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1.
Near-fault ground motions, potentially with large amplitude and typical velocity pulses, may significantly impact the performance
of a wide range of structures. The current study is aimed at evaluating the safety implications of the near-fault effect on
nuclear power plant facilities designed according to the Chinese code. To this end, a set of nearfault ground motions at rock
sites with typical forward-directivity effect is examined with special emphasis on several key parameters and response spectra.
Spectral comparison of the selected records with the Chinese and other code design spectra was conducted. The bi-normalized
response spectra in terms of different corner periods are utilized to derive nuclear design spectra. It is concluded that
nuclear design spectra on rock sites derived from typical rupture directivity records are significantly influenced both by
the earthquake magnitude and the rupture distance. The nuclear design spectra specified in the code needs to be adjusted to
reflect the near-fault directivity effect of large earthquakes. 相似文献
2.
We have compared near-fault ground motions from TeraShake simulations of Mw7.7 earthquake scenarios on the southern San Andreas Fault with precariously balanced rock locations. The TeraShake scenarios
with different directions of rupture generate radically different ground motions to the northwest of the Los Angeles Basin,
primarily because of directivity effects, and thus provide constraints on the ground motion and rupture direction for the
latest (1690) large event on that section of the San Andreas Fault. Due to the large directional near-field ground motions
predicted by the simulations, we expect the precariously balanced rocks to be located primarily in the backward rupture direction
or near the epicenter. Preliminary results favor persistent nucleation at or slightly northwest of the San Gorgonia Pass fault
zone for large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas Fault. 相似文献
3.
In order to propose a seismic design spectrum that includes the effect of rupture directivity in the near-fault region, this study investigates the application of equivalent pulses to the parameter attenuation relationships developed for near-fault, forward-directivity motions. Near-fault ground motions are represented by equivalent pulses with different waveforms defined by a small number of parameters （peak acceleration, A, and velocity V; and pulse period, Tv）. Dimensionless ratios between these parameters （e.g., ATv/V, VTv/D） and response spectral shapes and amplitudes are examined for different pulses to gain insight on their dependence on basic pulse waveforms. Ratios of ATv/V, VTv/D, and the ratio of pulse period to the period for peak spectral velocity （Tv-p） are utilized to quantify the difference between rock and soil sites for near-fault forward-directivity ground motions. The ATv/Vratio of recorded near-fault motions is substantially larger for rock sites than that for soil sites, while Tvp/Tv ratios are smaller at rock sites than at soil sites. Furthermore, using simple pulses and available predictive relationships for the pulse parameters, a preliminary model for the design acceleration response spectra for the near-fault region that includes the dependence on magnitude, rupture distance, and local site conditions are developed. 相似文献
4.
Forward directivity may cause large velocity pulses in ground motion time histories that are damaging to buildings at sites close to faults, potentially increasing seismic collapse risk. This study quantifies the effects of forward directivity on collapse risk through incremental dynamic analysis of building simulation models that are capable of capturing the key aspects of strength and stiffness degradation associated with structural collapse. The paper also describes a method for incorporating the effects of near-fault directivity in probabilistic assessment of seismic collapse risk. The analysis is based on a suite of RC frame models that represent both past and present building code provisions, subjected to a database of near-fault, pulse-like ground motions with varying pulse periods. Results show that the predicted collapse capacity is strongly influenced by variations in pulse period and building ductility; pulse periods that are longer than the first-mode elastic building period tend to be the most damaging. A detailed assessment of seismic collapse risk shows that the predicted probability of collapse in 50 years for modern concrete buildings at a representative near-fault site is approximately 6%, which is significantly higher than the 1% probability in the far-field region targeted by current seismic design maps in the US. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
基于显式有限元方法和运动学震源模型并利用昆明盆地三维地下构造模型,本文研究了震源参数对断层附近长周期地震动的影响.结果表明,断层的破裂方式、埋藏深度、破裂速度以及断层面上位错的不均匀分布对断层附近长周期地震动有重要影响.不同破裂方式下,破裂的方向性强的区域分布不同,由于破裂的方向性效应和复杂场地条件的共同作用,导致不同破裂方式的断层附近地震动分布差别很大.随着破裂速度的增加,方向性效应更加明显,断层附近的长周期地震动也随之增大;对于浅源地震,随着断层埋深的增加,地震动明显下降.对于埋藏深度很浅的断层,当Asperity靠近断层上沿时,会显著增大其在地表投影附近的长周期地震动.能否合理地估计这些基本震源参数,是预测未来发震断层周围地震动场的关键. 相似文献
6.
M. R. Ghayamghamian 《Journal of Seismology》2007,11(1):39-57
The Changureh–Avaj earthquake (M = 6.4) occurred 220 km northwest of Tehran on June 22, 2002. According to the official report, 226 people were killed, 1300
injured and 33,000 houses were seriously damaged or collapsed. Two villages located in the near-fault region with a population
more than 200 people were completely destroyed. The damage survey was conducted within 30 km of the epicenter. During damage
investigation, an observable pattern of damage in toppled masonry and concrete block fences was recognized. The data of damaged
fences were documented and analyzed to study the effect of direction and distance from the epicenter. From the 109 fences,
85 fences were built within 15° of either north or east, providing an opportunity to study the effect of orientation. The
results of analysis revealed that the east–west oriented fences toppled 2.6 times more than those oriented north–south. More
than 70% of toppled fences were oriented in east–west direction, with more falling towards the north than to the south. This
preferred direction of damage for toppled fences was observed in all four quadrants about the epicenter and at distance up
to 15 km. In the northern quadrants almost all toppled fences were oriented east–west. Two possibilities, namely, near-fault
effect and 2D or 3D site response, are examined to find an explanation for the observed damage pattern at the sites. Since
the preferred direction of damage inferred from toppled fences within 15 km of epicenter was found to be parallel to the direction
of rupture propagation, the near-fault forwarded rupture directivity was investigated as the most possible reason for the
observed phenomenon at the sites. However, there were no records of strong motions available in near-fault zone. Thus, the
near-fault ground motions were theoretically simulated by using developed local source parameters and heterogeneous slip model.
Next, the principal axes were calculated by using eigenvector analysis of simulated horizontal motions. The preferred direction
of damage in over 90% of the sites is well predicted by the directional dependence of near-fault ground motion. Nevertheless,
the preferred direction of damage in Avaj station, where the main shock was recorded, demonstrates totally different result
from the one predicted by the source. The shear-wave polarization is investigated as an alternative reason at the sites. The
polarization of motion is found to be the greatest at frequencies with peaks in maximized and H/V spectra, suggesting that
directional motion is associated with local site and geologic conditions. The dominant direction of motion due to source mechanism
and local site conditions was identified and compared with the preferred direction of damage observed at the sites. It is
found that the near-fault source effects can strongly control the motion directionality and even dictate its dominant direction
to the one caused by local geologic or site conditions. Finally, the outcome provides field evidence of directional damage
due to near-fault effects and local site conditions. This may aid in predicting the directions of damaging earthquake motions,
and serve as an important factor in the design of critical facilities. 相似文献
7.
Nonlinear dynamic response of r.c. framed structures subjected to near-fault ground motions 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The nonlinear dynamic response of reinforced concrete (r.c.) framed buildings subjected to near-fault ground motions is studied
to check the effectiveness of current code provisions with reference to study cases. Three-, six- and twelve-storey r.c. plane
frames, representative of symmetric framed buildings, are designed according to the European seismic code (EC8), assuming
medium and high ductility classes and stratigraphic profiles A (rock) and D (soft soil) in a high-risk seismic region. The
nonlinear seismic analysis is performed using a step-by-step procedure; a bilinear model idealizes the behaviour of the r.c.
frame members. Artificially generated motions (matching EC8 response spectra for subsoil classes A and D) and horizontal motions
(recorded on rock- and soft soil-site at near-fault areas) are considered. The results indicate that near-fault ground motions
may require a special consideration in the code, in particular when designing r.c. framed structures placed on a soft soil-site;
particular attention should be paid to the design of the frame members of the lower storeys. 相似文献
8.
Jonathan D. Bray Adrian Rodriguez-Marek 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2004,24(11):815-828
Ground motions close to a ruptured fault resulting from forward-directivity are significantly different than other ground motions. These pulse-type motions can place severe demands on structures in the near-fault region. To aid in the characterization of these special type of ground motions, a simplified parameterization is proposed based on a representative amplitude, pulse period, and number of significant pulses in the velocity–time history. Empirical relationships were developed for estimating the peak ground velocity (PGV) and period of the velocity pulse (Tv) of available forward-directivity motions. PGV in the near-fault region varies significantly with magnitude and distance. Additionally, the PGV for soil sites are systematically larger than those at rocks sites. Tv is a function of moment magnitude and site conditions with most of the energy being concentrated within a narrow-period band centered on the pulse period. Hence, lower magnitude events, which produce lower pulse periods, might produce more damaging ground motions for the stiff structures more common in urban areas. 相似文献
9.
Effect of source parameters on forward-directivity velocity pulse for vertical strike slip fault in half space 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
It has been found that the large velocity pulse is one of the most important characteristics of near-fault strong ground motions. Some statistical relationships between pulse period and the moment magnitude for near-fault strong ground motions have been established by Somerville （1998）; Alavi and Krawinkler （2000）; and Mavroeidis and Papageorgiou （2003）, where no variety of rupture velocity, fault depth, and fault distance, etc. were considered. Since near-fault ground motions are significantly influenced by the rupture process and source parameters, the effects of some source parameters on the amplitude and the period ofa forward-directivity velocity pulse in a half space are analyzed by the finite difference method combined with the kinematic source model in this paper. The study shows that the rupture velocity, fault depth, position of the initial rupture point and distribution of asperities are the most important parameters to the velocity pulse. Generally, the pulse period decreases and the pulse amplitude increases as the rupture velocity increases for shallow crustal earthquakes. In a definite region besides the fault trace, the pulse period increases as the fault depth increases. For a uniform strike slip fault, rupture initiating from one end of a fault and propagating to the other always generates a higher pulse amplitude and longer pulse period than in other cases. 相似文献
10.
Near-fault records of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake contain severe, long duration acceleration pulses which result in unusually large ground velocity increments. A review of these records along with the results of available theoretical studies of near-fault ground motions indicates that such acceleration pulses may be characteristic of near-fault sites in general. The results of an analytical study of a building severely damaged during the San Fernando earthquake indicate that such severe, long duration acceleration pulses were the cause of the main features of the observed structural damage. The implications of such pulses on current aseismic design methods, particularly those used to establish design earthquakes, are examined for buildings located near potential earthquake faults. Analytical studies of the non-linear dynamic response of single and multiple degree-of-freedom systems to several near-fault records, as well as to a more standard accelerogram, indicate that at near-fault sites: (a) very large displacement ductilities may result for current levels of code design forces; (b) smoothed elastic design response spectra should reflect the larger ground velocities that may occur; and (c) peak inelastic response cannot reliably be inferred from elastic response predictions. 相似文献
11.
Ground motions with forward-directivity effect in the near-fault region are obviously different from ordinary far-field ground motions. Design spectral models for this kind of motions have been proposed by correlating sim-ple pulses with parameters attenuation relationships in a previous study of the authors. To further test the applica-bility of the established design spectral model, we analyze ground motion pseudo-velocity response spectra (PVS), normalized pseudo-velocity spectra (NPVS) and bi-normalized pseudo-velocity spectra (BNPVS) of 53 typical near-fault forward-directivity ground motions. It is found that BNPVS not only has more salient features to reflect the difference between soil and rock sites, but also has less scattering to reveal the nature of forward-directivity motions. And then, BNPVS is used for prediction of design spectra accounting for the influence of site conditions, and the constructed design spectra are compared with those spectra established previously. It is concluded that site condition can heavily affect ground motions, buildings on rock can be even more dangerous than those on soil sites, in particular for ordinary buildings with short to middle vibration periods. Finally, pulse models are also suggested for structural analyses in the near-fault region. 相似文献
12.
近断层长周期地震动是一类较特殊的破坏性地震动.为了深入探讨近断层地震动的低频分量组成及其脉冲特性,基于小波理论中的多尺度分析方法提出了一种地震动分量分解方法,据此可将一条地震动分解成频率各不相同的多条分量.首先从频域、时域以及动态响应三个方面阐述了该分解方法的有效性和精确性.进而采用这种方法对近期12次大地震中的53条典型近断层地震动进行了分解,共获得266条地震动分量.分析了近断层地震动中的长周期分量随场地、断层距等影响因素的变化特征;再以卓越分量作为最大脉冲的简化模型,探讨了速度幅值和脉冲周期随震级、断层距的变化关系.结果表明：近断层长周期地震动主要由周期为0.2~2 s的分量组成;近断层土层场地地震动中的长周期分量比岩石场地多;在0~15 km的近断层区域,随断层距的增加,地震动中长周期分量的比重明显减小;卓越分量的速度幅值PGVp约为原始地震动速度幅值PGV的0.6倍,且两者之间具有明显的线性关系;PGVp随断层距的增大而减小,随震级的增大而增大;卓越分量周期Tp随震级的增大呈对数线性增大趋势. 相似文献
13.
Introduction The dynamic response of structural systems subjected to earthquake ground shaking is sig-nificantly affected by the frequency content of input ground motions. When the frequency content of a predominant earthquake ground motion closely matches the natural period of a structural sys-tem, the dynamic response is significantly enhanced and thus may cause severe damage (Chopra, 1995). Therefore, it is of great importance to evaluate the frequency content of ground motions. In recent … 相似文献
14.
This paper focuses on the interstory drift ratio (IDR) demands of building structures subjected to near-fault ground motions having different impulsive characteristics based on generalized interstory drift spectral analysis. The near-fault ground motions considered include the idealized simple pulses and three groups of near-fault ground motions with forward directivity pulses, fling-step pulses and without velocity pulse. Meanwhile, the building systems are equivalently taken as shear-flexural beams with representative lateral stiffness ratios. The IDR distribution of continuous beams subjected to three groups of near-fault ground motions is acquired. It is illustrated that the maximum IDR shifts from the upper half to the lower half of buildings with an increase in lateral stiffness ratio. For long-period systems, the average IDR under impulsive ground motions is significantly greater than that under non-pulse motions. Finally, for moment-resisting frame buildings the forward directivity pulses amplify the drift response of higher modes, while the fling-step pulses excite primarily their contribution in the first mode and generate large deformation in the lower stories. The essential reason for this phenomenon is revealed according to the distinct property of near-fault impulsive ground motions and generalized drift spectral analysis. 相似文献
15.
The objective of this paper is to describe the lessons learned and actions that have been taken related to the seismic design
of bridge structures after the Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. Much variable near-fault ground motion data was collected from
the rupture of Chelungpu fault during the Chi-Chi earthquake, allowing the seismic response of bridge structures subjected
to these near-fault ground motions to be carefully examined. To study the near-fault ground motion effect on bridge seismic
design codes, a two-level seismic design of bridge structures was developed and implemented. This design code reflects the
near-fault factors in the seismic design forces. Finally, a risk assessment methodology, based on bridge vulnerability, is
also developed to assist in decisions for reducing seismic risk due to failure of bridges.
Director of Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering.
Supported by: the Science Council, Chinese Taipei, under grant no. SC 90-2211-E-002-028. 相似文献
16.
近断层地震动的基本特征 总被引：54，自引：11，他引：43
本文对近断层地震动的基本特征作了详细分析,这些基本特征主要包括近断层强地震动的集中性、地表破裂、地面永久变形、破裂的方向性效应、近断层速度大脉冲和上盘效应。这些特征虽然在一次地震中不一定同时出现,但它们是已经被强震观测资料和数值模拟证实了的,在模拟和预测近断层地震动时,必须充分考虑这些特点,合理的近断层地震动模拟或预测模型和方法应当在结果中再现这些特点。 相似文献
17.
近断层地震动场的预测不仅可以为抗震结构设计提供更加丰富的地震动输入,也可以作为土地合理规划的参考依据。在一些地震活动相对较弱的地区,地震往往发生在两个早第四纪断裂相交的位置处。因此对于这种相交早第四纪断裂区的近断层地震动场预测具有实际的意义。本文以枣庄市新城区为例,预测了在设定地震发生时,相交早第四纪断裂近断层地震动场的分布情况。先分别计算了近断层区低频和高频的地震动,然后将低频和高频成分合成宽频带的地震动场。在计算低频地震动场时,建立了枣庄市新城区地下三维传播介质模型和震源模型。计算的过程是模拟震源发生破裂产生地震波后,地震波在地下介质中的传播过程。使用了三维显式有限元、快速拉格朗日有限元法等数值计算方法以及并行计算技术来提高计算的速度。由于地震动的频率成分是连续的,因此对于高频地震动使用了随机震动理论来进行合成。本文研究的预测结果具备断层附近地震动的一些最基本的特征,符合当前对断层附近地震动的基本认识。 相似文献
18.
近断层脉冲型地震动作用下隔震结构地震反应分析 总被引：17，自引：5，他引：17
隔震结构在远震场地减震效果良好，但是近断层地震动的明显的长周期速度和位移脉冲运动可能对隔震建筑等长周期结构的抗震性能和设计带来不利影响，需要深入探讨。本文首先讨论近断层地震动的长周期脉冲运动特征，然后以台湾集集地震8条典型近震记录和其它4条常用近震记录以及4条远震记录作为地震动输入，对两幢安装铅芯橡胶隔震支座的钢筋混凝土框架隔震结构进行非线性地震反应时程分析，通过比较探讨了算例计算结果，定量说明隔震结构的近震脉冲效应显著，是隔震设计不容忽视的问题。 相似文献
19.
In this paper, near-fault strong ground motions caused by a surface rupture fault (SRF) and a buried fault (BF) are numerically
simulated and compared by using a time-space-decoupled, explicit finite element method combined with a multi-transmitting
formula (MTF) of an artificial boundary. Prior to the comparison, verification of the explicit element method and the MTF
is conducted. The comparison results show that the final dislocation of the SRF is larger than the BF for the same stress
drop on the fault plane. The maximum final dislocation occurs on the fault upper line for the SRF; however, for the BF, the
maximum final dislocation is located on the fault central part. Meanwhile, the PGA, PGV and PGD of long period ground motions
(≤1 Hz) generated by the SRF are much higher than those of the BF in the near-fault region. The peak value of the velocity
pulse generated by the SRF is also higher than the BF. Furthermore, it is found that in a very narrow region along the fault
trace, ground motions caused by the SRF are much higher than by the BF. These results may explain why SRFs almost always cause
heavy damage in near-fault regions compared to buried faults.
Supported by: National Natural Science Foundation of China Under Grant No. 50408003; National Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs
Funded by Ministry of Science & Technology of China Under Grant No. 2006BAC13B01 相似文献