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1.
Johan G. Borchert 《GeoJournal》1998,45(4):327-336
The retail system is continuously adapting itself to changing demographic conditions, consumer behavior and economic conditions.
Existing retail units, getting larger in order to achieve economics of scale, and new forms of large-scale retailing do not
fit easily in the traditional spatial pattern of retail concentrations. Neverteless the spatial distribution of retailing
in urban areas, as schematized by Berry thirty-five years ago, still has its value. Through an upward hierarchical movement
the retail system has adapted itself to an inflexible spatial system, in which downtown has still a dominant position. Future
developments, however, may weaken the position of central shopping areas in favour of peripheral locations.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
In poor health: Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Elizabeth Eisenhauer 《GeoJournal》2001,53(2):125-133
Over the past 100 years, ethnic minorities and the poor have become increasingly concentrated and isolated in low-income urban neighborhoods. While the demographic changes in cities are well documented, the parallel history of urban retailing is less well known. Little research has been done on changes in urban food retailing, particularly as they concern the urban poor. As the residential character of urban neighborhoods changed during the 20th century, so did the amenities available in those neighborhoods. The low point for urban retailing was in the 1980s, when cities experienced a net loss of supermarkets even as, nationally, store openings exceeded closings. The trend toward fewer, bigger stores located outside cities has continued to the present. Some critics have referred to this disinclination of large chains to locate in cities as `supermarket redlining'. Changes in food availability are a key element in the changing social conditions of the urban poor and, as good nutrition is critical for good health, a contributing factor in the decline of urban health. This paper will examine changes in urban retail food availability, the impact these changes have had on the health status of the urban poor, strategies utilized by the urban poor to address inadequate access to quality food sources, and the role of supermarkets in distressed communities. 相似文献
3.
Paul L. Knox 《Geoforum》1981,12(3):255-264
Dispensing Chemists represent an important component in the organization of primary medical care in the United Kingdom, as well as providing a basic retail service. Over the past 30 years, the number of dispensing chemists' shops in Scotland has fallen by 40%, a withdrawal of services which has important spatial welfare implications. In this paper the locational dynamics of pharmaceutical retailing are examined, and the pattern of change between 1950 and 1980 is described. It is shown that the major trend, at both regional and intra-urban levels, is centralization. This trend is only weakly related to patterns in population change. Rather, it is the product of a general restructuring of retailing, reinforced by changes in the structure of the health care delivery system. 相似文献
4.
This paper examines the spatial distribution of the functional systems in the different belts of settlements around Budapest. The surburban belts have an important role in the capital's labour market, places of employment and recreation with 45 settlements. The paper reviews the structure of the Budapest agglomeration from the core to the three inner, middle and outer belts comprising the suburbs, the semi-urban settlements, the suburban villages, the satellite towns, and the satellite villages. Then the system of the functional urban centres are reviewed, The author establishes the concept of the main, the division, the district and the settlement group centres in the Budapest agglomeration. The different levels of attached functions, such as international, national, regional and local are also described with each centre type. The areal distribution of the centre system of Budapest is shown in maps too. 相似文献
5.
R.C. Estall 《Geoforum》1983,14(2):133-147
Studies of economic development in the USA in the 1970s emphasized the strong growth of manufacturing in non-metropolitan areas and stressed the break implied with historical patterns of spatial concentration. Much of this growth took place, however, either in counties adjacent to existing metropolitan areas or in counties where existing urban centres were, as a consequence, raised to metropolitan size. Thus when new job growth is assessed on the basis of current definitions of SMSAs, the share of national manufacturing employment contained in metropolitan centres has increased. There has been no marked break with the historical pattern which has chiefly been one of growth of manufacturing employment at the metropolitan periphery. Important variations of experience occur, however, at the regional level and also according to the size of metropolitan areas. A study of the kinds of industry concerned in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan growth and in differential regional growth helps to explain the processes involved. The increasing role of ‘non-production’ workers in manufacturing also becomes a key feature here. 相似文献
6.
The new retail trade and services and their emerging location pattern in St. Petersburg 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The system of factors affecting the spatial distribution of the retail trade and service establishments has changed dramatically since socialist times. The administrative regulation lost its almost complete dominance and turned into one of the market forces. In contrast, the impact of the urban environment under very free market conditions substantially increased. We show the main directions of this influence. Two generalized indicators that we use describe macro trends in the development of the spatial system of retail trade and services. One of them, which we call the urban morphology, is of a concentric effect, another – transportation pattern – adds the sectoral component to the retail trade and services geography. Five systems of spatial attractions differently affect the distribution of different branches. 相似文献
7.
Gareth Shaw 《Geoforum》1987,18(4)
There is a growing interest in the development of purpose-built shopping centres, which now dominate the retail environments of many cities. Much of the past research has been directed at the impact of shopping centres on more traditional retail structures. More recently, however, there has been a recognition of the importance of those institutional forces that shape the internal character of shopping centres and ultimately determine their economic impact. This paper draws attention to these factors and discusses the control that leasing agreements and corporate policy have on shopping centre development. The whole discussion is set within the framework of metropolitan Toronto, which has for some time experienced the full impact of these institutional forces. 相似文献
8.
《Geoforum》2015
This study explores the spatial transformation of urban South Africa since the ending of Apartheid rule two decades ago. It places this experience within the context of countries which have also gone through a “loosening” of political control and of related controls over spatial arrangements. The paper provides a discussion of South Africa’s spatial trends between 1996 and 2011, focusing on urbanisation; urban form; and socio-spatial segregation, and exploring the extent to which changes identified are shaped by the state, private sector investment, and the everyday actions of households and individuals. It shows that South Africa’s urban spatial transformation, post-Apartheid, is both idiosyncratic and comparable. The consequences of spatial controls, and of their loosening, have been diverse across countries, but also within countries. Loosening has led to differing relationships between state, citizenry and private enterprise, and to complex new crossing points between these groupings, affecting spatial change. In South Africa, significant trends have been: movement to the major cities where employment growth is stronger; levels of racial desegregation; and densification of parts of cities and towns, along with peripheral growth and employment decentralisation. Many of the changes however are differentiated across space and between settlements. While proactive state policies have had some impact (not necessarily in the direction of desired spatial transformation), and there are complex interrelationships, our empirical studies suggest that the major weight of evidence is towards the roles of private enterprise and people in shaping spatial change, enabled in part by forms of state loosening. 相似文献
9.
Theo Rauch 《Geoforum》1982,13(2):151-161
The Nigerian growth-pattern, with its shift from more labour-intensive and resource-based to more capital-intensive and import-based industries, caused an increasing spatial concentration of productive forces, resulting in deteriorating living conditions for the majority of the population in rural and in urban areas. The Nigerian government never had a systematic regional policy. The impact of its general economic policy, however, fostered spatial polarisation by favouring import-based industries of the highest technological level while discriminating against other economic activities. As the scope for decentralisation within this pattern of accumulation is extremely limited, the problem cannot be solved by instruments of regional policy but only by altering the overall growth-pattern. 相似文献
10.
Urban expanding pattern and soil organic, inorganic carbon distribution in Shanghai, China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Soil carbon stock changes induced by land-use change play an essential role in the global greenhouse effect and carbon circulation. This paper studies the urban expanding patterns and spatial characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) distribution and evolution during the urbanization process of Shanghai, China, based on the data of the regional geochemical survey. Urbanization process in Shanghai, China, has been quickening greatly since the 1980s. The urban area expanded from 193.08 km2 in 1980 to 1,570.52 km2 in 2005, or up from 3.05 to 24.77% in the past 25 years, and the urban expansion circled the central city region according to the RS images acquired in the periods of 1980, 2000 and 2005. The urban topsoil is slightly enriched with SOC and SIC, which shows obvious spatial variability. By comparison of SOC and SIC distribution in the central urban area, urbanized area during 1980–2000, 2000–2005 and the suburban area, the SOC obviously accumulates in the central urban area, while SOC density in the urbanized area decreases; similarly, the SIC obviously accumulates in central urban area; furthermore, the SIC density increases with urban land use duration extending and urban ecosystem evolving. This paper provides the characteristics of SOC and SIC distribution and evolution during the course of urbanization, which may be useful for assessing the impact of land use and urban development on SOC and SIC pools in urban ecosystem. 相似文献
11.
12.
Socialist industrialization, with its multiple economic and social consequences, has helped Romania to become, within a short stage of development, an industrial-agrarian country, with a well-balanced and dynamic economy. The changing structure of its industry is characterized chiefly by the ever increasing importance of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, machine building and chemicals. The well-balanced regional distribution of industry is based on geographical, economic and social criteria, such as distance from sources of raw material or consumption centres, intensive use of transport and the use of the available industrial basis, the raw materials, and labour. Unlike the previous periods, the geographical distribution of industry today is characterised by four great industrial areas —the south, the south-west, the centre and the east as well as other more restricted areas and an important number of industrial centres. 相似文献
13.
South Africa’s cities have experienced dramatic changes over the past decade. Cities are now home to a multiracial population, and have been transformed by new forms of economic and social interaction. For some, these changes have become a significant source of fear and anxiety. In this paper, we examine reactions to urban spatial change in the city of Durban, as expressed in local newspapers and interviews with suburban residents. We describe how the discourses of urban change in Durban have centred on the increased presence of street traders within the city’s public spaces, and the various ways in which the activity of street trade has disrupted long-established modernist norms governing the occupation and use of the urban space. Specifically, we offer a detailed reading of three prominent narratives within the discussion of street traders in Durban--chaos, congestion and pollution. We argue that street traders have come to embody a wide range of more deeply seated cultural anxieties, which have been brought to the fore in the context of South Africa’s transition. These anxieties arise from the ways in which modern understandings of order, agency and subjectivity have been called into question by material changes in the city, and have implications for the nature of citizenship and civic engagement in post-apartheid South Africa. 相似文献
14.
Two land development scenarios based on the Central Florida Regional Growth Vision projection for 2050 were used to explore the developments?? potential influence on regional climate. One scenario is a widespread suburban land development plan, and the other is a higher density urban development plan, both for the same location in central Florida. A series of simulation experiments were conducted using a regional climate model upgraded for this study to include an urban scheme. Noticeable differences in simulated regional climate patterns were found between the land development scenarios, which could potentially influence population requirements for energy and water. In our simulations, the aggregated effect of land cover changes over large suburban areas produced a more intense heat island effect than that produced by high-density urban areas. 相似文献
15.
The world has been undergoing a remarkable process of urbanization, especially in developing countries in recent years. The urbanization process has brought about great urban development and large population agglomeration, changes in production and lifestyle, and man-made disturbances such as greenhouse gas and pollution emissions. As the global urbanization process continues to advance, its impact on climate change continues to strengthen significantly. This paper mainly reviewed and summarized relevant researches from two aspects: the influence of urbanization on climate change and the mechanism of influence of urbanization on climate change. Urbanization causes regional warming and urban heat island effect, extreme events such as high temperature, heat wave and heavy rainfall increase in frequency, and also leads to increased urban flood risk. The increase of pollutant emission in the process of urbanization is the main cause of air quality deterioration. Urbanization also has an indirect impact on air quality by changing urban climate. Urbanization has an important impact on climatic factors such as relative humidity, wind speed, sunshine and cloud cover. The impacts of urbanization on climate change are mainly realized through underlying surface changes, greenhouse gas and pollution emissions, anthropogenic heat emissions and urban high heat capacity. Urbanization not only directly affects the regional/local climate, but also indirectly affects the regional/local climate by promoting global climate change. Therefore, the impact of urbanization on climate change has a global and regional multi-scale superposition effect. 相似文献
16.
Clifford M. Guy 《GeoJournal》1998,45(4):255-264
This paper reviews current methods used in classifying retail outlets and areas devoted to retailing, in the geographical
and town planning literature. For retail outlets, classifications based upon types of goods sold, and types of shopping trip,
are discussed. This is followed by an analysis of modern large store development which reflects property developers' and retailers'
concerns. Areas devoted to retail uses are subdivided into unplanned ‘retail areas’ and planned ‘shopping centres’. Traditional
classifications based upon central place theory are reviewed for both of these types, and found wanting in the light of recent
changes in retail development practice and consumer behaviour. Classifications based upon physical development characteristics
and type of shopping trip are recommended. Finally, classifications of urban retail location are examined.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
Urbanization induced environmental hazards from breakage hills in the karst geological region of Jinan City,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Rapid urbanization has profoundly transformed the spatial pattern of urban land use, and the urban hills are facing changes
in Jinan City. Urbanization has had and continues to have a negative impact on urban mountain area within city. With the rapid
development of Jinan’s urbanization and civilization, urban mountainous environment issues, such as destruction of mountain
body, soil and water loss, soil erosion, and degeneration of vegetation, are becoming more serious. These have resulted in
the serious natural hazards in the karst mountainous region of Jinan City, i.e. mining landslide, debris flow, and mountain
collapse. 相似文献
18.
西北干旱区城市土地利用变化及其区域生态环境效应——以甘肃河西地区为例 总被引：57，自引：0，他引：57
基于高分辨率土地利用/土地覆盖数据,本文对1985～2000年期间河西地区城市土地利用变化的区域生态环境效应进行了定量分析,结果表明:1)1985～2000年期间河西地区总体生态环境质量在一定程度上维持着相对稳定,但生态环境质量改善和恶化的两种趋势并存,并在县级行政单元上表现出明显的区域分异特征,城市用地变化对区域生态环境的影响总体而言不显著;2)整个河西地区城市用地增长缓慢,表明其城市化进程缓慢.与城市用地变化有关的土地利用类型也多分布在金昌、嘉峪关、张掖、武威和酒泉5个地级市所在地区,表明这些区域的城市化过程相对活跃;3)城市用地变化对生态环境影响的空间规律表现为:使生态环境原本较差的地区生态环境质量有所增加,而使生态环境质量较好的地区生态环境质量降低;4)城镇用地与工矿用地对区域生态环境的影响表现出与城市用地总体基本一致的规律,但农村居民点则对生态环境正、负两方面影响都较为显著;5)城市用地扩展对区域生态环境的影响也体现出与城市用地总体类似的区域分异特征;而城市用地收缩的影响则与此趋势相反. 相似文献
19.
Yukio Sadahiro 《GeoJournal》2000,52(3):237-252
The present paper proposes a new method for analyzing the spatial structure of retailing, using microscale locational data
of individual retail stores. The method is based on the probability density function (PDF) of stores estimated from their
locational data, and consequently it is applicable to both micro- and macro-scale retail analyses. The PDF approach provides
a set of quantitative methods that permit us (1) to measure the degree of agglomeration, (2) to classify spatial patterns
of store location, (3) to analyze the relationship between the size and function of retail agglomerations, and (4) to analyze
the spatial structure of retail agglomeration. An empirical study is performed to test the validity of the method, and some
empirical findings are shown.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
为了科学评估变化环境下城市地区降水结构变化和深入认识特大型城市降水极值演变特征,以北京市为例,采用《北京市暴雨图集》中6种历时（10 min、30 min、1 h、6 h、24 h和72 h）的年最大暴雨统计数据和北京地区45个雨量站点1960-2012年汛期（6-9月）逐日降水观测资料,分别选择年最大值法和百分位阈值法,基于暴雨图集中的6种历时暴雨的统计特征值和两种百分位阈值下（95%和99%）的3种极端降水指标（发生次数、降水量和降水贡献率）分析北京地区降水极值的时空变化特征。研究结果表明:① 北京地区降水极值的空间分布受地形特征和城市化发展等因素影响而呈现出从东向西递减的趋势,且形成了局部区域高值中心;② 近50年来北京地区极端降水发生频次、极端降水量和极端降水的贡献率均表现出显著的下降趋势,在95%（99%）阈值条件下极端降水发生次数、极端降水量和极端降水贡献率的下降速率分别为0.13次/10 a（0.04次/10 a）、11.59 mm/10a（5.28 mm/a）和2%/10 a（1%/10 a）;③ 两个阶段（1960-1985年和1986-2012年）的城区与近郊的极端降水指标差异表现不同,1960-1985年在极端降水频次方面郊区占优,而极端降水量和贡献率则是城区较高,1986-2012年3个指标均表现为城区较高。 相似文献