIS images, respectively. Results indicated that application of ANN model with one hidden layer appeared to yield superior simulation performance (r 2 = 0.98; n = 25) compared with regression analysis method. The RMSE for the ANN model was less than 10%, whereas the RMSE for the regression analysis was more than 25%. Results also showed that different tidal situations affect the model simulation results to some extent. The SSC of surface water in Hangzhou Bay is high and changes rapidly due to tidal flood and ebb during a tidal cycle. The combined utilization of Terra and Aqua MODIS data can capture the tidal cycle induced dynamic of surface water SSC. This study demonstrated that MODIS 250 m daily products and ANN model are useful for monitoring surface SSC dynamic within high-energy coastal water environments.  相似文献   

14.
In this study, assessing the atmospheric instability, a new index, named here as MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) profile index (MPI), has been statistically computed using temperature and moisture profile data from the real-time direct broadcast receiving systems installed at three places of India Meteorological Department. The training dataset has been prepared using MODIS temperature and moisture profile from the Aqua and Terra satellites over the Indian region for clear and convective weather conditions during the period of March to June 2011. The MPI values are produced at 5?×?5?km pixel resolution when at least 6 out of 9 FOVs from MODIS granules are found cloud free. If more than 3 FOVs are cloudy, the MPI has not been computed. The formulation of MPI and its comparison have been examined with well-established traditionally used K index, Lifted Index and total totals index derived from radiosonde profiles of temperature, pressure and humidity. It has been observed that in most of the cases, MPI has well correlated with those derived from ground truth observations. Therefore, spatially interpolated MPI can be utilized as an indicator for regional and location-specific forecast over the areas where radiosonde data are not available. The results also indicated that MPI can be used as a sensitive measure in very early stages of instability developments such as thunderstorm and rainfall because no other single stability index can provide a distinct threshold value for these events. Therefore, a single MPI value at a certain threshold can be treated as a stability index instead of other available indices. It is also being proposed that the inclusion of MPI as a stability parameter in physical or numerical modeling can improve accurate local severe storm predictions as a useful predictor and can also be used as diagnostic tools. The MPI can make a useful simulation using entire temperature and moisture profile data for the assessment of instability significantly to severe weather forecasting since other instability indices are often derived from a fixed pressure level quantity of vertical profile parameters.  相似文献   

15.
Data of normalized water leaving radiance at a wavelength 859 nm Lwn(859) of 250-m spatial resolution obtained from Moderate Ocean Color Scanners (MODIS) installed on Aqua and Terra satellites were used to study meteorological waves. These waves are caused by atmospheric internal gravity waves at the expense of a change of atmospheric pressure impacting the sea surface and bringing a change in its level; they are observable everywhere in the ocean. Examples of meteorological waves were considered for the eastern part of the Black Sea, where they appeared as stripes of alternate brightness on Lwn(859) images. It is shown that meteorological waves at one and the same place can be totally generated by atmospheric waves spreading at different heights of the lower troposphere. The 3D characteristics of meteorological waves were evaluated including the direction of wave propagation, crest length reaching more than one hundred kilometers, wavelength of several tens centimeters, and wave amplitude of several tens of centimeters. For conditions of intermittent cloudiness, imposition in a difference mode of the level L1b radiance image with the signature of atmospheric waves in a cloud and of the level L2 water leaving the radiance image with the signature of meteorological waves enabled us to examine the phase structure of waves and to reveal the existence of resonance.  相似文献   

16.
Thunderstorms are the recurrent features of India and are responsible for the redistribution of excess heat and moisture in the atmosphere. However, the thunderstorms that occur over the urban station Kolkata (22°34′N, 88°22′E), India, during the pre-monsoon months of April and May are extremely devastating while accompanied with high wind speed, lightning flashes, torrential rain and occasional hail and tornadoes. The development and verification of a model output are described in this study. The system consists of multiple linear regression (MLR) equations, and the purpose is to nowcast the categories of thunderstorms over Kolkata, both ordinary (wind speed <65 km h?1) and severe (wind speed ≥65 km h?1) as per the warning provided by the India Meteorological Department for the prevalence of thunderstorms. The MODIS terra/aqua satellite data of cloud parameters, ground-based Radiosonde/Rawinsonde upper air observations and records of wind speed accompanied with thunderstorms over Kolkata are considered for the study. The MLR models are formulated with the cloud parameters as input and the target output being the peak wind speed associated with the pre-monsoon thunderstorms. The MLR model is trained with the data and records from 2002 to 2009, and the results are validated with the observations of 2010 and 2011. The results reveal that the accuracy in nowcasting the ordinary and severe categories of thunderstorms during the pre-monsoon season over Kolkata with MLR models are 94.26 and 91.29 %, respectively, with lead time <12 h.  相似文献   

17.
The interpretation of climatic information from stalagmites has traditionally been a complex research problem, with oxygen isotopes playing a particularly important role in global climate change studies. This study investigates the relationship between oxygen isotope composition of the atmospheric in precipitation and cave drip water at Panlong cave in southwest China on seasonal timescales of variability. Time series seasonal variability was derived from Panlong cave in Guilin by collecting daily precipitation samples for stable isotope analysis during 2012. Results indicate that δ18O of precipitation contains a clear seasonal variation whereby higher values are mainly distributed during winter and lower values during summer. Seasonal variations in water sources affect the precipitation δ18O values. Drip water δ18O also displayed a seasonal cycle which is attenuated relative to δ18O of precipitation. Drip water time series display seasonal cycle ranges from 1.5 to 3.5 ‰ relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, which mainly follow the precipitation δ18O seasonal cycle. Seasonal variation in drip water δ18O supports interpretations of the stalagmite δ18O record as a paleoclimate proxy sensitive to the local environment. This monitoring experiment revealed that drip water must be transported through the epikarst in approximately 1.5 months during cold periods, and <0.5 months during warm periods. Different residence time percolation is mainly affected by the atmospheric precipitation amount, depending on whether soil moisture reaches saturation.  相似文献   

18.
Orography profoundly influences seasonal rainfall amount in several places in south Asia by affecting rain intensity and duration. One of the fundamental questions concerning orographic rainfall is nature of the associated precipitating clouds in the absence of synoptic forcing. It is believed that these clouds are not very deep, however, there is not much information in the literature on their vertical structure. The present study explores the vertical structure of precipitating clouds associated with orographic features in south Asia using data collected with the precipitation radar on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite. Two types of precipitating clouds have been defined based on cloud echo top height, namely, shallow echo-top cloud and medium echo-top cloud. In both, radar reflectivity factor is at least 30 dBZ at 1.5 km altitude, and tops of shallow and medium echo-top clouds lie below 4.5 km and between 4.5 and 8 km, respectively. The Western Ghats contains the highest fraction of the shallow echo-top clouds followed by the adjacent eastern Arabian Sea, while the Khasi Hills in Meghalaya and Cardamom Mountains in Cambodia contain the least fraction of them. Average vertical profiles of shallow echo-top clouds are similar in different mountainous areas while regional differences are observed in the medium echo-top clouds. Below 3 km, precipitation liquid water content in medium echo-top clouds is the highest over the Western Ghats and the eastern Arabian Sea. The average precipitation liquid water content increases by \(0.16\,\hbox { gm m}^{-3}\) for shallow echo-top clouds between 3 and 1.5 km altitude, while the corresponding increase for medium echo-top clouds is in 0.05–0.08 \(\hbox { gm m}^{-3}\) range.  相似文献   

19.
Cumulative stress energy in active seismic regions caused by tectonic forces creates various earthquake precursors. This energy transformation may result in enhanced transient thermal infrared (TIR) emission, which can be detected through satellites equipped with thermal sensors like MODIS (Terra/Aqua) and AVHRR (NOAA). Satellite time-series data, coupled with ground based observations, where available, can enable scientists to survey pre-earthquake signals in the areas of strong tectonic activity. This paper presents observations made using time series MODIS and NOAA-AVHRR satellite data for derived multi-parameters including land surface temperature (LST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), and mean air temperature (AT) for the moderate, 5.9 magnitude earthquake, which took place on the 27th of October, 2004, inthe seismic region of Vrancea, in Romania. Anomalous thermal infrared signals, reflected by a rise of several degrees celsius (°C) in LSTs, and higher OLR values were seen several days before the earthquake. AT values in the epicentral area also increased almost two days prior to the earthquake and intensified three days after the main shock. Increases in LSTs and OLR disappeared three days after the main shock. The survey and joint analysis of geospatial and in-situ geophysical information on land surface temperatures and outgoing long-wave radiation provides new insights into the field of seismic hazard assessment in Vrancea, a significant area of tectonic activity in Romania and Europe.  相似文献   

20.
This study has been envisaged to model streamflow runoff-contributed mostly by snowmelt from Budhigandaki catchment in Nepal. Available hydro-meteorological data have been collected from the Department of Hydrology and Metrology, Nepal. The MODIS Aqua (MYD10A2) and Terra (MOD10A2) 8 day maximum snow cover extent product have been used to derive the snow cover area (SCA) in the basin. The modeling of streamflow has been carried out using HEC-HMS and SRM models. The performance of these models have been evaluated by using three well known evaluation criteria NSE, \({R}^{2}\) and PEV (percentage error in volume). The values of NSE, \({R}^{2}\) and PEV were found to be 0.944, 0.944 and \(-0.3\%\) for SRM and 0.778, 0.785 and \(-1.83\%\) for HEC-HMS, respectively. Similarly, in validation period the average values of NSE, \({R}^{2}\) and PEV were found to be 0.811, 0.816 and 2.01% for SRM model and 0.773, 0.777 and 3.5% for HEC-HMS, respectively. Sensitivity analysis of the models revealed that constant loss rate is very sensitive parameters for HEC-HMS model, whereas runoff coefficient is found to be most sensitive parameters for SRM model. In comparison between two models SRM model has given slightly better simulation results compared to HEC-HMS model.  相似文献   

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