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1.
Coastal scenery evaluated by utilization of selected landscape components was subjected to a fuzzy logic systems approach. Twenty-six top-rated parameters were identified from a literature search/questionnaire surveys carried out in Malta, Turkey and the UK and coastal scenery investigated at 57 sites. A coastal scenic evaluation checklist system was finalized and consisted of assessment parameters based on a five-point scale ranging from low to high attribute values. Coastal user parameter preferences and priorities for these parameters were obtained by a questionnaire perception study (n = 270) given to both locals and visitors. Assessment parameter weights were calculated from this public perception survey via matrices relating to the selected landscape components. For each of the 26 parameters, a membership-graded matrix was established to counteract potential errors in assigning grades to the parameters when one has to give a unique number to the attribute value. To overcome subjectivity and quantify uncertainty, fuzzy logic mathematical methodology was adopted to this checklist approach. This enabled an Evaluation Index (D) value to be calculated, establishing a 5-class evaluation system. Class 1 scenery (extremely attractive natural site) had D values > 0.85; Class 2, between 0.85 and 0.65; Class 3, between 0.65 and 0.4; Class 4, between 0.4 and zero; Class 5 (very unattractive, intensively developed urban) below zero. 相似文献
2.
The concept of place attachment has been studied extensively across multiple disciplines but only recently with empirical measurement using public participation GIS (PPGIS) and related crowd-sourcing mapping methods. This research trialed a spatially explicit method for identifying place attachment in a regional study in South Australia. Our research objectives were to (1) analyze and present the spatial results of the mapping method as a benchmark for future research, (2) compare mapped place attachment to the more common practice of mapping landscape values in PPGIS that comprise a values home range, (3) identify how participant socio-demographic and home location attributes influence place attachment, (4) provide some guidance for mapping place attachment in future research. We found large spatial variability in individual place attachment and mapped landscape values using both area and distance-based measures. The area of place attachment is influenced by occupational roles such as farming or conservation, as well as home location, especially in coastal versus non-coastal contexts. The spatial distribution of mapped landscape values or values home range is related to, but not identical to mapped place attachment with just over half of landscape values located outside the area of mapped place attachment. Economic livelihood values, as an indicator of place dependence, and social values, as an indicator of place identity, are more likely to be mapped within the place attachment area. Aggregated place attachment across participants in the region showed similar spatial intensity to aggregated values home range, but area-based assessment of place attachment and values home range are distorted by edge effects such as a coastline. To further develop the mapping of place attachment in PPGIS, we identify knowledge gaps from our study and offer suggestions for future research design. 相似文献
3.
Monitoring the change in land cover in natural places, such as ecotones, has become an important tool for forest management, especially in protected areas. The present work analyses the spatial and temporal changes in forest cover in Moncayo Natural Park (Spain) from 1987 to 2010 using remote sensing techniques, geographical information systems (GIS) and quantitative indices of landscape ecology. Four Landsat images were used to map nine representative land cover categories in this preserved area in both years. The overall classification accuracies in land cover cartographies in 1987 and 2010 were 87.65% and 84.56%, respectively. Landscape metrics obtained at the landscape level show an increase in fragmentation and, as a result, an increase in landscape spatial diversity. Focusing on the class level, the results show a forest expansion of sessile oaks (Quercus petraea) and beech forest (Fagus sylvatica), two important bioclimatic indicators in this natural park, because they are the southernmost locations for these species in Europe. The decrease of mainly introduced pine forest and the transformation of mixed shrub areas into natural forested areas explain the aforementioned increase in fragmentation. These results are in agreement with the strategies for nature conservation designed by forest managers during the period evaluated. 相似文献
4.
在城镇化、现代化和商业化快速发展的今天,传统文化景观的破碎化已成为传统地域文化景观的重要空间特征和现象,破碎化直接催生了传统文化景观空间的孤岛化现象,直接影响着传统地域文化景观的整体性,成为传统文化景观整体性保护的重要障碍。本文以苏州市甪直镇为例,在分析区域特征及对当地居民进行问卷调查的基础上,通过构造孤岛化评价指数,评价甪直古镇传统文化景观的格局的综合特征和景观孤岛化现象、特征及形成过程。在传统文化景观孤岛化评价的基础上,通过确定保护圈层、构建文化景观遗产廊道和景观生态网络格局,实现传统文化景观空间的拓展、连接和传统文化景观与缓冲空间的有机复合,成为传统地域文化景观区域性整体保护的空间模式。 相似文献
5.
挠力河流域湿地景观演变的累积效应 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
基于累积效应方法和原理,利用遥感和GIS技术,分析了挠力河流域湿地景观时空演变过程及其产生的累积效应。结果显示,该流域湿地景观变化是人类土地开发活动不断叠加、影响强度和空间范围不断扩大的结果。产生的直接累积效应包括湿地景观面积丧失、景观结构破碎化、水文情势变化和生态系统退化;间接的累积效应主要包括生物多样性下降和区域气候趋暖变干。目前,挠力河流域湿地景观变化已经超过了阈值条件,累积效应达到了极为显著的程度。其中,湿地景观多样性趋于丧失,植物物种多样性发生显著变化,某些珍稀水禽种群数量显著下降,有些保护物种已经消失,流域湿地生态正面临极为严重的形势。 相似文献
6.
John A. Dearing 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2013,49(3):537-545
The new Future Earth Framework and International Council of Science Grand Challenges highlight the need to combine environmental and complexity sciences. An improved understanding of trajectories, interactions, fast and slow processes, alternate steady states and thresholds in key natural and social phenomena are vital to the design of sustainable management strategies. Lake sediment records can provide highly resolved time-series of data that give essential long term perspectives for complex socio-ecological systems, especially at regional scales. This means that these records have important roles in addressing the Future Earth agenda, especially for Forecasting, Observing and Confining environmental change within the proposed interdisciplinary themes of Dynamic Planet and Global Development. 相似文献
7.
乡村景观规划中的环境管理评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
我国是农业大国,我国的乡村景观规划与环境管理对加快城乡一体化进程和乡村的可持续发展具有重要的作用。为此,文章首先介绍了日本的一种乡村环境管理评价方法,并对其优点与不足进行了分析,在此基础上,借鉴一些相关的环境管理评价方法,提出了乡村景观规划中的一种环境综合评价方法,希望能对我国的乡村景观规划和环境管理与保护工作提供一定的参考。 相似文献
8.
王协斌 《云南地理环境研究》2008,20(2):87-93
环境友好型旅游区包括自然景观、人文景观等所有的旅游吸引物,强调的是旅游区内的环境保护。综合运用模糊综合评价方法、层次分析法（AHP）,对环境友好型旅游区评价体系进行系统研究。根据相关理论提出了39个评价指标层,11个评价制约层,4个评价目标层,并利用数学模型M（．,＋）构建决策模型,同时以圣堂山旅游区为例进行实证研究,得出了环境友好型旅游区多级模糊综合评判决策模型。圣堂山旅游区综合评估得分为5．1032,属于环境较不友好,并对评估结果进行分析,然后提出旅游区改进措施。 相似文献
9.
Undiscovered petroleum resources may be assessed using a computer program that simulates drilling each trap in a play and estimates the size of each potential discovery by multiplying together estimates of area of closure (A cles) and resources per unit area (V A ). There are several ways of determining values forA cles andV A so that the method can be widely applied. As an example, the sales gas potential of part of the Cooper Basin in South Australia is assessed using statistical projections of loglinear models to determine values forA cles andV A . A discontinuity in these particular data appears to result from an improvement in the quality and density of the seismic surveying, demonstrating that an assessment based on widely spaced or poor-quality seismic surveys can underestimate sales gas potential. 相似文献
10.
陕北黄土高原景观生态环境遥感评价试验研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
选择陕北黄土高原典型地段中神木,府谷县和韩城市进行景观生态环境遥感评价模型试验研究,利用遥感影像与实地考察资料相结合对生态功能定量结合综合分析,研究景观内部功能与结构,标志与评价模型,确定了各单环境质量,为典型地段分区治理和开发利用与环境监测提供依据。 相似文献
11.
武陵源自1992年被列为世界自然遗产以来,由于重开发、轻保护,其水体环境受到了明显影响,水体质量基本上呈现逐年下降的趋势。本文选取对水体环境质量影响较大的BOD5、COD、TN、TP、As、MnO4-作为评价因子,对武陵源主要水系金鞭溪和索溪沿途4个主要断面进行监测,并利用模糊综合评价法,进一步研究武陵源水体污染程度,探讨武陵源水体环境变化规律。评价结果显示:水绕四门、吴家峪口、紫草潭断面的水体质量级别为II级,老磨湾断面的水体质量级别为III级,评价结果与实际监测数据基本一致。在此基础上,有针对性地提出了水体环境质量改善措施,为提高世界自然遗产地武陵源水体环境质量提供科学依据。 相似文献
12.
《Geomorphology》2001,36(3-4):187-202
Drainage density (Dd), defined as the total length of channels per unit area, is a fundamental property of natural terrain that reflects local climate, relief, geology, and other factors. Accurate measurement of Dd is important for numerous geomorphic and hydrologic applications, yet it is a surprisingly difficult quantity to measure, particularly over large areas. Here, we develop a consistent and efficient method for generating maps of Dd using digital terrain data. The method relies on (i) measuring hillslope flow path distance at every unchanneled site within a basin, and (ii) analyzing this field as a random space function. As a consequence, we measure not only its mean (which is half the inverse of the traditional definition of drainage density) but also its variance, higher moments, and spatial correlation structure. This yields a theoretically sound tool for estimating spatial variability of drainage density. Averaging length-to-channel over an appropriate spatial scale also makes it possible to derive continuous maps of Dd and its spatial variations. We show that the autocorrelation length scale provides a natural and objective choice for spatial averaging. This mapping technique is applied to a region of highly variable Dd in the northern Apennines, Italy. We show that the method is capable of revealing large-scale patterns of variation in Dd that are correlated with lithology and relief. The method provides a new and more general way to quantitatively define and measure Dd, to test geomorphic models, and to incorporate Dd variations into regional-scale hydrologic models. 相似文献
13.
Nutrient over-enrichment of estuarine environments is increasing globally. However, it is difficult to determine the eutrophication trend in estuaries over long periods of time because long-term monitoring records are scarce and do not permit the identification of baseline environmental conditions. In this study, preliminary diatom based transfer functions for the inference of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) in east-Australian sub-tropical estuaries were developed to address the deficiency in knowledge relating to historical estuary water quality trends. The transfer functions were created from a calibration set consisting of water quality and associated surface sediment diatom assemblage data from fifty-two sub-tropical estuaries in New South Wales and Queensland, Australia. Following data screening processes, Canonical Correspondence Analysis confirmed that TP and TN both explained significant, independent variation in the diatom assemblages. Variance partitioning, however, indicated that the TP was confounded with and may receive some strength from TN. WA and WA-PLS 2 component models for TP that included all calibration set sites yielded statistically weak results based on the jack-knifed r 2 scores $ \left( {r_{\text{jack}}^{{^{ 2} }} \, = 0.22\;{\text{and}}\;0. 2 2 {\text{ respectively}}} \right) $ . Removal from the calibration set of 12 sites that had all PO4, NH4, NO2, and NOx concentrations below detection limit resulted in a substantial improvement in WA-PLS 2 component TP model scores $ \left( {r_{\text{jack}}^{{^{ 2} }} \; = \;\,0.69} \right) $ , indicating that this model is statistically robust, and thus suitable for down core nutrient reconstructions. Caution, however, is required when developing diatom based inference models in Australian estuaries as nutrient cycling processes may have the potential to influence diatom based transfer functions. The model reported on here provides a foundation for reconstructing nutrient histories in eastern Australian sub-tropical estuaries in the absence of monitoring data. 相似文献
14.
P. E. GESSLER I. D. MOORE N. J. McKENZIE P. J. RYAN 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(4):421-432
Abstract Explicit and quantitative models for the spatial prediction of soil and landscape attributes are required for environmental modelling and management. In this study, advances in the spatial representation of hydrological and geomorphological processes using terrain analysis techniques are integrated with the development of a field sampling and soil-landscape model building strategy. Statistical models are developed using relationships between terrain attributes (plan curvature, compound topographic index, upslope mean plan curvature) and soil attributes (A horizon depth, Solum depth, E horizon presence/absence) in an area with uniform geology and geomorphic history. These techniques seem to provide appropriate methodologies for spatial prediction and understanding soil landscape processes. 相似文献
15.
DAVID MERCER 《The Australian geographer》2003,34(1):91-121
Up until very recently--and in marked contrast to such countries as Spain, Denmark and Germany--Australia generated hardly any electricity from the wind. Driven largely by the mandatory targets embodied in the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 (Commonwealth) this situation is now changing. Australia has several operational small- to medium-sized wind energy power stations in Western Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. But--in the face of often strong local opposition--the Australian Wind Energy Association is keen to increase the number and scale of such projects. This paper outlines recent overseas developments in wind energy and then focuses on the environmental and planning dilemmas posed by this form of electricity production. Particular attention is focused on a highly controversial wind energy proposal in south-western Victoria, the Portland Wind Energy Project (PWEP). The argument presented is that wind is only one of a number of possible renewable energy options, that coastal landscapes are an 'endangered species', and that it is time for geographers to revisit methodologies concerned with evaluating landscape beauty and debating the place of landscape values within the ecologically sustainable development paradigm. 相似文献
16.
Grete Stokstad Svein Olav Krøgli Wenche E. Dramstad 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2020,74(2):111-122
ABSTRACT Efficiency in agricultural food production has long been in focus and this has affected the spatial structure of agricultural land use. One outcome has been extensive criticism based on a wide range of negative consequences, such as for biodiversity, accessibility, cultural heritage, and aesthetics. In line with the European Landscape Convention (ELC), management of people’s everyday landscapes is important. In Norway, agricultural landscapes are the ‘everyday landscape’ for a large proportion of the population. The aim of the article is to contribute to the understanding of landscape changes perceived as positive or negative by the inhabitants. The authors focused on grain-crop dominated landscapes and the impact of smaller non-crop elements on people’s landscape preferences. They administered a photo-based questionnaire using manipulated photos to assess preferences for different agricultural landscapes. Additionally, people’s perceived objectives for the agricultural sector and agriculture’s primary functions were assessed. The results documented positive perceptions of added landscape elements and that people were both aware of and agreed on the multifunctional role of agriculture. The authors conclude that if the public’s preferences are to be taken into consideration, such as during policymaking, it is important to maintain various landscape elements in the large-scale grain field landscapes of Norway. 相似文献
17.
Igor V. Florinsky Galina A. Kuryakova 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(8):815-832
The central problem of a combined analysis of digital terrain models (DTMs) and other landscape data is determination of a DTM grid size (w) providing a correct study of relationships between topographic variables and landscape properties. Generally, an adequate w is determined by an expert estimate, and solutions are largely subjective. We developed an experimental statistical method to determine an adequate w for DTMs applied to landscape studies. The method includes the following steps: (a) derivation of a DTM set using a series of wi , (b) performance of a correlation analysis of data on a landscape property and a topographic variable estimated with various wi , (c) plotting of correlation coefficients obtained versus w, and (d) determination of smoothed plot portions indicating intervals of an adequate w. We applied the method developed to study the ifluence of topography on the spatial distribution of soil moisture (M) at a micro-scale. We investigated the dependence of M on gradient (G), horizontal (kh ), vertical (kv ), and mean (H) landsurface curvatures. For DTM derivation, we used 13 values of wi from 1 to 7m. An interval of adequate wi for M falls between 2.25 and 3.25m in the given terrain conditions. In absolute magnitudes, correlation coefficients are largest within this interval; correlation coefficients of M with G, kh , kv and H are 0.28, 0.52, 0.50 and 0.60, respectively, for w = 3m. The results obtained demonstrate that the method actually works to identify an adequate w at a micro-scale. The method developed allows estimation of an adequate area of landform which realise a topographic control of landscape properties. 相似文献
18.
Byers Peninsula: A reference site for coastal,terrestrial and limnetic ecosystem studies in maritime Antarctica 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
This article describes the development of an international and multidisciplinary project funded by the Spanish Polar Programme on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island, South Shetlands). The project adopted Byers Peninsula as an international reference site for coastal and terrestrial (including inland waters) research within the framework of the International Polar Year initiative. Over 30 scientists from 12 countries and 26 institutions participated in the field work, and many others participated in the processing of the samples. The main themes investigated were: Holocene changes in climate, using both lacustrine sediment cores and palaeo-nests of penguins; limnology of the lakes, ponds, rivers and wetlands; microbiology of microbial mats, ecology of microbial food webs and viral effects on aquatic ecosystems; ornithology, with investigations on a Gentoo penguin rookery (Pygoscelis papua) as well as the flying ornithofauna; biocomplexity and life cycles of species from different taxonomic groups; analysis of a complete watershed unit from a landscape perspective; and human impacts, specifically the effect of trampling on soil characteristics and biota.Byers Peninsula offers many features as an international reference site given it is one of the largest ice-free areas in the Antarctic Peninsula region, it has a variety of different landscape units, and it hosts diverse aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, the Byers Peninsula is a hotspot for Antarctic biodiversity, and because of its high level of environmental protection, it has been very little affected by human activities. Finally, the proximity to the Spanish polar installations on Livingston Island and the experience derived from previous expeditions to the site make it logistically feasible as a site for ongoing monitoring and research. 相似文献
19.
将景观感知倾向性、景观美学与质量评价等研究成果和旅游者感知评价结合,通过定量描 述可以感知的生态景观,反向描述旅游者的景观感知程度,提出了景观感知敏感度概念,建立了 观光线路景观感知敏感度模型和基于栅格数据的景观感知敏感度计算方法。在充分考虑影响 生态旅游者心理感知共性特征的基础上,选择景观可视状态、最佳观赏距离、最佳观赏方位3 个 视域感知影响因子,和景观类型、资源等级、沉浸式生态景观3 个生态感知影响因子,对感知敏感 度进行定量描述,反映旅游者的景观感知程度及其空间分异。以数字高程模型和高分辨率卫星 影像为基础,生成虚拟三维景观,选择视域分析、空间叠置、缓冲区等方法,设计了基于山岳型风 景区的观光线路景观感知敏感度计算流程,并选择河北省邯郸武安国家地质公园奇峡谷景区进行实验,以验证计算方法和流程的可行性。景观感知敏感度为生态旅游地尤其是山岳型风景区 规划中识别旅游者的景观感知强度和空间分异奠定了基础。 相似文献
20.
Field active body temperatures (Tb) and operative temperatures (Te) were assessed in a population of Uromastyx aegyptia microlepis at Mahazat as-Sayd Protected Area, Saudi Arabia. In summer Tb ranged between 23.2 and 47.2 °C, in winter between 23.0 and 45.1 °C and in spring between 25.5 and 45.9 °C. There is a significant difference between respective Tb and Te distributions which suggests that U. a. microlepis is an active thermoregulator. Above ground activity is very variable between seasons, with the highest activity level in spring. In winter the animals showed an unimodal activity profile. In spring and summer the lizards exhibit bimodal activity profiles with afternoon activity being generally lower than morning activity levels. Species distribution models were calculated to estimate the future impact of global warming on this taxon. Estimates on the basis of temperature data suggest that the range size on the Arabian Peninsula might be stable but with a remarkable decrease of environmental suitability of up to 70-80%. Based on a synthesis of thermo-ecological data and species distribution models we consider climate warming as a potential threat to the survival of the species. 相似文献