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1.
A time and height dependent eddy diffusion model is used to investigate possible scenarios for the size distribution of dust in the lower atmosphere of Mars. The dust is assumed to either have been advected from a distant source or to have originated locally. In the former case, the atmosphere is assumed to initially contain dust particles with sizes following a modified gamma distribution. Larger particles are deposited relatively rapidly while small particles are well mixed up to the maximum height of the afternoon boundary layer and are deposited more slowly. In other cases, a parameterization of the dust source at the surface is proposed. Model results show that smaller particles are rapidly mixed within the Martian boundary layer, while larger particles (r > 10 μm) are concentrated near the ground with a stronger diurnal cycle. In all simulations we assume that the initial concentration or surface source depend on a modified gamma function distribution. For small particles (cross- sectional area weighted mean radius, reff = 1.6 μm) distributions retain essentially the same form, though with variations in the mean and variance of the area-weighted radius, and the gamma function can be used to represent the particle size distribution reasonably well at most heights within the boundary layer. In the case of a surface source of larger particles (mean radius 50 μm) the modified gamma function does not fit the resulting particle size distribution. All results are normalised by a scaling factor that can be adjusted to correspond to an optical depth for assumed particle optical scattering properties.  相似文献   

2.
Cloud microphysical data observed with PMS probes have been combined with radar and other in-situdata collected by a NOAA P-3 aircraft that flew through the stratiform and transition regions of a mesoscaleconvective complex(MCC).The combined data have been analyzed with respect to the mescscale structureof the storm systems.The characteristics of ice particles in the transition and stratiform regions were quitediffereat.The ice particle concentrations in the transition region were about 4 to 6 times that found in thestratiform region,and the size of ice particles in the stratiform region was about twice that in the transitionregion.The relatively lower radar reflectivity in the transition region is a result of smaller particle sizes.Themain precipitation particle growth mechanisms are riming and aggregation in the transition region ard theaggregation process predominates in the stratiform region referred from the microphysical structures.The ag-gregation starts in the upper,colder lev(?)ls but becomes more efficient as the particles approach the melting layer.  相似文献   

3.
利用山东省2007年10月27日1架次机载粒子测量系统（Particles Measuring System,PMS）积层混合云探测资料,分析了云中粒子浓度和尺度、液态含水量,以及小云滴和大云滴谱的垂直分布特征,比较了催化前后云微物理特征的变化。结果表明,催化前,云层中小云滴谱型为单峰,谱宽随高度增加先变窄后变宽,大云滴谱型在云低层为单峰,中高层为双峰谱,谱宽随高度增加先变宽后变窄,并且没有探测到降水粒子。催化后,小云滴尺度在低层减小、高层增加,整层液态水含量减小;大云滴浓度增加,尺度增大,出现降水粒子,固态粒子类型增多。在3 700~4 000 m高度层内小于10μm粒子明显增加,说明凝结过程比较明显,并且10~27.5μm粒子开始出现,启动了云滴的碰并机制。小云滴谱变化较小,基本为单峰谱,但在较大云滴处谱型略有起伏,在3 000m和3 300m高度的谱宽增宽。大云滴粒子谱有较大的变化,低层变成双峰谱,谱宽最宽可达650μm,中高层为双峰或多峰,峰值从小值向较大值移动。2D-P探头在催化云高层探测到降水粒子,谱型呈单调下降形态,谱宽最大为600μm。  相似文献   

4.
横断山中南部地区夏季热量平衡和水汽收支研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  
麻益民  宋正山 《高原气象》1993,12(3):264-273
  相似文献   

5.
We use a recently developed parametrization to estimate the regional particle field in the summer time troposphere over Scandinavia that would result if the forest were the only source of particles. The calculated field is compared with available observational data. It is concluded that the needle leaf forest above 58°N alone is capable of producing aerosol mass concentrations corresponding to 12–50% of today's values in the boundary layer over Scandinavia. We also demonstrate that the forest itself could produce up to 200 CCN per cubic centimetre on average over Scandinavia and further show that an increase in temperature by 5.8 °C compared to today's average temperature could increase this CCN population by 40%. The study shows that we are able to approximate the natural aerosol field resulting from biogenic emissions over the boreal forest in the northern hemispheric region. This information provide an important contribution in the evaluation of the climate effect caused by anthropogenic emissions of particles over the forest and also opens the possibility to better address the climate feedbacks believed to be associated with the boreal region.  相似文献   

6.
利用WRF模式对2009年6月发生在西南地区的一次中尺度对流复合体(Me-soscale Convective Complex,MCC)天气过程进行了数值模拟,结合HYSPLIT拉格朗日轨迹分析,研究了此次强对流天气调控下的对流层向平流层输送(Troposphere-to-Strat-osphere transport...  相似文献   

7.
积雪作为主要的淡水资源,准确地监测积雪覆盖与雪深具有十分重要的意义。随着全球卫星导航系统的不断建设和新技术新应用的不断发展,地基GPS遥感积雪参数技术越来越受国内外学者的重视。本文基于阿勒泰市气象局的GPS地表环境监测站观测数据,采用GPS-MR技术开展了积雪深度反演研究。首先给出了GPS-MR技术用于积雪深度反演的基本原理,其次利用阿勒泰GPS监测站2017年1—3月的数据进行了积雪深度反演分析,最后针对不同GPS卫星高度角区间影响进行精度分析。研究结果表明地基GPS可用于阿勒泰气象站积雪深度反演,与实测雪深较差优于3 cm,且较优卫星高度角区间为5°～20°。地基GPS用于积雪深度反演具有全天候、高精度、高时间分辨率、高自动化、低成本等优点,可充分发挥现有地基GNSS气象监测站在积雪探测领域潜在的应用价值,以期地基GNSS监测站成为积雪遥感探测手段的有效补充。  相似文献   

8.
利用阿尔泰山中部地区3个采样点的树轮宽度资料,建立年表,对比3个树轮宽度标准化年表（STD）相关特征参数及年表与气候的响应,结果表明：大东沟（DDG）年表和二道房子（EDF）年表的平均敏感度和信噪比等参数均较大,表明2个年表含有较丰富的气候信息。2个年表的显著性水平达到0.01的自相关大多在4阶以内,表明气候对阿尔泰山中部树轮宽度生长的影响主要表现在当年及其后的3 a,其＂滞后效应＂较明显。位于阿尔泰山中部森林中下部林缘的大东沟树轮宽度年表（DDG）与上年11月-当年4月的降水量有显著的正相关（r=0.503,p〈0.001）;而位于阿尔泰山中部森林上树线附近的哈依萨萨依树轮宽度年表（HYS）对当年6-7月的月平均最低气温有明显的正相关（r=0.462,p〈0.001）,但同时与当年1月的降水有很好的响应。  相似文献   

9.
A large-eddy simulation (LES) with the dynamic Smagorinsky-Germano subgrid-scale (SGS) model is used to study the dispersion of solid particles in a turbulent boundary layer. Solid particles are tracked in a Lagrangian way. The instantaneous velocity of the surrounding fluid is considered to have a large-scale part (directly computed by the LES) and a small-scale part. The SGS velocity of the surrounding fluid is given by a three-dimensional Langevin model written in terms of SGS statistics at a mesh level. An appropriate Lagrangian correlation time scale is considered in order to include the influences of gravity and inertia of the solid particle. Inter-particle collisions and the influence of particles on the mean flow are also taken into account. The results of the LES are compared with the wind-tunnel experiments of Nalpanis et al. (1993 J Fluid Mech 251: 661–685) and of Tanière et al. (1997 Exp in Fluids 23:463–471) on sand particles in saltation and in modified saltation, respectively.  相似文献   

10.
We present new tree-ring width, δ13C, and δ18O chronologies from the Koksu site (49°N, 86° E, 2,200 m asl), situated in the Russian Altai. A strong temperature signal is recorded in the tree-ring width (June-July) and stable isotope (July-August) chronologies, a July precipitation signal captured by the stable isotope data. To investigate the nature of common climatic patterns, our new chronologies are compared with previously published tree-ring and stable isotope data from other sites in the Altai region. The temperature signal preserved in the conifer trees is strongly expressed at local and regional scales for all studied sites, resulting in even stronger temperature and precipitation signals in combined average chronologies compared to separate chronologies. This enables the reconstruction of June-July and July-August temperatures for the last 200 years using tree-ring and stable carbon isotopes. A July precipitation reconstruction based on oxygen isotopic variability recorded in tree-rings can potentially improve the understanding of hydrological changes and the occurrence of extreme events in the Russian Altai.  相似文献   

11.
Atmospheric concentrations and total deposition (wet+dry) of phosphorus were measured over the northwestern Mediterranean between april 1985 and march 1988. A seasonal cycle of both atmospheric concentrations and total deposition is observed, the higher values being recorded during the dry season. Air-mass trajectory analyses allow an identification of the major sources of atmospheric phosphorus: soil-derived dust from desert areas of north Africa and anthropogenic emissions from european countries. The impact of the atmospheric input as a source of phosphorus for surface Mediterrancan waters is tentatively assessed on both annual and seasonal time scales. The results suggest that the atmospheric input of phosphorus could be significant to Mediterranean oligotrophic zones, especially during summer when phosphorus input from deeper waters into the photic layer is minimum.  相似文献   

12.
We present a theory for the formation of frozen aerosol particles in the Antarctic stratosphere, the coldest region of the Earth's stratosphere. The theory is applied specifically to the formation of polar stratospheric clouds. We suggest that the condensed ices are composed primarily of nitric acid and water with small admixtures of other compounds such as H2SO4 and HCl in solid solution. Our assumed particle formation mechanism is in agreement with the magnitude and seasonal behavior of the optical extinctions observed in the winter polar stratosphere. Physical chemistry and thermodynamic considerations suggest that at temperatures between about 200 and 185 K, stratospheric particulates are composed primarily of frozen nitric acid solutions with a composition near that of the trihydrate. Available data suggest the particles are amorphous solid solutions and not in the crystalline hydrate form. At lower temperatures (i.e., below the forst point of pure water) cirrus-like ice clouds can form.  相似文献   

13.
The effects of wintertime and summertime precipitation on the mean (semiannual, seasonal, and monthly) concentration of aerosol particles of different sizes in the atmospheric surface layer are analyzed on the basis of the data of 15-year measurements of atmospheric aerosol in the town of Dolgoprudny (20 km from the center of Moscow). It is demonstrated that a statistically significant negative correlation between the aerosol particle concentration and the precipitation is observed for monthly mean values only and is absent for semiannual and seasonal means. The analysis of individual cases of precipitation corroborated the conclusion on their low impact on the aerosol concentration in the surface layer. In winter, the aerosol concentration decrease is observed within a narrow particle size interval of 0.03?C0.1 ??m and amounts to not more than 30% during several hours. A scavenging effect of summertime precipitation manifests itself in a wider size interval of 0.03?C1.0 ??m but does not exceed 10?C20% and is of short-term nature. The limited effects of precipitation on the surface aerosol are explained by the proximity to the underlying surface being a permanent aerosol source.  相似文献   

14.
We propose an analytical expression for the relation between aerosol accumulation number and sub‐micron volume over the marine boundary layer (MBL), based on a simple balance equation. By providing appropriate source and sink terms which account for entrainment, coagulation, in‐cloud scavenging and condensational growth, the model is able to reproduce the observed ratio between MBL particles larger than 80 nm diameter (as a proxy for accumulation mode number) and submicron aerosol volume, from freshly polluted to background conditions. Entrainment and coagulation are essential in predicting the observed ratio. Budget and lifetime calculations show that, due to relatively low source rates of oceanic non‐sea‐salt‐sulfate and sea‐salt, the anthropogenic signature in aerosol volume remains significant even after 8 days of MBL transport.  相似文献   

15.
After the volcanic eruption in Iceland on April 14, 2010, the volcanic ash cloud spread over Europe including Russia, that resulted in the air traffic collapse for several days. Presented are the results of computations of the volcanic ash spreading obtained with the FLEXPART Lagrangian dispersion model, as well as the results of the lidar sounding over Troitsk (Moscow region). The obtained model and experimental results agree well with each other and indicate the existence of settling layer of volcanic ash at the height of 4?C6 km, that is corroborated by the data of observations in Europe. The largest uncertainty in the model computations is caused by the lack of information on the volume of the emission of micron particles transported with the wind to the large distance. The comparison of model results with the observational data can enable to correct the source function and to obtain more realistic estimates of volcanic ash concentrations, that is a key factor of the air traffic control.  相似文献   

16.
对云中微物理过程的研究是研究云降水形成过程和人工影响降水的重要基础,目前对积层混合云的对流区/对流泡中的微物理结构了解甚少。本文利用河北省“十三五”气象重点工程——云水资源开发利用工程的示范项目（2017～2019年）“太行山东麓人工增雨防雹作业技术试验”飞机和地面雷达观测数据,重点分析研究了2017年5月22日一次典型稳定性积层混合云对流泡和融化层的结构特征。研究结果表明,此次积层混合云高层存在高浓度大冰粒子,冰粒子下落过程中的增长在不同区域存在明显差异,在含有高过冷水含量的对流泡中,冰粒子增长主要是聚并和凇附增长,而在过冷水含量较低的云区以聚并增长为主。由于聚并增长形成的大冰粒子密度低,下落速度小,穿过0℃层时间更长,出现大量半融化的冰粒子,使融化现象更为明显。镶嵌在层状云中的对流泡一般处于0℃～-10℃（高度4～6 km）层之间,垂直和水平尺度约2 km,最大上升气流速度可达5 m s-1。对流泡内平均液态水含量是周围云区的2倍左右,小云粒子平均浓度比周围云区高一个量级,大粒子（直径800 μm以上）的浓度也更高。在具有较高过冷水含量的对流泡中降水形成符合“播撒—供给”机制,但在过冷水含量较低的区域并不符合这一机制。  相似文献   

17.
本文利用中尺度数值模式WRFV3.1对2010年1月6-8日新疆阿勒泰地区的强暴雪过程进行了敏感性数值模拟实验,来研究阿勒泰山脉地形对此次暴雪的影响。结果表明,阿勒泰地形对此次暴雪过程的形成和发展有明显的作用：（1）削减阿勒泰地区地形20%后,在阿勒泰山脉以西会导致降水减少,而在其以东则会导致降水增加;（2）对流层低层垂直速度的分布显示,在此次暴雪过程中,阿勒泰地区存在由于山脉地形引起的地形波,削减地形后会导致山脉地形波的强度减弱;（3）削减阿勒泰地区的地形后,在对流层低层700hPa,会出现气旋式环流增强的特征,而涡度场的表现则比较凌乱,同时也会对水汽场及云微物理量场产生影响。  相似文献   

18.
The vertical structure and microphysics of Typhoon Kompasu that caused a lot of damage associated with strong winds and heavy rainfall over the Seoul metropolitan area on 1～2 September 2010 were examined primarily from wind profiler measurements. Four different periods that represent a stratiform, outer rainband, inner rainband, and eyewall region during passage of Typhoon Kompasu from 1200 to 2300 UTC 1 September were selected based on bright band intensities and vertical profiles of radar reflectivities and Doppler velocities. The bright band signatures observed in all of these periods indicated that the structure of Kompasu was basically stratiform in a weakening phase. Maximum rainfall rates up to 50 mm hr?1 at the surface and mean wind speeds greater than 30 m s?1 in the 2–4 km layer were observed in the eyewall region. Unlike the other regions that showed nearly zero vertical air motions or weak downdrafts below a melting layer, a mean updraft of ～1 m s?1 was analyzed only in the eyewall region, which suggests that the updrafts may have enhanced drop growth that led to increasing surface rainfall rates. For each region, the vertical mean characteristics of rainfall parameters retrieved from wind profiler spectra below the melting layer were also examined. The rain properties between the inner and outer rainband were similar although they were apart with a distance of more than 100 km (> 2 hrs in time). The averaged mass-weighted mean diameters within the rainbands were larger than those in the stratiform and eyewall regions. A weaker bright band in the eyewall region suggests the presence of a relatively larger number of rimed particles associated with the updrafts around the melting layer. A stronger bright band was present in the rainbands, which indicates more active aggregation right above the melting layer.  相似文献   

19.
分析新疆地区现已取得的树轮水文学研究成果,选取基于树轮宽度重建的阿尔泰山、天山、昆仑山和塔里木河流域等区域共14条河流径流量序列,对各序列的水文历史变化特征进行对比和讨论,并对进一步开展新疆地区树轮水文学研究提出了建议和展望。研究结果表明:(1)水分是各流域树木径向生长的主要限制因子,且树木径向生长与河流径流量之间普遍存在正相关关系。(2)对新疆5个区域的河流径流量重建序列进行相关分析,发现阿尔泰山区域重建序列间的相关性较高,天山北坡次之,天山南坡最低。阿尔泰山与天山北坡径流量重建序列间亦存在较好的相关性。(3)14条河流径流量重建序列经31 a滑动平均处理后,结果显示同一区域内河流径流量序列丰枯变化的一致性相对较好。(4)5个区域内部径流量重建序列存在相同的极值年份,且重建序列的部分极值年份与历史记录的气候水文灾害相吻合。(5)新疆地区径流量重建序列的周期变化在高频上较为一致,均存在2～7 a的短周期,其径流量变化可能受到海陆大尺度气候振荡的影响。  相似文献   

20.
强对流(冰雹)云中水凝物的积累和云水的消耗   总被引：22，自引：5，他引：22  
许焕斌  段英 《气象学报》2002,60(5):575-584
在冰雹云中过冷水的累积对冰雹增长起重要作用。文中回顾了水凝物累积和过冷水消耗机制中的不确定性 ,利用三维Euler强对流云模式和三维Lagrange粒子群运行增长模式 ,重新研究了对流云中水凝物粒子的累积机制和过冷水的消耗图像 ,得出以下结果 :(1)强对流 (冰雹 )云具有翻滚式对流流场 ,流场的性质决定云中存在着一个动力吸引区 ,它处于主上升气流区旁侧水平气流近于零的区域 ,粒子在增长运行中向这里集中 ,造成水凝物的累积 ;(2 )这种粒子的集中和水凝物的累积 ,是流场动力特征和粒子增长行为相互作用的表现 ;(3)粒子的集中和水凝物的累积是动态循环式的 ,而不是静态平衡式的 ,粒子可以进入吸引区 ,也可以吹离吸引区 ,在进入和吹离的循环中动态地形成了集中和累积 ,累积可以发生在主上升气流上方 ,也可以延伸到其下方 ;(4)粒子的集中和水凝物的累积是受流场和粒子运动的动力过程控制的 ,而累积粒子是液相雨滴 ,或是固相霰粒、雪团和冰雹是受降水发展过程属液相或固相占优势来决定的 ;(5 )云水场中云水量 ,只在大粒子的集中区才被显著消耗 ;而在区外的云水量消耗不显著 ;(6 )对于云水含量高达 6 g/kg的云水场 ,播撒粒子浓度达到 10 0个 /m3 时 ,在考虑消耗时 ,已不能增长成直径大于 1cm的冰雹。  相似文献   

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