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1.
The effect of transformation of the human habitat on the medical and ecological situation is considered in the context of anticipated changes in the hydrological situation. The results of earlier studies of environmental crises (transgression of the Caspian Sea and degression of the Aral Sea) are used to show the possibility of a considerable increase in the rates of infectious and noninfectious diseases caused by a direct or indirect effect of significant changes in the hydrological and hydrogeological conditions. Regularities in the dynamics of this process have been established, which allows us to discuss possible changes in public health under new hydroclimatic conditions, in particular, under global climate changes. It is shown that the scientific principles and methods for prediction of the consequences of changes in the regime, quantity, and quality of continental waters should be improved in order to allow the assessment of their effect on public health and the development of timely preventive measures. 相似文献
2.
Sulfate reduction is an important oxidation process involving transformation of organic matter and its components and taking place in the aquatic environment and bottom sediments of water bodies (both fresh and marine) under anaerobic conditions. The intensification of sulfate reduction in water bodies is a sign of a stronger anthropogenic impact on the environment and natural water bodies. The development of sulfate reduction under natural conditions reflects the influence of many environmental factors. The effect of the most important factors (the concentration of organic matter and its components and sulfates, the temperature of aquatic environment, and the abundance and activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria) on the process of sulfate reduction in the aquatic environment and bottom sediments in water bodies is considered. 相似文献
3.
I. A. SHIKLOMANOV 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5):495-529
Abstract River runoff and the resulting water resources which provide the needs of mankind for fresh water are subject to variations in space and time mainly depending on the space and time variability of climate characteristics. Thus there are close interrelations between the problems of the provision of fresh water and the problems of both natural and anthropogenic changes in climate. Moreover, these interrelations are characterized by specific features both under natural conditions and during a period of man's intensive impact on water resources. The problem of these interrelations has acquired a particular scientific and practical importance during recent years in which climatologists have attempted to predict global anthropogenic changes in climate for the near future, changes unknown on our plant for millennia. The present paper has been prepared mainly on the basis of research results obtained at the State Hydrological Institute in Leningrad. It describes the global interrelations between climatic characteristics and water resources under natural conditions and in the case of intensive water resources development; up-to-date ideas on the anthropogenic changes of the global climate are given; the possible consequent effects on future water resources are analysed. 相似文献
4.
The hydrological and morphological processes in the mouth area of the Upper Angara (which ranks second in terms of water abundance among Baikal Lake tributaries) are considered. The major external factors that determine those processes have been revealed. The main features of the delta??s water regime, including the effect of anthropogenic level rise in the lake, are described. Specific attention is paid to morphological processes in the delta and on the barrier bar, separating a large mouth lagoon from the lake. 相似文献
5.
The use of water resources of the Novosibirsk Reservoir by the existing water management complex is analyzed at different stages of reservoir operation. The natural and anthropogenic factors that determine the development of reservoir water resources for water supply, a priority objective now, are discussed. The problems of water quality formation in the reservoir are considered for different hydrological seasons and periods of water abundance in the major river. The major contradictions between the participants of water management system are specified. Perspective approaches for optimizing the use of water resources of the reservoir are proposed. 相似文献
6.
Variations in the concentrations of dissolved organic and biogenic substances in waters of natural watercourses under the effect of natural and anthropogenic factors are considered. Seasonal and long-term dynamics of these concentrations in 1990–2001 are analyzed. The causes of an improvement in surface water quality are established, and the role of some changes in the agricultural production in the forest–steppe zone of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia is assessed. 相似文献
7.
The hydrographic, climate, hydrological, and landscape features of the Huanghe R. Basin are considered. Water runoff and suspended sediment load in the Huanghe R. are shown to have dropped significantly in 1950–2009 under the effect of regional climate changes and economic activity in the basin. Water balance method and the concept of flow transport competency were used to assess the contribution of natural and anthropogenic factors (decline in precipitation, water withdrawal for economic needs, and the effect of reservoirs) to the decrease in river water runoff and suspended sediment load. 相似文献
8.
E. G. Bugaev 《Seismic Instruments》2012,48(4):314-332
The criteria and requirements for consideration of rare tectonic and seismic events at the locations of nuclear power plants (NPP) were subject to comparative analysis in the context of the aftermath of the earthquake with M w = 8.9 that happened on March 11, 2011 in the southeast of Honshu Island. The main problems of regional and detailed methods for seismic hazard assessment under selection of safe placement of nuclear plants are discussed. Deterministic and probabilistic estimates of the parameters of seismic impacts on the Fukushima-1 NPP were considered taking into account the consequences of the March 11, 2011 earthquake. The development of the uniform requirements to safe placement of nuclear power stations and unified methods for seismic hazard assessment is proven to be urgent. It is necessary to take into account the possible causes of extreme seismic events able to result in the beyond design-basis accidents not considered in the project and also organizational and technical measures to reduce the radiological consequences of the beyond design-basis accidents caused by the impact of rare but severe natural and anthropogenic factors. 相似文献
9.
The paper considers the major geographic features of the modern Huang He delta, which ranks among the most rapidly varying in the world. The structure of the hydrographic network and the combination of the natural and anthropogenic geosystems of the delta are characterized. The major external riverine and marine, as well as local anthropogenic factors that have affected the development of the Huang He delta in the recent half century are identified. The regularities of the jump-like development of the Huang He delta in the XIX–early XXI centuries are considered. Special attention is paid to the development of the delta after the artificial redistribution of flow in its boundaries in 1996. Satellite images and methods of their interpretation improved by the authors were used. The trends in Huang He delta development are shown to have changed since the last quarter of the XX century under the effect of an abrupt decrease in river sediment load and the growing impact of marine factors. The active progradation of the delta into the sea slowed down significantly, accompanied by erosion and retreat in many segments of its coastline. Huang He delta was used to establish the conditions of changes in the development trends of other deltas under the effect of changes in the climate and economic activity. 相似文献
10.
Hydrological time series increasingly exhibit non-stationarity, e.g., variables such as precipitation and streamflow values do not maintain a consistent mean over long periods, due to natural and anthropogenic changes. Detecting whether such shifts are gradual or abrupt is a growing concern for water resources planning and management. This paper shows that conventional trend and change-point tests do not adequately enable these two types of change to be distinguished. We propose a method for combining the rank correlations of the Mann–Kendall and Pettitt statistics to extract an indicator whose value determines whether a shift observed in a given time series is gradual or abrupt. This method allows the success rate to be independent of the length of record, and it is validated with Monte-Carlo experiments. The limitations caused by the short and noisy nature of hydroclimatic time series are discussed. As an application, the proposed method provides useful insights on changes in hydroclimatic variables in the United States during 1910–2009 using time series from 1217 stations in the United States Hydroclimatic Data Network (USHCN). 相似文献
11.
论太湖平原洪涝灾害与水利工程问题和发展趋势 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
在分析研究太湖流域洪涝灾害成因及以围圩、筑堤、建闸为特点的圩区经济基础上,论述了近几十年来流域下垫面变化对流域水情的影响。总结了近40年来流域水利工程规划设计的经验与不足之处;展望了未来几十年流域水情变化发展趋势,特别是全球海平面上升对流域洪水蓄、泄方面的重大影响。指出在流域十大骨干水利工程的基础上,今后流域中新建骨干工程的关键目标是提高长江南岸、杭州湾北岸闭闸时段的排洪能力及建设吴淞挡潮闸,从而大幅度提高各潮周期内黄浦江净泄洪量;同时运用非工程措施,确保与充分利用区内洪水调蓄能力。 相似文献
12.
The most active and widespread negative anthropogenic processes in built-up territories is the underflooding and overmoistening
of soils and grounds in the aeration zone. Prediction of water regime in aeration zone soils in Rostov Velikii Town, affected
by many-century economic activity, is considered. The prediction procedure uses experimental data on hydrophysical soils properties.
The results of parameterization and verification of moisture transport process in the aeration zone and the results of its
calculation for years with different moisture content in different urban landscapes are given. 相似文献
13.
The results of studies of spatial and seasonal variations in hydrocarbon concentrations in hypertrophic Lake Nero are used to discuss the problem of division of hydrocarbons into anthropogenic and natural components. It is shown that the use of bitumoids as a component of oil pollution instead of total organic matter can introduce errors in the results. Seasonal variations in the activity of hydrobionts in an undisturbed area are shown to have a notable effect on the assessment of the proportion of anthropogenic hydrocarbons in their total concentration, that is, on the assessment of the extent of pollution of water bodies. The natural component is found to dominate over the anthropogenic component only in the periods of algae blooming. In spring and autumn, the total concentration of hydrocarbons was found to exceed the MAC and to be due mostly to natural hydrobiological factors. 相似文献
14.
Assessment of possible anthropogenic changes in the runoff of the Syr Darya River on the basis of a mathematical model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The development of a simulation model of water and salt balance for river basins with the predominance of irrigated agriculture is considered. The results of a simulation experiment for the assessment of possible anthropogenic changes in Syr Darya River runoff for some scenarios of the implementation of a set of resource-saving and environment protection measures are given. 相似文献
15.
An assessment of water quality measurements during a long‐lasting low water period in the Elbe River is presented. Weekly samples were taken from May to December 2003 at a sampling site in the middle part of the Elbe River. For multivariate data analysis, 34 parameters of 46 samplings were considered. As a result of this analysis, 78% of the variance of the data set is explained by five factors. They can be assigned to the following latent variables: season (37.5%) > tributaries (12.7%) > re‐suspension (10.4%) > discharge (9.4%) > complexation (8.5%). For the investigated sampling site, two key processes were identified as dominating factors on the water quality during low water conditions. First, seasonal phytoplankton development caused changes in redox conditions with consequences for re‐solution of pollutants from sediments. Second, tributaries have a higher impact on the main stream, due to changes in mixing processes. Therefore, in addition to flood investigations, monitoring strategies, and management plans should be developed in order to survey changes in water quality during low water conditions. 相似文献
16.
The hydrological and morphological features of the Chao Phraya Mouth Area (Thailand) are considered. The attention is focused
on the assessment of the effect exerted on the hydrological and morphological processes in the delta and the nearshore of
the Chao Phraya River by a considerable anthropogenic drop in water and sediment runoff of the river; land subsidence near
Bangkok caused by groundwater withdrawal; sea level rise; and wave intensification. 相似文献
17.
Changes in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of zooplankton in Kondopoga Bay, Lake Onega, under long-term anthropogenic influence are discussed, and the effect of water pollution on changes in the zooplankton community is considered. 相似文献
18.
M. V. Mikhailova 《Water Resources》2016,43(5):766-778
Data on several river deltas are used to analyze the regularities in their dynamics in the context of variations of water and sediment runoff, sea level, and hydroengineering activities in delta areas. The basis for this analysis includes the results of many-year studies of river deltas in Russia and the world. The specific features of the evolution of the structure and morphometry of bayhead deltas, forming in bays, lagoons, and estuaries are shown in the case of the Alikazgan delta in the Terek mouth area and the deltas of two watercourses in the Mississippi mouth area. Data on many-year variations of the morphometric characteristics of modern protruding deltas in open coastal zones are systematized, and the factors that have an effect on these changes are analyzed. The types of delta formation processes and the types of deltas are considered with regard to the factors involved. The majority of modern river deltas are found to slow down their progradation into seas under the effect of anthropogenic runoff decline; moreover, some deltas have started retreating and degrading. 相似文献
19.
A. V. Kudelsky 《Water Resources》2011,38(7):849-858
The issue of the geoenvironmental state of Black Sea basin, the final basin receiving the runoff of many large rivers of the
European continent (Danube, Dnieper, Don, etc.) and considerable runoff from the nearby watersheds, including Turkish, is
considered. The extent and geoenvironmental consequences of the large-scale changes in the hydrology, water balance, and hydrochemistry
of the sea basin under the effect hydrotechnical interception and industrial pollution of river runoff are discussed. The
genetic role of Black Sea rifting in one of the world’s largest oil-and-gas-bearing basins with its inherent thermal and geochemical
processes, geoenvironmental conditions, and risks is emphasized. Improved information is given about the genesis of hydrogen
sulfide dissolved in seawater and related to the processes of geochemical sulfate reduction of silt water sulfates under the
effect of hydrocarbon gases, which mostly form in zones of deep catagenesis of sedimentary formations and lower crust rock
metamorphism. It is emphasized that the ecological stability of a sea basin showing such complex and contradictory relationships
with natural and technogenic objects and processes can be ensured only by joint and well coordinated efforts of the countries
of the Black Sea and nearby regions aimed on rational nature and water management, including when laying pipelines on Black
Sea bed and developing the power resources of the Black Sea oil-and-gas-bearing basin. 相似文献
20.
V. N. Mikhailov D. V. Magritsky V. I. Kravtsova M. V. Mikhailova M. V. Isupova 《Water Resources》2012,39(1):11-43
Regularities in the response of the mouths of major rivers, flowing into the Caspian Sea, to large-scale variations in its
level and river water runoff and sediment yield are considered. Changes in the morphological structure and hydrological regime
of the Volga, Terek, Sulak, Ural, and Kura mouths have been analyzed in both geological past and separately for three modern
periods: a considerable drop in Caspian Sea level before 1978, its abrupt rise in 1978–1995, and a relative stabilization
in the subsequent years. Specific features were identified in the hydrological-morphological processes in different mouths,
caused by the differences in river sediment yields, and the slopes of delta surface and mouth nearshore beds. Some theoretical
and methodological approaches were verified in the analysis and evaluation of the processes under consideration. The obtained
results of studies of the mouths of rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea can be regarded as examples and analogues in the assessment
of processes, which take place at the mouths of other Russian and world rivers at present and can take place in the future
under anticipated natural and anthropogenic variations in sea level and river runoff. 相似文献