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1.
以阿尔泰山森林生态系统为研究对象并依据《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》（LY/T 1721—2008），通过利用空间分析的方法对阿尔泰山森林资源二类调查数据处理分析，得到了阿尔 泰山不同类型森林生态系统的生态服务价值和阿尔泰山生态服务价值的影响因素。结果表明：阿 尔泰山森林生态服务价值量为 47 957.79×106 元·a-1，价值量的大小为：涵养水源＞固碳释氧＞保护 生物多样性＞净化大气环境＞保育土壤＞积累营养物质，其中涵养水源是主导服务功能；不同林 龄的生态服务价值量呈现为：成熟林＞过熟林＞近熟林＞中龄林＞幼龄林；按照林场划分，各个林 场的生态服务价值呈现富蕴林场＞阿勒泰林场＞新疆阿尔泰山两河源自然保护区＞布尔津林场
＞青河林场＞哈巴河林场＞福海林场的顺序。 相似文献
2.
伏牛山地区森林生态系统服务权衡/协同效应多尺度分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
森林生态系统服务权衡与协同研究已成为当前相关学科的研究热点和前沿,对服务权衡与协同关系的多尺度分析有助于更加有效地实施森林资源管理。综合森林类型图、NDVI、气象和土壤等多源数据,借助CASA模型、InVEST 3.2模型和ArcGIS 10.2软件,开展伏牛山地区森林生态系统服务评估,运用空间叠置方法从多个空间尺度（区域、南北坡、垂直带）探讨服务权衡与协同效应。结果表明：① 研究区森林生态系统平均蓄积量为49.26 m 3/hm 2,碳密度为156.94 t/hm 2,供水深度为494.46 mm,土壤保持量为955.4 t/hm 2,生境质量指数为0.79。② 区域尺度上,28.79%的森林服务之间存在高协同效应,10.15%的森林存在低协同效应,61.06%的森林存在强权衡和弱权衡效应。③ 南北坡尺度上,南坡服务之间的协同关系优于北坡。垂直带尺度上,南坡中山落叶阔叶林带（SIII）服务之间协同关系最好,北坡低山落叶阔叶林带（NI）协同关系最差。 相似文献
3.
森林利用的冲突与调解途径理论探讨 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
森林价值的多样性和利用群体的多样性,是森林利用冲突的根源,也决定了森林利用的冲突形式。同一社会中,不同利益群体从各自的利益和兴趣出发,竞相利用有限的森林资源的各种价值,导致森林利用的冲突,冲突若不及时解决,将影响森林为人类社会持续提供价值。是伴随着森林管理的一种不可避免的现实,不论是哪一种管理方式都存在着这样或那样的冲突。解决的途径也不相同,包括技术途径、调解、仲裁和诉诸法律等。村社林业是相对于政府直接控制管理森林的另一类林业管理方式,村社林业的实践也需要解决冲突,建立和培养村社解决冲突的机制和能力是开展村社林业的一项重要任务。村社林业管理模式的成功需要建立冲突的调解和仲裁机制,透明、参与、合作和创造是建立这种机制并使这种机制发挥作用的基础。 相似文献
4.
积累营养物质是森林生态服务功能中的重要组成部分,它反映了林木生长情况和生产投入情况。基于2014年新疆七种主要经济林木积累营养物质调查数据,核算了2014年全疆经济林木氮、磷和钾的物质积累总量,折合当年化肥价值3.14×108元。并利用全局空间自相关模型和地理加权模型（GWR）对该结果进行了分析。结果表明：（1）全疆不同经济林品种积累营养物质价值量的空间分布符合空间集聚理论,呈现某种经济林木在某个地区具有高度集中的种植现象;（2）GWR模型分析结果表明经济林在南疆林业中占有重要地位;（3）南疆各地州经济林发展存在明显差异,其中克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州、和田地区和喀什地区处在经济林发展期;阿克苏地区和巴音郭楞蒙古自治州则处在经济林衰产期。上述结果表明通过深入挖掘新疆生态服务功能价值信息,能够提取对新疆经济林产业发展规划具有重要参考价值的信息。研究所使用的思路和方法对其他类似研究具有重要的借鉴意义。 相似文献
5.
森林生态系统健康评价指标及其在中国的应用 总被引：69，自引：0，他引：69
根据1995～1998年的遥感资料、1980～1997年全国气象资料以及1949～2001年的森林统计资料以及全国300多个森林样地调查资料，在生态系统健康理论基础上，以活力(V)、组织结构(D)和恢复力（R)为评价指标，对中国森林生态系统的健康状况进行了评价，并对中国森林生态系统健康的空间格局进行了分析。我国森林生态系统健康指数高的区域主要分布在热带雨林季雨林以及天然林分布的区域，而蒙新林区和暖温带林区的健康指数较低，且由南到北逐渐降低。温度和降水对森林生态系统健康的空间格局有较大的影响。通过生态系统健康指数与活力、组织结构和抵抗力的相关分析可知，抵抗力对生态系统健康影响最大，其次是组织结构，影响力最小的是活力。 相似文献
6.
As the major component of terrestrial ecosystems, forests play an irreplaceable role in providing ecosystem services and products (e.g. biodiversity, carbon sequestration, water yield and timber). Spatially quantifying ecosystem services and interactions will shed light on sustainable forest management. Main forest ecosystem services including carbon storage, water yield, soil retention and wood volume in the Ganjiang River Basin (GRB) were evaluated and mapped through the integrated use of InVEST3.1.0, CASA modeling and ArcGIS10.2, and relationships between forest ecosystem services and natural or social-economic factors were quantified and discussed based on ArcGIS10.2 and SPSS19.0. Results showed that the spatial pattern of the four ecosystem services is heterogeneous. Forests dominated by broad-leaved forest and bamboo forest in mountainous regions around the GRB provided the largest carbon storage and wood volume services, while forests dominated by Masson pine plantations or Chinese fir plantations in the northeast provided the largest water yield service. The spatial pattern of the soil retention service is more discrete than others, and forests in the southwestern regions showed larger soil erosion modulus than in the northeastern regions. Ecosystem services are closely related to the environmental process and human activities. With altitude or slope increases, the carbon storage and wood volume of forests increased and water yield depth and soil retention decreased. When the regional total population decreased or GDP per capita increased, carbon storage and wood volume increased. Further research into the interactions between environmental factors and ecosystem services is needed in order to understand environmental constraints when dealing with ecological problems. 相似文献
7.
在优化森林结构的同时保障其木材生产功能和生态功能,实现森林可持续经营,如何采取科学、合理的森林管理措施越来越受到人们的关注。本文选取采伐年龄、采伐斑块大小、采伐频率、采伐面积比例作为变量,以江西省泰和县为研究区,设定多种强度和方式的森林管理方案,耦合生态过程模型（PnET-II）和景观模型（LANDIS-II）模拟初始年（2009年）起,未来100年森林面积和生物量的动态变化情况。研究发现：① 森林对不同采伐变量的响应差异明显,采伐年龄对森林面积影响较小,采伐斑块面积仅对生物量有影响,采伐频率对面积和生物量均有较大影响,采伐面积比例是采伐变量中对森林影响最大的变量; ② 每10 a以20%的采伐面积比例,5 hm 2的采伐斑块,采伐21 a以上的杉木、26 a以上的松林、41 a以上的阔叶树种的采伐情景能够保证有林地的生物量较初始年有所增加,有效地保障红壤丘陵区人工林在木材生产的同时保持一定的生态功能。 相似文献
8.
Tropical forests have been recognized as having global conservation importance. However, they are being rapidly destroyed in many regions of the world. Regular monitoring of forests is necessary for an adaptive management approach and the successful implementation of ecosystem management. The present study analyses the temporal changes in forest ecosystem structure in tribal dominated Malkangiri district of Orissa, India, during 1973–2004 period based on digitized forest cover maps using geographic information system (GIS) and interpretation of satellite data. Three satellite images Landsat MSS (1973), Landsat TM (1990) and IRS P6 LISS III (2004) were used to determine changes. Six land cover types were delineated which includes dense forest, open forest, scrub land, agriculture, barren land and water body. Different forest types were also demarcated within forest class for better understanding the degradation pattern in each forest types. The results showed that there was a net decrease of 475.7 km2 forest cover (rate of deforestation = 2.34) from 1973 to 1990 and 402.3 km2 (rate of deforestation = 2.27) from 1990 to 2004. Forest cover has changed over time depending on a few factors such as large-scale deforestation, shifting cultivation, dam and road construction, unregulated management actions, and social pressure. A significant increase of 1222.8 km2 agriculture area (1973–2004) clearly indicated the conversion of forest cover to agricultural land. These alterations had resulted in significant environmental consequences, including decline in forest cover, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity. There is an urgent need for rational management of the remaining forest for it to be able to survive beyond next decades. Particular attention must be paid to tropical forests, which are rapidly being deforested. 相似文献
9.
热带森林覆被的时空动态评价——以印度Malkangiri district of Orissa为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Tropical forests have been recognized as having global conservation importance. However,they are being rapidly destroyed in many regions of the world. Regular monitoring of forests is necessary for an adaptive management approach and the successful implementation of ecosystem management. The present study analyses the temporal changes in forest ecosystem structure in tribal dominated Malkangiri district of Orissa,India,during 1973-2004 period based on digitized forest cover maps using geographic information system (GIS) and interpretation of satellite data. Three satellite images Landsat MSS (1973),Landsat TM (1990) and IRS P6 LISS III (2004) were used to determine changes. Six land cover types were delineated which includes dense forest,open forest,scrub land,agriculture,barren land and water body. Different forest types were also demarcated within forest class for better understanding the degradation pattern in each forest types. The results showed that there was a net decrease of 475.7 km2 forest cover (rate of deforestation = 2.34) from 1973 to 1990 and 402.3 km2 (rate of deforestation = 2.27) from 1990 to 2004. Forest cover has changed over time depending on a few factors such as large-scale deforestation,shifting cultivation,dam and road construction,unregulated management actions,and social pressure. A significant increase of 1222.8 km2 agriculture area (1973-2004) clearly indicated the conversion of forest cover to agricultural land. These alterations had resulted in significant environmental consequences,including decline in forest cover,soil erosion,and loss of biodiversity. There is an urgent need for rational management of the remaining forest for it to be able to survive beyond next decades. Particular attention must be paid to tropical forests,which are rapidly being deforested. 相似文献
10.
森林生态系统健康评价指标在中国的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1IntroductionDuring recent two decades, the idea of "health" as an appropriate paradigm to assess the condition of ecosystems, is watchword of contemporary ecosystem management. The phrase "forest ecosystem health" has been used with increasing frequency in the context of forestry and natural resource management. Many scientists give the definitions from socio-economic and ecological perspectives (Rapport, 1992; USDA Forest Service, 1993; O'Laughlin, 1996; Allen, 2001). Forest health is a … 相似文献
11.
Based on more than 300 forest sample plots surveying data and forestry statistical data, remote sensing information from the NOAA AVHRR database and the daily meteorological data of 300 stations, we selected vigor, organization and resilience as the indicators to assess large-scale forest ecosystem health in China and analyzed the spatial pattern of forest ecosystem health and influencing factors. The results of assessment indicated that the spatial pattern of forest ecosystem health showed a decreasing trend along latitude gradients and longitude gradients. The healthy forests are mainly distributed in natural forests, tropical rainforests and seasonal rainforests; secondarily orderly in northeast national forest zone, subtropical forest zonation and southwest forest zonation; while the unhealthy forests were mainly located in warm temperate zone and Xinjiang-Mongolia forest zone. The coefficient of correction between Forest Ecosystem Health Index (FEHI) and annual average precipitation was 0.58 (p<0.01), while the coefficient of correlation between FEHI and annual mean temperatures was 0.49 (p<0.01), which identified that the precipitation and temperatures affect the pattern of FEHI, and the precipitation's effect was stronger than the temperature's. We also measured the correlation coefficient between FEHI and NPP, biodiversity and resistance, which were 0.64, 0.76 and 0.81 (p<0.01) respectively. The order of effect on forest ecosystem health was vigor, organization and resistance. 相似文献
12.
基于阈值分割的黑龙江省森林类型遥感识别 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
全球变化背景下,准确获取森林覆盖是监测森林资源动态、实现林业可持续发展的重要基础。为将省级尺度森林资源清查面积资料空间化,以黑龙江省为例,利用1999-2003年该省森林资源清查面积数据,结合2000年500 m分辨率的MODIS数据,构建了基于阈值分割的森林类型遥感识别方法。该方法利用不同地表覆被类型归一化植被指数时间序列的季节分异特征,以森林资源清查面积为标准,设定森林类型的划分阈值,识别了黑龙江省森林类型的空间分布。最后,基于分层随机抽样和精度评价方法,表明森林类型识别结果与地面参考数据具有较高的一致性,总体分类精度为78.1%;特别是季节特征明显的落叶林,精度可达80%以上。本文所构建的方法可将森林清查统计数据进行准确的空间定位,同时结合多期森林资源连续清查资料和遥感信息,可为识别并量化区域生态系统生物量和碳库变化等提供科技支撑。 相似文献
13.
Groundwater is a key factor controlling the growth of vegetation in desert riparian systems. It is important to recognise how groundwater changes affect the riparian forest ecosystem. This information will not only help us to understand the ecological and hydrological process of the riparian forest but also provide support for ecological recovery of riparian forests and water-resources management of arid inland river basins. This study aims to estimate the suitability of the Water Vegetation Energy and Solute Modelling(WAVES) model to simulate the Ejina Desert riparian forest ecosystem changes,China, to assess effects of groundwater-depth change on the canopy leaf area index(LAI) and water budgets, and to ascertain the suitable groundwater depth for preserving the stability and structure of desert riparian forest. Results demonstrated that the WAVES model can simulate changes to ecological and hydrological processes. The annual mean water consumption of a Tamarix chinensis riparian forest was less than that of a Populus euphratica riparian forest, and the canopy LAI of the desert riparian forest should increase as groundwater depth decreases. Groundwater changes could significantly influence water budgets for T. chinensis and P. euphratica riparian forests and show the positive and negative effects on vegetation growth and water budgets of riparian forests. Maintaining the annual mean groundwater depth at around 1.7-2.7 m is critical for healthy riparian forest growth. This study highlights the importance of considering groundwater-change impacts on desert riparian vegetation and water-balance applications in ecological restoration and efficient water-resource management in the Heihe River Basin. 相似文献
14.
中国森林生态系统植被碳储量 时空动态变化研究 总被引：25，自引：0，他引：25
森林是陆地生态系统的主体, 在全球碳循环中起着十分重要的作用。本文利用20 世纪70 年代以来的六次森林清查资料, 结合森林生物量实测数据, 采用分树种、分龄组的生物量—蓄积 拟合关系, 估算了中国20 世纪70 年代以来森林植被碳储量的动态变化。结果表明: 我国六次森 林资源清查中森林的植被总碳储量分别为3.8488PgC、3.6960PgC、3.759PgC、4.1138PgC、 4.6563PgC 和5.5064PgC, 虽然存在一定的波动现象, 但总体增长趋势明显, 尤其是80 年代以来, 植被碳储量净增加1.8104PgC, 平均每年以0.0823PgC 的速率增加, 这表明80 年代以来我国森林 植被一直起着明显的CO2 汇的作用。从碳密度的变化看, 70 年代以来我国森林植被平均碳密度 增长了3.001Mgha -1, 其中幼龄林与中龄林碳密度分别增长5.2871Mgha -1 和0.6022 Mgha -1<,sup>, 而成 熟林碳密度却降低了0.7581Mgha -1, 可见中国森林植被的碳汇功能主要来自于人工林的贡献, 而 且随着幼龄林、中龄林碳储量和碳密度的增长, 中国森林植被的碳汇功能将进一步增强。我国森 林植被碳储量和碳密度空间差异显著, 森林植被碳库主要集中于东北和西南地区, 平均碳密度以 西南、东北以及西北地区为大, 中国森林植被碳储量和碳密度的这种空间分布规律与人类活动对 森林的干扰强度密切相关。 相似文献
15.
东莞主要森林群落凋落物碳储量及其空间分布 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
基于2 km×2 km的UTM网格对东莞市不同的森林群落类型进行了详细调查,以研究森林凋落物的碳储量及其空间分布.研究结果表明,天然林凋落物碳储量显著高于人工林;不同森林类型的凋落物碳储量之间差异极显著,其碳密度大小依次为:湿地松-阔叶混交林>相思林>马尾松-杉木林>荷木林>桉树林>杉木-阔叶混交林>马尾松-阔叶混交林>荔枝-龙眼林>青皮竹林.针叶林的单位凋落物碳含量最大,占59%,大于阔叶林;相思林和荷木林单位凋落物碳含量仅次于马尾松-杉木针叶林.不同的经营措施对森林凋落物碳储量有显著的影响,经封山育林的林分凋落物碳储量最大.坡位对凋落物碳储量也有显著的影响,随着坡位的降低,森林凋落物现存量和碳密度随之降低.东莞市森林凋落物碳密度为4.25±0.15 t/hm2,凋落物碳储量总量为0.23±0.008 Mt.凋落物的碳储量动态直接关系到土壤碳储库,采取合适的经营措施,减少人为干扰造成的凋落物的流失,最终对于提高本地区森林生态系统碳库会有积极作用. 相似文献
16.
The fact that ecosystem services have values that can be quantified has been widely accepted in recent years. Part of the economic values of ecosystem services have been realized partly by ecological compensation of fiscal transfer payments at different levels, trade and consumption of leisure tourism and ecological products, and carbon sequestration forest funds sponsored by non-governmental capital. However, it remains difficult to realize the economic value of ecosystem services as industrial products and support the coordinated and sustainable development of nature, economy and society. To reveal the role of ecological compensation, consumption of biological products, leisure tourism and ecosystem services trading in realizing the economic values of ecosystem services, we analyzed the composition, transfer and consumption pattern of ecosystem services. In order to provide theoretical and technological support for inter-regional ecological compensation, ecosystem service industry development and ecosystem services trade, the concept of ecosystem services credit and key problems with ecosystem services trading are proposed. 相似文献
17.
The National Forest Inventory (NFI) is an important resource for estimating the national carbon balance (These data were unpublished data, and we could only obtain the data before 2008 through data search by now). Based on the data from sample plots, the literature, and NFI, as well as the relationships between volume, biomass, annual litterfall and soil respiration of different forest types, the net ecosystem production (NEP), changes in forest biomass carbon storage (△Cbiomass) and non-respiratory losses (NR) of China’s forests during 1999-2008 were estimated, and the forest soil carbon sequestration (△Csoil) was assessed according to the carbon balance principle of the forest ecosystem (△Csoil = NEP - NR - △Cbiomass). The results showed that the total NEP, △Cbiomass, NR and △Csoil values for China’s forests were 157.530, 48.704, 31.033 and 77.793 Tg C yr-1 respectively, and average NEP, △Cbiomass, NR, and △Csoil values were 101.247, 31.303, 19.945 and 49.999 g C m-2 yr-1 respectively. There were large spatial differences in forest soil carbon sequestration in different parts of China. The forest soil in Jiangxi, Hunan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Anhui, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Guangxi and Liaoning served as carbon sources and the carbon released was about 25.507 Tg C yr-1. The other 22 provinces served as carbon sinks and the average carbon sequestration by forest soil came to 103.300 Tg C yr-1. This research established a method for evaluating soil carbon sequestration by China’s forests based on the NFI, which is a useful supplement to current statistical data-based studies on the forest ecosystem carbon cycle, and can promote comparable studies on forest soil carbon sequestration with consistent research methods at the regional scale. 相似文献
18.
《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2018,39(2):244-265
Mangroves are now well known to provide a range of ecosystem services that benefit local populations, though such ecosystem services are at risk from mangrove deforestation and degradation across much of the tropics. This study aimed to identify the natural and anthropogenic drivers of change that affect ecosystem services of the Sundarbans mangrove forest. Secondary data analysis and primary fieldwork were conducted in three districts in the Sundarbans region of Bangladesh to understand ecosystem service usage and the perceptions of local resource users. Time series data for a range of ecosystem services and biophysical, socio‐economic variables were analyzed to identify the range of trends and the significant drivers of change. Also, community perceptions were consulted to elicit how these changes are felt and how they affected the local ecosystem services users. Results show that most of the ecosystem services of the Sundarbans experienced negative changes over the last two decades. Time series analysis and community perceptions held a number of drivers responsible for these changes. Climatic change, rapid environmental change, demand for mangrove products on the global market, major infrastructure development and governance failure were identified as primary drivers leading to the degradation of ecosystem services of the Sundarbans. The study calls for a transformation in the stewardship of ecosystem services of the Sundarbans and other mangroves across the tropics, to escape the situation where negative environmental impacts might be difficult to reverse. 相似文献
19.
Hari Prasad PANDEY 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2021,12(1):1-10
全球近四分之三的森林正在遭受人为干扰,尼泊尔三分之二以上的森林受到不同类型的干扰。在社区森林中,当地社区在生计的各个方面都依赖于森林提供的生态系统服务,这些服务以各种方式干扰森林的自然条件和生态系统的功能。本研究在尼泊尔中部丘陵区的两个社区管理森林中,研究了对植物物种多样性、更新(幼苗和树苗)、生物量、土壤有机碳(SOC)和总碳密度的主要干扰因子。以树桩数、断苗、砍伐和放牧践踏作为主要人为干扰的衡量指标,从89个随机选取的250 m2的样地中收集了必要的数据,利用广义线性模型(GLM)对人为干扰的响应进行了分析。结果表明,森林砍伐对生物量和总碳密度平衡的影响最大。森林砍伐程度越高,森林碳储量越低。SOC对上述类型的人为干扰均无显著反应。木本物种丰富度和幼树数量随着树桩数量的增加而增加,说明中间干扰是有益的。然而,较高的砍伐强度降低了幼树密度。放牧/践踏是抑制幼苗生长的最显著干扰,在践踏强度较高的森林地区,幼苗和树苗数量较少。这些结果将为尼泊尔多目标森林管理以及如何降低其他地区类似社会经济环境中的人为干扰的影响提供指南。 相似文献
20.
In Nepal, nearly half of the total land is covered by forest, which holds a potentially important position in promoting rural livelihoods and in alleviating rural poverty. The rural landscape that encompasses an agrarian economy, a fragile ecology, and a complex and differentiated society is changing rapidly in Nepal today. Although poverty alleviation has been one of the top priorities for national development since 1976, poverty still remains widespread, persistent and it is also an acute problem in Nepal, where people are in a state of deprivation with regard to incomes, clothing, housing, healthcare, education, sanitary facilities and human rights. Thus, Nepal is considered as one of the poorest countries in South-Asia, with 25.2% people living below the poverty line. The objective of this study was to assess changes in poverty of forest users brought on by the community forestry program, in order to analyze the level of participation in community forestry management activities. For this study, Bajhang district was chosen as the study site, which is one of the poorest and most remote districts in the country of Nepal. Different Participatory Rural Appraisal methods such as face-to face interviews, focus group discussions and key informants’ interviews including secondary data were used to gather information. The findings showed that the forest users’ participation in meetings, discussion and other activities, like community forestry management or silvicultural operation related to community forestry, was high. The assessment found that 42.3%, 32.6% and 25.1% of respondents strongly agreed, agreed and were neutral, respectively, towards the idea that poverty reduction from community forests had occurred. The results showed almost all the respondents were depended upon agriculture and/or forest resources for their livelihoods. Different ecosystem services such as ethnomedicines, aesthetic value and ecotourism, control of soil erosion/land-slides, water recharge and soil fertility have increased due to the decomposition of leaf litter. This was apparent from the formulation of community forests. Poverty in rural areas of the country is still higher than in urban areas and the incidence of poverty is the highest in the Far western Province where this research was conducted, Therefore, the government, policy makers and other stakeholders should work hand-in-hand to effectively reduce the poverty that persists in Nepal. 相似文献