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1.
How freezing and thawing processes affect black-soil aggregate stability in northeastern China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of freezing and thawing processes on wet aggregate stability （WAS） of black soil. Wet aggregate stability was determined by different aggregate size groups, different water contents, various freeze-thaw cycles, and various freezing temperatures. The results showed that, when at suitable water content, aggregate stability was enhanced, aggregate sta-bility will be disrupted when moisture content is too high or too low, especially higher water content. Temperature also had a significant ef-fect, but moisture content determined the suitable freezing temperatures for a given soil. Water-stable aggregate （WSA〉0.5）, the total aggre-gate content, and mean weight diameter decreasing with the freeze-thaw cycles increase, reached to 5 percent significance level. The reason for crumbing aggregates is the water and air conflict, thus raising the hypothesis that water content affects the aggregate stability in the process of freezing and thawing. 相似文献
2.
污染水稻田中土壤含砷量的空间变异特征 总被引：43，自引：1，他引：42
利用地统计学方法研究在长期淹水和频繁干湿交替影响下污染水稻田中砷的小尺度空间分布特征。采用变异函数定量描述含砷量分布特征,用克立格插值法对表层土壤未测点的含砷量进行最优估计,并绘制含砷量等值线分布图。结果表明,来自表面污染源的砷进入农田土壤后主要积累在耕层0～20cm中,对40～80cm土壤影响不大。耕层土壤含砷量半方差值呈有规律持续增加趋势,可用直线方程很好地拟合。表层土壤含砷量存在很好的空间结构性,高砷区出现在进水口附近,并以其为中心呈斑块状向周围扩散,这表明该土壤污染是由含砷地表污水灌溉和径流所导致的二次污染 相似文献
3.
冻融条件下土壤中水盐运移规律模拟研究 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
冻融作用是土壤盐碱化独特的形成机制,冻融条件下土壤中盐分迁移是水分对流、浓度梯度、温度梯度、不同溶质、土壤结构及质地等因素作用下的综合结果,温度是导致土壤中水分与盐分迁移的驱动力。在土壤冻融过程中,水分和盐分的两次迁移过程构成了特殊的水盐运动规律。在冻融过程中,土壤剖面结构发生变异,形成冻结层、似冻结层和非冻结层。冻结带土水势降低导致水分不断向冻层迁移,冻结缘以下的盐分同步向上运移,整个冻层的土壤含盐量明显增加;在融化过程中,随着地表蒸发逐渐强烈,使冻结过程中累积于冻结层中的盐分,转而向地表强烈聚集,使表层的盐分含量急剧上升。当冻结层未融通之前,尚未融化的冻层起到隔水的作用,不但阻止顶部融水向下层渗透,而且隔断了与下层水的联系。模拟实验结果充分证明了中国北方冻融区域土壤盐碱化的发生过程,为有效防治土壤盐碱化提供了理论依据。 相似文献
4.
Herein we review research on the structure of the frozen fringe and one of its key characteristics（unfrozen water content）,and compare its current measurement methods,including pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance（NMR）,time-domain reflectometry（TDR）,calorimetry,thermometry,the sublimation method,and CT imagery.A freeze-thaw cycle experiment with remolded soil was conducted inside to verify the mechanism of frost heave,measuring such variables as soil-water potential,temperature,water supplement,and the position of the freezing front.Conclusions from the analysis of the experiment data are：（1） The soil-water potential,the water supplement,and the position of the freezing front vary with temperature; and（2） the temperature gradient induces the soil-water potential,which in turn provides a stable driving force for moisture migration. 相似文献
5.
The active-layer soils overlying the permafrost are the most thermodynamically active zone of rock or soil and play important roles in the earth-atmosphere energy system. The processes of thawing and freezing and their associated complex hydrothermal coupling can significantly affect variation in mean annual temperatures and the formation of ground ice in permafrost regions. Using soil-temperature and-moisture data obtained from the active layer between September 2011 and October 2014 in the permafrost region of the Nanweng'he River in the Da Xing'anling Mountains, the freeze-thaw characteristics of the permafrost were studied. Based on analysis of ground-temperature variation and hydrothermal transport characteristics, the thawing and freezing processes of the active layer were divided into three stages:(1) autumn-winter freezing,(2) winter freeze-up, and(3) spring-summer thawing. Variations in the soil temperature and moisture were analyzed during each stage of the freeze-thaw process, and the effects of the soil moisture and ground vegetation on the freeze-thaw are discussed in this paper. The study's results show that thawing in the active layer was unidirectional, while the ground freezing was bidirectional(upward from the bottom of the active layer and downward from the ground surface).During the annual freeze-thaw cycle, the migration of soil moisture had different characteristics at different stages. In general, during a freezing-thawing cycle, the soil-water molecules migrate downward, i.e., soil moisture transports from the entire active layer to the upper limit of the permafrost. In the meantime, freeze-thaw in the active layer can be significantly affected by the soil-moisture content and vegetation. 相似文献
6.
Combined observations of hourly soil temperature and electric potential, the latter converted to a relative index of soil-water solute concentration, yield information on the physical chemistry of near-surface frost effects. Solute concentration near the descending 0° C isotherm in the refreezing active layer above permafrost is divided into three distinct zones: (1) an ion-enriched zone in the unfrozen active layer that precedes the penetrating freezing front; (2) an ion-purified desorbed zone at the freezing front that is the source region of the downward-expelled ions and water; and (3) a hydrologically isolated subfreezing zone of enhanced solute concentration located above the freezing isotherm. High-frequency fluctuations superimposed on these general patterns are traceable to vapor migration driven by surface thermal fluctuations. These effects diminish at temperatures below about -0.4° C, as permeability decreases with soil-ice formation. The combined temperature-solute concentration time series is used to develop sorption curves for the frozen organic and mineral soils, and indicates that approximately half of the pore water present in the mineral soil at -0.4° C had not been converted to ice at -6° C. Gradual soil desiccation over winter appears to result from outward vapor diffusion, possibly through soil cracks. [Key words: Alaska, active layer, frozen ground, soil temperature, soil water, permafrost.] 相似文献
7.
季节性冻融是干旱区土壤盐碱化形成的主要驱动因子,但冻融过程中土壤水盐耦合关系及热量调控机理仍不清楚。通过分析2009年11月～2010年5月新疆玛纳斯河流域典型盐荒地季节性冻融过程中土壤剖面160 cm以内的水分、盐分和温度动态变化,探讨了不同土层冻融过程中水热盐的耦合关系。结果表明：土壤最大冻结深度为150 cm左右,表土层（0～40 cm）温度与气温关系密切;土壤剖面水分呈现“C”型垂直分布,表土层和底土层（100～160 cm）含水量较大,而心土层（40～100 cm）含水量不足10%,土层平均含水率在冻融前期增加了12.91%,而在初蒸期减少了10.01%;土壤剖面盐分在冻结期和初蒸期表聚作用明显,心土层和底土层含盐量稳定,土壤剖面含盐量表现为“积盐-脱盐-再积盐”的变化过程。水热盐之间具有高度协同性,心土层和底土层表现为水盐相随、而表土层为水去盐留的耦合特征,热量传输是调控水盐运移的关键因素。 相似文献
8.
This paper aims to determine the optimal fines content of coarse-grained soil required to simultaneously achieve weaker frost susceptibility and better bearing capacity. We studied the frost susceptibility and strength properties of coarse-grained soil by means of frost heaving tests and static triaxial tests, and the results are as follows:(1) the freezing temperature of coarse-grained soil decreased gradually and then leveled off with incremental increases in the percent content of fines; (2) the fines content proved to be an important factor influencing the frost heave susceptibility and strength properties of coarse-grained soil. With incremental increases in the percent content of fines, the frost heave ratio increased gradually and the cohesion function of fines effectively enhanced the shear strength of coarse-grained soil before freeze-thaw, but the frost susceptibility of fines weakened the shear strength of coarse-grained soil after freeze-thaw; (3) with increasing numbers of freeze-thaw cycles,the shear strength of coarse-grained soil decreased and then stabilized after the ninth freeze-thaw cycle, and therefore the mechanical indexes of the ninth freeze-thaw cycle are recommended for the engineering design values; and (4) considering frost susceptibility and strength properties as a whole, the optimal fines content of 5% is recommended for railway subgrade coarse-grained soil fillings in frozen regions. 相似文献
9.
冬季结冰灌溉对苏打盐碱土水盐变化的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在苏打盐碱土区进行结冰灌溉试验,研究灌溉后盐碱土土壤水分和盐分的分布状况。试验分为淡水结冰灌溉(E)、微咸水结冰灌溉(D)、微咸水结冰灌溉+100%GR(石膏需求量)磷石膏(A),微咸水结冰灌溉+50%GR磷石膏(B),以及对照(CK),5个处理。灌溉水量为180 mm。试验结果表明灌溉融水增加了土壤耕层的含水量,为春播抗旱起到了重要作用。同时灌溉融水使土壤耕层主要离子Na+、Cl-、CO32-、HCO3-明显降低,使土壤耕层的盐碱化程度得到改善。不同处理方式之间比较,微咸水结冰灌溉洗盐效果和盐碱化改良效果明显好于淡水结冰灌溉,微咸水+磷石膏淋洗和改良效果好于微咸水结冰灌溉,且随着磷石膏施用量的增多,洗盐和改良效果更好。 相似文献
10.
毛乌素沙地砒砂岩与沙复配成土技术固沙效应 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为研究砒砂岩与沙复配成土技术的固沙效应,本研究采用试验小区与大田试验相结合的方法,监测了土壤结皮厚度、土壤冻层深度、土壤水分、地表粗糙度和积雪消融等表征固沙效果的相关指标。结果表明:随着砒砂岩的引入,复配土中黏粉粒含量增加,土壤饱和导水率降低,而土壤含水量、结皮厚度、地表粗糙度和冻层深度都有所增加,复配土抗风蚀能力增强。在冬季,通过发展保护性耕作,农作物残茬、根系以及土地整治之后地形因素的改变等对防止土壤风蚀也起到了积极的作用。该研究可为砒砂岩与沙复配成土造田技术的固沙效应提供更充分的理论依据。 相似文献
11.
Wind tunnel simulation of the effects of freeze–thaw cycles on soil erosion in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Intense freezing and thawing actions occur in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau because of its high elevation and cold temperature. The plateau's unique environment makes it easy to generate wind erosion under dry, windy weather conditions, resulting in the emergence of desertification. As a major form of freeze–thaw erosion, freeze–thaw and wind erosion is displayed prominently on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Therefore, in this study, soil samples were collected from the surface of the plateau to undergo freeze–thaw and wind erosion simulation experiments. Results show that wind erosion strength increases with an increasing number of freeze–thaw cycles, water content in the freezing–thawing process, and the difference in freeze–thaw temperatures. Therefore, in the conditions of water participation, the main reason for the freeze–thaw and wind erosion in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is the damage to the soil structure by repeated, fierce freeze–thaw actions, and the sand-bearing wind is the main driving force for this process. The research results have theoretical significance for exploring the formation mechanism of freeze–thaw and wind erosion in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, and provide a scientific basis for freeze–thaw desertification control in the plateau. 相似文献
12.
Review of the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the physical
and mechanical properties of soil 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Seasonally frozen soil is a four-phase material and its physical-mechanical properties are more complex compared to the unfrozen soil. Its
physical properties changes during the freeze-thaw process; repeated freeze-thaw cycles change the characteristics of soil, which can render
the soil from an unstable state to a new dynamic equilibrium state. The freezing process changes the structure coupled between the soil particle
arrangements, which will change the mechanical properties of the soil. The method of significance and interaction between different factors
should be considered to measure the influence on the properties of soil under freeze-thaw cycles. 相似文献
13.
The practice of building and operating of railroad beds shows that the greatest at enuation of soils occurs in the spring, during their transition from the frozen to thawed state. The greatest influenc... 相似文献
14.
针对科尔沁沙地沙漠化和农牧业生产中的重大生态和经济问题,利用微生物定向培育技术,选择土壤和牛粪混合的菌源母质筛选出具有较强分解能力的纤维素分解菌群（NMCel）;将玉米秸秆和牲畜粪便按照5∶3（干重比）的比例混合,加入稀释后的NMCel菌液进行有氧发酵,发酵60d后制备成具有一定保水性、透气性和粘性的有机混合物。这种有机混合物对裸沙的修复能力较好,可以显著提高裸沙地表土壤碳氮含量和促进裸沙地表生物结皮的形成。有机混合物的最佳播撒方式是：在裸沙表面播施差不嘎蒿（Artemisia halodendron）、胡枝子（Lespedeza davurica）、狗尾草（Setaria viridis）等固沙植物种子后播撒1kg·5m-2有机混合物,然后覆盖遮阴网。有机混合物的播撒使沙丘裸露创面的植被盖度从6%增加到26%,保水性提高24%~47%,抗风蚀能力提高了5.4~8.6倍。 相似文献
15.
冻融作用与土壤理化效应的关系研究 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
冻融使土壤经历一系列物理、化学和生物变化过程,冻融作用对土壤的影响主要表现为:改变土壤结构、含水量分布和水热运动,影响微生物活性和以微生物为媒介的有机质矿化作用,改变土壤元素的生物地球化学循环过程,从而对土壤生态系统结构和功能产生影响。冻融作用对土壤理化性质的作用主要受冻融速率、温度、冻融交替次数和土壤含水量、pH值、有机质、土壤质地状况等因素的影响。通过冻融作用改善土壤结构,提高土壤微生物活性和养分的有效性,有利于耕作和促进植物生长,但也可通过含水量的重新分布和径流淋失而导致土壤养分损失。 相似文献
16.
The soil-freezing characteristic curve (SFCC), which represents the relationship between unfrozen water content and sub-freezing temperature (or suction at ice-water interface) in a freezing soil, can be used for understanding the transportation of heat, water, and solute in frozen soils. In this paper, the soil freezing process and the similarity between the SFCC of saturated frozen soil and soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) of unfrozen unsaturated soil are reviewed. Based on similar characteristics between SWCC and SFCC, a conceptual SFCC is drawn for illustrating the main features of soil freezing and thawing processes. Various SFCC expressions from the literature are summarized. Four widely used expressions (i.e., power relationship, exponential relationship, van Genuchten 1980 equation and Fredlund and Xing 1994 equation) are evaluated using published experimental data on four different soils (i.e., sandy loam, silt, clay, and saline silt). Results show that the exponential relationship and van Genuchten (1980) equation are more suitable for sandy soils. The simple power relationship can be used to reasonably best-fit the SFCC for soils with different particle sizes; however, it exhibits limitations when fitting the saline silt data. The Fredlund and Xing (1994) equation is suitable for fitting the SFCCs for all soils studied in this paper. 相似文献
17.
场地土壤污染物含量三维刻画的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
污染场地精准修复与再开发利用是改善人居环境、建设美丽中国所面临的重要课题。场地土壤污染物含量三维刻画是精准修复与再开发利用的基础。然而,场地环境是一个耦合地上地下多要素的复杂三维系统,使得基于离散稀疏土壤钻井样点和空间统计推断模型的场地土壤污染物含量刻画结果存在着较大的不确定性。本文梳理了场地土壤污染物含量三维精细刻画的目的和钻井布设方式、常用的三维刻画模型和相关案例,分析了土壤钻井数据的“稀疏偏性”特征对刻画结果的影响,总结了“非平稳浓度场”条件下三维土壤污染物含量插值模型的研究现状和存在问题。在此基础上,从多情景、非平稳、非线性、多源数据融合、多类模型耦合和复合污染刻画6个方面,展望了场地地下“黑箱”环境土壤污染物含量精细刻画的研究趋势。 相似文献
18.
作为重要的土壤物理性质,膨胀性在影响土壤导水性、持水性、抗蚀性以及土壤结构的形成和发育等方面发挥着重要作用。为了探讨生物土壤结皮（BSCs）土壤的膨胀特性及其主要影响因素,针对黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土两种典型土壤,利用膨胀仪测定并比较了有、无藓结皮及其在不同因素（初始含水量、干湿循环、冻融循环、温度）下膨胀率的差异,分析了BSCs对土壤膨胀性的影响及其与环境因素和BSCs性质的关系。结果显示：风沙土上藓结皮的膨胀率为1.93%,较无结皮增加了8.65倍;而黄绵土上藓结皮的膨胀率为2.05%,与无结皮相比降低了76.68%。藓结皮的生物量和厚度与其膨胀率在风沙土上均呈线性正相关关系（P < 0.05）,在黄绵土上分别呈二次函数（P=0.02）和线性正相关关系（P=0.02）。初始含水量同时影响了土壤最大膨胀率和稳定膨胀时间,影响程度风沙土远大于黄绵土（包括藓结皮和无结皮）;干湿循环次数对无结皮土壤膨胀率的影响程度大于藓结皮土壤,其中风沙土和黄绵土上无结皮的膨胀率分别是50.00%~620.00%和-2.28%~10.81%,而两种土壤上藓结皮的膨胀率分别是-5.70%~10.88%和-10.24%~-21.46%;冻融循环下4种土壤的膨胀率均有不同程度的降低,降幅为0~18.54%。黄绵土无结皮的膨胀率受温度影响程度较大,50℃下黄绵土无结皮的膨胀率分别是25℃和35℃下的1.17倍和1.21倍。BSCs显著地改变了风沙土和黄绵土表层的膨胀性,其影响的程度和方向取决于土壤类型。同时,BSCs的膨胀性受含水量、温度、干湿以及冻融循环等关键因素影响。 相似文献
19.
We analyzed the heat conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of sandy soil contaminated in two scenarios of oil pollution, and also determined the temperature dependencies of these changed thermophysical properties. In the first pollution scenario, the oil product was introduced into wet river sand, and in the second case, dry sand was contaminated by the oil product and was then moistened with water. By considering these two scenarios as multicomponent dispersion systems with varying degrees of contamination and humidity, and by using a polystructural granular model with pore spaces and closed inclusions, we calculated that the heat conductivity of the sandy soil increased under the first pollution scenario and decreased under the second, but the change in the volumetric heat capacity of the sandy soil was proportional only to the amount of oil pollution, not the manner in which it was introduced. We also determined the temperature dependencies of these two thermophysical properties of sandy soil when polluted by oil, of which information will be useful for future containment and remediation of oil-contaminated soil. 相似文献
20.
Canopy effect refers to the phenomenon in which moisture accumulates underneath an impervious cover. A canopy effect can lead to full saturation of the soil underneath the impervious cover. A recent theoretical study separates the canopy effect into two types. The first one is caused by evaporation-condensation in unsaturated soils, while the second one is induced by freezing-enhanced vapour transfer in unsaturated soils. To validate experimentally these two types of canopy effect and to reveal their mechanisms, moisture-migration experiments were carried out, using a newly developed laboratory apparatus for unsaturated frozen soils. Six conditions were applied to the calcareous sand, with different initial water contents and boundary temperatures. The results show that water content in the upper portion of the sample increased under an upward temperature gradient, and the increment of water content was greater if the soil was subjected to freezing. For the freezing cases, the depth of the peak water content was in line with the freezing front. And the greater the initial water content, the more the water content accumulated at the freezing front. However, a lower cooling rate seemed to facilitate vapour migration. For the unfrozen cases, the water content in the upper portion of the sample also increased; and the increases became more apparent with a higher initial moisture content. The temperature gradient can also inhibit the vapour migration. A less steep temperature gradient always resulted in a more notable inhibition effect. Test results seem to verify the theory of the canopy effect. 相似文献