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1.
黄土高原现代土壤和古土壤有机碳同位素对植被的响应 总被引：28，自引：3，他引：28
黄土高原古土壤碳同位素与古植被的关系是一直未能很好解决的问题. 其中一个主要原因是由于对该地区现代C4/C3植被分布特征与现代土壤碳同位素组成之间的关系缺乏足够的了解. 初步研究了黄土高原主要植物及现代土壤碳同位素组成, 对比了现代土壤和黄土-古土壤序列的有机碳同位素组成变化特征. 结果表明: 黄土高原现代植被以C3植物为主, C4植物主要来自适宜在暖湿条件下生长的禾本科植物(如白羊草Bothriochloa ischaemum和狗尾草Setaria viridis等). 森林土壤的碳同位素组成δ 13C值明显低于黄土塬面的碳同位素组成, 现代土壤的碳同位素组成与现代植被的分布是一致的. 根据此关系推断: 在相对暖湿的古土壤阶段(间冰期)C4草本植物比例增加, 在相对干旱的黄土阶段(冰期)灌木和C3草本植物比例增加. 相似文献
2.
气候变化和人类活动对黄土高原植被覆盖变化的影响 总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24
利用GIMMS和SPOT VGT两种归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据对黄土高原地区1981~2006年期间植被覆盖的时空变化进行了研究, 并从气候变化和人类活动的角度分析了植被覆盖变化的原因. 黄土高原地区植被覆盖经历了以下4个阶段: ① 1981~1989年植被覆盖持续增加时期; ② 1990~1998年以小幅波动为特征的相对稳定时期; ③ 1999~2001年植被覆盖迅速下降时期; ④ 2002~2006年植被覆盖进入迅速上升时期. 黄土高原地区植被覆盖变化存在显著的空间差异, 内蒙古和宁夏沿黄农业灌溉区和鄂尔多斯退耕还林还草生态恢复区的植被覆盖明显提高, 而黄土丘陵沟壑区和六盘山、秦岭北坡等山地森林区的植被覆盖明显退化. 从不同的植被类型来看, 沙地、草地和耕地的NDVI上升趋势显著, 而森林植被的NDVI呈明显的下降趋势. 研究表明: 植被覆盖变化是气候变化和人类活动共同作用的结果. 黄土高原地区气候变暖在加剧土壤干燥化抑制夏季植被生长的同时, 提高了春、秋季节植被生长活性, 延长了植被生长期. 黄土高原地区植被覆盖和降水关系密切, 降水变化是植被覆盖变化的重要原因. 农业生产水平的提高致使农业区NDVI在不断上升, 同时, 正在黄土高原大规模进行的退耕还林还草工程建设, 其生态效应也正在呈现. 相似文献
3.
植被-侵蚀动力学的初步探索和应用 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：13
植被侵蚀动力学是一个新的边缘学科, 研究流域植被与侵蚀在人类活动影响下的演变规律. 讨论了作用于植被的各种生态应力, 给出了定量表达式并且统一在植被-侵蚀动力学方程组中. 推导得出了动力学方程组的理论解并且用于模拟黄土高原安家沟流域和云南小江流域的植被侵蚀演变过程, 结果表明动力学方程组精确地模拟了实际演变过程. 利用动力学方程组和特征参数作出了植被侵蚀状态图, 由此可以预测在停止人类干预后的植被发展趋势, 说明了有效治理所需的治理强度和控制侵蚀对植被发育的重要性. 植被侵蚀状态图还说明在雨量较丰、气温较高的云南高原小江流域, 减少侵蚀是改善植被的重要措施, 植被改善后比较稳定. 而在比较干旱、水土流失严重的黄土高原上, 增加植被能够明显地减少侵蚀, 但控制侵蚀对于促进植被发育没有太大的作用. 即使植被已经大大改善, 仍然不稳定, 还需要不断地护理才能维持植被的良性发育. 相似文献
4.
近30年中国陆地植被活动遥感监测 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
陆地植被作为地球陆地表面重要的组成部分,其变化直接影响着地球系统物质与能量的平衡.采用1982~2006年NOAA/AVHRR的NDVI数据和2001~2009年MODIS的NDVI数据,从全国尺度上,分析了近30年来农业植被、森林植被、草地植被与稀疏植被区植被活动的变化特征,并利用气候数据与农业生产统计数据探讨了他们之间的关系.研究结果显示:近30年来中国陆地植被活动整体趋于增强,但在不同时期、地区差异较大;植被活动变化在区域上受人为因素的影响明显,如在西北稀疏植被区与南方森林植被区;通过对农业生产统计数据的分析发现,植被活动直接左右着农业生产,但在时间上存在一定的滞后性. 相似文献
5.
坡面植被恢复对沟道侵蚀产沙的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
根据黄土高原不同地理空间林、草分布的宏观格局, 从主要产沙区的环境背景分析了黄河中游宏观坡、沟治理关系, 及自然、人类活动因子在侵蚀产沙中的权重. 根据目前黄土高原小流域的综合治理现状和水土保持坡、沟措施配置方案, 探讨了植被恢复对沟道侵蚀产沙的影响及植被减沙的效益. 黄河中游多沙粗沙区产沙模数与自然和人类活动的侵蚀环境背景的综合影响密切相关, 暴雨、垦殖率、林木覆盖率是影响多沙粗沙区产沙模数的主要因子. 退耕还林、草, 减少垦殖率、增加林草植被是抑制多沙粗沙区侵蚀的关键. 小流域治理必须坚持坡、沟兼治、生物与工程措施相结合的治理方针. 工程措施在坡面植被恢复初期具有重要作用, 杨家沟的典型案例表明植被恢复可以使沟道侵蚀产沙减少75%以上. 相似文献
6.
青藏高原植被变化与地表热源及中国降水关系的初步分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用设在青藏高原的5个自动气象站（AWS）近地层梯度观测资料、归一化植被指数（GIMMS NDVI）和中国624个台站月降水资料,初步分析了青藏高原植被变化与地表热源及中国降水的关系．结果表明：青藏高原植被与地表热源之间存在明显的正相关关系．高原西部感热与NDVI的正相关关系较高原东部显著,而高原东部地表潜热与NDVI的正相关关系则好于高原西部．植被改善后,各季节地表热源以增加为主,尤其夏季,热源增量最大;冬、春季感热对地表热源增量贡献较大,潜热贡献相对较小;夏、秋季感热与潜热对地表热源增量贡献同等重要．青藏高原植被与中国夏季降水相关系数从南到北,呈“＋-＋”带状分布．植被变化引起的高原地表加热异常可能是影响中国夏季降水的重要因子之一． 相似文献
7.
土壤孔隙特征对黄土高原植被恢复下的“土壤水库”重建有着重要影响. 本文采用时空互代的方法, 利用CT(Computed Tomography)扫描和图像处理技术, 对黄土高原子午岭林区5个植被自然恢复演替阶段样地表层15~57 mm的土壤孔隙参数进行了定量分析. 结果表明, 在植被自然恢复演替过程中, 土壤孔隙数、孔隙度、孔隙成圆率和分形维数等孔隙参数得到极显著地提高(P<0.01), 表现的规律为顶级群落阶段>先锋乔木阶段>灌丛群落阶段>草地群落阶段>弃耕地阶段, 说明植被自然恢复能明显促进土壤孔隙状况的提高, 并且这种作用随着恢复演替时间的延长和植被类型的改变逐渐增强, 最终在顶级群落阶段土壤孔隙参数达到最优. 土壤有机质含量与各孔隙参数之间均有极显著(P<0.001)的线性关系, 有机质累积量的增加可能是植被自然恢复过程中土壤孔隙特征变化的主要原因之一. 相似文献
8.
植被恢复对黄土高原局地降水的反馈效应研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《中国科学:地球科学》2021,(7)
自开展大规模植被恢复以来,黄土高原大量坡耕地被转化为草地和林地,其植被覆盖状况得到了显著改善.然而,大规模植被恢复通过改变下垫面性质导致大气与地表间的能量和水分循环过程发生变化,进而对区域气候和局地降水产生反馈.如何定量评估该反馈效应是水文气象学领域亟需解决的重要科学问题.本研究通过构建考虑植被动态变化的陆气双向耦合模式,分析黄土高原不同土地利用类型和地表参数的时空变化趋势,在考虑植被恢复对流域水热循环和陆气交互作用影响的基础上,定量评估植被建设对黄土高原局地降水的反馈效应,并阐明其作用机理.通过设立考虑植被恢复的真实情景和不考虑植被恢复的假设情景两组模拟试验,对比分析植被建设对局地降水过程的净影响.结果表明,植被恢复对黄土高原局地降水量的增加具有积极效应.观测数据显示,2000～2015年黄土高原降水量以7.84mm a~(-2)的速率显著增加,模拟结果显示大规模植被恢复对研究区降水量增加速率的贡献约为37.4%,而外部水汽环流变化对研究区降水量增加速率的贡献约占62.6%.考虑植被恢复情景比不考虑植被恢复情景下的黄土高原年均降水量高12.4%.上述研究结果对黄土高原生态保护和高质量发展,以及植被建设的可持续性管理具有重要的理论与现实意义. 相似文献
9.
花粉植被化模拟的中国中全新世植被分布 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
花粉植被化模拟通过现代花粉与植被的类比 ,进行古植被模拟和制图 ,是国际全球变化中古植被和古气候研究的重要途径 .对表土花粉的初步测试表明它能够模拟出中国现代主要植被类型 .对 6ka花粉资料运行的结果显示了中国东部的森林植被向北推移约 30 0～ 5 0 0km .西北部荒漠植被和草原植被面积大大缩小 ,青藏高原苔原植被显著地退缩 .该研究对全球 6ka植被制图有重要输入 . 相似文献
10.
中国北方几种主要花粉类型与植被定量关系 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
为了解中国北方典型植被类型表土主要花粉类型与植被间的数量关系, 通过205个表土样品分析与植物样方植被调查结果显示: 不同生态类型植被的花粉组合差别明显, 温带落叶阔叶林中乔木花粉多大于30%; 温带草原花粉组合中草本花粉一般高于90%, 其中蒿属、藜科是最主要的花粉类型, 蒿属一般高于30%; 荒漠植被孢粉组合中藜科花粉百分比一般大于蒿属, 蕨类孢子较少出现; 亚高山或高寒草甸花粉组合中莎草科花粉百分比多大于20%. 花粉百分比与植被盖度间关系研究表明: 多数乔木花粉与植被盖度间表现出较好的相关性, 灌木花粉表现出一定的相关性, 草本花粉相关性较差. 乔木花粉中以云杉属花粉与植被盖度相关性最好; 其次为栎属和鹅耳枥属; 桦属、落叶松属、胡桃属花粉与植被盖度间也具有较好的相关性, 桦属花粉为超代表性类型, 桦林中桦属花粉高于40%; 落叶松属和胡桃属花粉为低代表性类型, 花粉含量超过10%, 可肯定当地有落叶松或胡桃林; 松属花粉与植被盖度间有一定的相关性, 为超代表性类型, 只有松花粉含量高于30%以上时, 周围才有可能有松林存在; 榆或杨属花粉与植被盖度的相关系数较 低, 当这两种植物与其他乔木混生时, 花粉不易被记录到, 但只要花粉含量超过1%, 周围存在该植物的可能性很大. 灌木花粉中, 以荆条与植被盖度关系最密切; 其次为榛属、柽柳及白刺, 这些植物不出现时, 花粉百分比一般小于1%; 锦鸡儿和绣线菊花粉与植被盖度有一定的相关性; 蔷薇科、虎耳草属花粉与植被盖度关系不明显. 草本花粉中, 莎草科花粉与植被盖度关系最密切, 当莎草科占优势时(盖度高于30%), 随盖度的增大, 花粉百分比增高, 植被盖度低于30%时, 花粉百分比多低于5%; 蒿属和藜科花粉含量主要与所在区域有关; 禾本科、豆科、菊科与植被盖度关系不明显. 相似文献
11.
Feedbacks between vegetation restoration and local precipitation over the Loess Plateau in China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2021,(6)
The implementation of large-scale vegetation restoration over the Chinese Loess Plateau has achieved clear improvements in vegetation fraction, as evidenced by large areas of slopes and plains being restored to grassland or forest.However, such large-scale vegetation restoration has altered land-atmosphere exchanges of water and energy, as the land surface characteristics have changed. These variations could affect regional climate, especially local precipitation. Quantitatively evaluating this feedback is an important scientific question in hydrometeorology. This study constructs a coupled land-atmosphere model incorporating vegetation dynamics, and analyzes the spatio-temporal changes of different land use types and land surface parameters over the Loess Plateau. By considering the impacts of vegetation restoration on the water-energy cycle and on land-atmosphere interactions, we quantified the feedback effect of vegetation restoration on local precipitation across the Loess Plateau, and discussed the important underlying processes. To achieve a quantitative evaluation, we designed two simulation experiments, comprising a real scenario with vegetation restoration and a hypothetical scenario without vegetation restoration.These enabled a comparison and analysis of the net impact of vegetation restoration on local precipitation. The results show that vegetation restoration had a positive effect on local precipitation over the Loess Plateau. Observations show that precipitation on the Loess Plateau increased significantly, at a rate of 7.84 mm yr~(-2), from 2000 to 2015. The simulations show that the contribution of large-scale vegetation restoration to the precipitation increase was about 37.4%, while external atmospheric circulation changes beyond the Loess Plateau contributed the other 62.6%. The average annual precipitation under the vegetation restoration scenario over the Loess Plateau was 12.4% higher than that under the scenario without vegetation restoration. The above research results have important theoretical and practical significance for the ecological protection and optimal development of the Loess Plateau, as well as the sustainable management of vegetation restoration. 相似文献
12.
Spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover on the Chinese Loess Plateau(1981―2006):Impacts of climate changes and human activities 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Spatiotemporal variations of Chinese Loess Plateau vegetation cover during 1981-2006 have been investigated using GIMMS and SPOT VGT NDVI data and the cause of vegetation cover changes has been analyzed, considering the climate changes and human activities. Vegetation cover changes on the Loess Plateau have experienced four stages as follows: (1) vegetation cover showed a continued increasing phase during 1981―1989; (2) vegetation cover changes came into a relative steady phase with small fluctuations during 1990―1998; (3) vegetation cover declined rapidly during 1999―2001; and (4) vegetation cover increased rapidly during 2002―2006. The vegetation cover changes of the Loess Plateau show a notable spatial difference. The vegetation cover has obviously increased in the Inner Mongolia and Ningxia plain along the Yellow River and the ecological rehabilitated region of Ordos Plateau, however the vegetation cover evidently decreased in the hilly and gully areas of Loess Plateau, Liupan Mountains region and the northern hillside of Qinling Mountains. The response of NDVI to climate changes varied with different vegetation types. NDVI of sandy land vegetation, grassland and cultivated land show a significant increasing trend, but forest shows a decreasing trend. The results obtained in this study show that the spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover are the outcome of climate changes and human activities. Temperature is a control factor of the seasonal change of vegetation growth. The increased temperature makes soil drier and unfavors vegetation growth in summer, but it favors vegetation growth in spring and autumn because of a longer growing period. There is a significant correlation between vegetation cover and precipitation and thus, the change in precipitation is an important factor for vegetation variation. The improved agricultural production has resulted in an increase of NDVI in the farmland, and the implementation of large-scale vegetation construction has led to some beneficial effect in ecology. 相似文献
13.
Spatiotemporal variations of Chinese Loess Plateau vegetation cover during 1981–2006 have been investigated using GIMMS and
SPOT VGT NDVI data and the cause of vegetation cover changes has been analyzed, considering the climate changes and human
activities. Vegetation cover changes on the Loess Plateau have experienced four stages as follows: (1) vegetation cover showed
a continued increasing phase during 1981–1989; (2) vegetation cover changes came into a relative steady phase with small fluctuations
during 1990–1998; (3) vegetation cover declined rapidly during 1999–2001; and (4) vegetation cover increased rapidly during
2002–2006. The vegetation cover changes of the Loess Plateau show a notable spatial difference. The vegetation cover has obviously
increased in the Inner Mongolia and Ningxia plain along the Yellow River and the ecological rehabilitated region of Ordos
Plateau, however the vegetation cover evidently decreased in the hilly and gully areas of Loess Plateau, Liupan Mountains
region and the northern hillside of Qinling Mountains. The response of NDVI to climate changes varied with different vegetation
types. NDVI of sandy land vegetation, grassland and cultivated land show a significant increasing trend, but forest shows
a decreasing trend. The results obtained in this study show that the spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover are the
outcome of climate changes and human activities. Temperature is a control factor of the seasonal change of vegetation growth.
The increased temperature makes soil drier and unfavors vegetation growth in summer, but it favors vegetation growth in spring
and autumn because of a longer growing period. There is a significant correlation between vegetation cover and precipitation
and thus, the change in precipitation is an important factor for vegetation variation. The improved agricultural production
has resulted in an increase of NDVI in the farmland, and the implementation of large-scale vegetation construction has led
to some beneficial effect in ecology.
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40671019) and the Knowledge Innovation Project of
the Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research of Chinese Academy of Sciences 相似文献
14.
WANG Zhaoyin WANG Guangqian LI Changzhi & WANG Feixin . Department of Hydraulic Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China . International Research Training Center on Erosion Sedimentation Beijing China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(5):689-700
The development of vegetation in mountainous and hilly areas depends on the local climate, precipitation, soil texture, parent material, topography, soil erosion, types of land use and human activities. Among them, soil erosion is an important natural factor and impacts the vegetation development directly and indirectly, changing the morphology and even changing the cli-mate. An erosion-induced efflux of carbon is about 1.14 billion tons per year totally from soil to the at-mosphere, which gen… 相似文献
15.
Currently, the vegetation has recovered well in most areas of the Loess Plateau in China, and soil erosion has significantly decreased. However, the heavy rainfall event in July 2018 triggered many instances of a unique type of loess landslides(i.e., slide-flows) on the gully-slopes with vegetation recovery in the Nanxiaohegou Basin on the Loess Plateau. This rainfall event was unusual and was a persistent heavy rainfall. The accumulated rainfall from 24 June to 10 July was 232.2 mm, which compr... 相似文献
16.
A sedimentological proxy indicator linking changes in loess and deserts in the Quaternary 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
From Yulin, which is located in the transitional zone between the Loess Plateau and the Mu Us desert, to Weinan in the southernmost
part of the Loess Plateau, 9 loess sections were studied. Grain size analyses show that the advance-retreat changes of the
deserts in northern China may be the most important factor controlling changes in the sand particle percentage of the loess-soil
sequences during the last glacial-interglacial period. It is thus suggegted to use the sand grain content of loess deposits
as a proxy indicator of desert variations. Applying this indicator to the last glacial loess deposits in the northwestern
part of the Loess Plateau reveals that there were many millennial-scale cycles of the desert environments.
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49525230) 相似文献
17.
As a result of serious soil erosion on the Loess Pla-teau of China, about 1.6 billion tons of silt discharge into the downstream and 0.4 billion tons deposit on the riverbed every year, causing serious threat to the life and property of the local people on both banks of the lower Yellow River[1]. Since the 1950s, the Chinese government has initiated the work on soil and water conservation and environmental management on the Loess Plateau and formulated the guiding principle of hillslope and … 相似文献
18.
Since 1999, large-scale ecosystem restoration has been implemented in the Loess Plateau, effectively increasing regional vegetation coverage. Vegetation restoration has significantly elevated the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of the near-surface soil layers and increased the vertical heterogeneity of the Ks profile. Many studies have examined the change of runoff due to revegetation, yet the impacts of Ks profile on the soil moisture distribution and runoff generation processes were less explored. In this study, numerical simulations were conducted to investigate how changes in the Ks profile caused by vegetation restoration influenced the hydrological responses at event scale. The numerical simulation results show that the increase of surface Ks caused by vegetation restoration can effectively reduce runoff at event scale. Moreover, the enhancement of vertical heterogeneity of Ks profiles can significantly change the vertical profile of soil water content, prompting more water to percolate into the deep soil layer. When rainfall exceeds a threshold, the accumulation of soil water above the relatively less permeable layer can cause short-term saturation in shallow soil layers, resulting in a transient perched water table. As a result, after the vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, though Horton overland flow is still the main runoff generation mechanism, there is a possibility of the emergence of Dunne overland flow under the high vegetation coverage (e.g., NDVI larger than 0.5). This emergence of new runoff generation mechanism, saturation excess runoff, in the Loess Plateau due to the vegetation restoration could provide scientific guidance for water and sediment movement, soil and water conservation practices, and desertification control in the Loess Plateau. 相似文献
19.
Palynological records were selected from the profiles of three research sites in the mountainous interior of southern China(Dajiuhu at Shennongjia in the western part of Hubei Province, Dahu in the Nanling Mountains, and Gantang in the northern part of Fujian Province). It can be inferred that the forest vegetation growing in the south of the Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River was luxuriant during the late glaciation. The species succession with ecological significance in palaeoflora(Abies sp., Fagus sp. and Alnus sp.) revealed that there was a certain amount of precipitation and effective humidity in the mountain lands between Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River and Nanling Mountains. This ecological environment favored the zonal distribution of mountainous forest vegetation. The late glacial maximum featured a cold, wet climate that completely differed from the cold-dry climate on the Loess Plateau, and on the steppe and desert steppe of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Besides being influenced by the predominant factors driving the Northern Hemisphere climate, the cold-wet climate feature of the mountainous interior of southern China was closely associated with some geographical factors such as the latitudinal position, proximity to the ocean, and the topography and landforms. 相似文献
20.
ZHAO ShiWei ZHAO YongGang & WU JinShui State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion Dryl Farming on the Loess Plateau 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2010,(4)
Soil pore is a key attribute of the soil structure that affects soil reservoir under natural vegetation recovery on the Loess Plateau.This study is to quantitatively analyze soil pore parameters,measured with Computed Tomography(CT) at 15-57 mm depths under five different vegetation succession stages using a concept of substituting space for time in the Ziwuling Forest Region of the Loess Plateau.The results showed that the soil pore parameters,such as pore number,porosity,circularity,and fractal dimension,... 相似文献