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1.
This article investigates adobe wall construction materials utilized by prehistoric inhabitants of Chaves‐Hummingbird Pueblo, an ancestral Pueblo village located ˜20 miles west of Albuquerque, New Mexico. The walls were constructed with native clay‐rich soils some time between approximately 1275–1450 A.D. Samples were analyzed with a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer from the near ultraviolet (NUV) through the visible (VIS) and into the near infrared (NIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Cluster analysis of samples from 275 adobe walls and 36 soil locations surrounding the pueblo room blocks indicates four clusters. Comparison of typical samples from the four clusters indicates that they are very similar and are distinguished by minor variations in the three primary spectrally determined components, Na‐Ca montmorillonite, bentonite, and goethite. In general, clusters correspond with room construction episodes that are discernible through patterns of wall bonding and abutment recorded during the archaeological investigation of the site. This suggests that during different phases of construction the source of the wall adobe changed. Many of the soil samples are included in wall clusters and therefore reveal a potential source of material used for adobe, adjacent soils. However, not all the soil surrounding the pueblo grouped with wall clusters indicating a preference for certain soil types and that some soils were probably unsuitable for making adobe. Therefore, diversity in spectrally identified construction materials provides insights into source locations and possible construction preferences of the site inhabitants. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

2.
Effects of sheet flow rate and slope gradient on sediment load   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Sheet erosion is known as one of the most important forms of erosion, particularly in agricultural land. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of flow rate and slope gradient on runoff and sediment discharges in two different soils. Experiments were conducted using a tilting flume facility with the test area of 0.2?×?1.0 m. Overall, 24 experiments on two soils (clay loam and sandy clay loam textures) including six flow rates (75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 ml/s) and two slope gradients (1.5 and 2 %) were performed. The selected flow rates and flume slopes were generated to simulate sheet erosion. The results showed that for both soils and slopes, unit flow discharge (q) and sediment concentration increased with increasing flow rate; however, the effect of slope gradient on flow discharge depends on soil type. In addition, sandy clay loam exhibited higher values of q and sediment concentration and consequently, it showed greater amounts of sediment load. At the start of event, sediment concentration was high but it decreased to approach a steady state. In addition, the time needed to reach a steady state condition was shorter for sandy clay loam than that for clay loam soil and in lower flow rates than higher flow rates. For each soil and slope, there was a direct relationship between sediment load and flow rate. The result implied that the effect of slope gradient on sediment load was almost greater in sandy clay loam soil than clay loam soil. Moreover, the differences between sediment loads of two soils are enlarged at slope 2 %.  相似文献   

3.
文章通过在某均衡试验场地中的渗透仪上开展土壤水流穿透试验,分析灌溉水对地下水补给方式。试验结果表明:淹灌条件下,粉细砂扰动土中的穿透曲线为典型的单峰对称型,表明粉细砂中的土壤水通过活塞式入渗补给地下水;而亚粘土中的穿透曲线显示多峰、优先穿透、拖尾等现象,表明亚粘土中的土壤水以优势流方式补给地下水。通过对均衡场降水入渗补给的长观资料分析发现:在自然降雨条件下亚粘土中优势流明显,粉细砂中主要以活塞流为主。  相似文献   

4.
目前对影响土壤饱和渗透系数规律的机理缺乏深刻认识.以不同沉积环境、不同岩性及不同土地利用方式的江汉平原汉江下游浅层土壤为对象,采用改进的TST-55型土壤渗透仪开展室内变水头达西实验.结果表明,研究区内土壤饱和渗透系数平均值为4.94×10-5cm/s,服从对数-正态分布;粉砂壤土冲积物和湖积物的饱和渗透系数平均值为3.53×10-5cm/s和1.98×10-5cm/s,粉砂质粘壤土中,两者分别为8.13×10-7cm/s和5.88×10-7cm/s,同一岩性冲积物的饱和渗透系数较湖积物大;冲积物中,砂壤土、粉砂壤土和粉砂质粘壤土饱和渗透系数平均值为1.98×10-5 cm/s、3.53×10-5 cm/s和8.13×10-7 cm/s,表现为砂壤土>粉砂壤土>粉砂质粘壤土;耕作土壤中,粉砂壤土、粉砂质粘壤土的饱和渗透系数平均值为3.75×10-5 cm/s和8.11×10-7cm/s,非耕作土壤中,两者分别为1.88×10-6cm/s、5.93×10-7cm/s,同一岩性耕作土壤饱和渗透系数较非耕作土壤大.   相似文献   

5.
This study identifies the technique applied for building the rammed earth wall of the 13th Korean fortress, Ganghwa Jungseong, by analyzing its physical, mineralogical, granulometric, and geochemical characteristics. Furthermore, mutual homogeneities between the rammed earth wall and host rock, top soil, and sub-surface soil collected around the fortress were interpreted. The ground of the rammed earth wall was not created artificially but made via soil preparations containing loamy soils from weathered bedrock. The foundation part was built using various layers of soils having different colors, magnetic susceptibilities, particle sizes, and organic components. In particular, a layer of loamy saprolite was generated to enhance the stability of the foundation and improve ventilation and draining throughout the structure. The body of the wall is composed of silty loam at the bottom and silty loam to loam from the middle to the top. Techniques that alternately harden soils using different particle sizes enable external shock absorption and prevent crack formation owing to temperature changes during winter and summer. The rammed earth wall and the soils around the fortress contained related rock-forming materials had similar magnetic susceptibilities and geochemical characteristics, which indicated that they have a genetically common source. Moreover, the rammed earth wall was built using the soil weathered from the banded gneiss because it was correlated to the banded gneiss constituting the bedrock around the fortress.  相似文献   

6.
 The response of a Wilderness cherty loam series soil to repeated dosages of metals (as sewage sludge) using a two-step sequential extraction procedure was investigated. Variations in metal content between amended and control soils were related to organic matter, clay content, and clay mineralogy. Of the four metals investigated, Cu was found to accumulate in the top 20 cm of amended soils; Pb and Zn were present in even smaller amounts with respect to the control soils, and Cr concentrations were unaffected with respect to both depth and amendment. None of the metals indicated accumulation in deeper (>20 cm) parts of the soil profile. Overall, results suggest that the metals remobilize in the top 20 cm, being readily uptaken by the fescue grass growing in this lot. Precipitation of insoluble forms of metal into deeper parts of the soil profile was proven unlikely based on the distribution of metal concentrations throughout the profile. Received: 15 December 1997 · Accepted: 23 March 1998  相似文献   

7.
The strength properties of the main types of thawing clayed soils, including loamy sand, loam, and clay have been studied. The factors controlling their evolution during freezing and thawing have been revealed as follows: grain-size composition, freezing and thawing conditions, physical properties such as unit weight and water content, and pore pressure. Using a special technique developed to account for these factors, we have revealed the geotechnical soil properties for the soil types under study.  相似文献   

8.
In this study, the degradation of novaluron (benzoylphenyl urea insect growth regulator) was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions in clay loam alluvial and coastal saline soils of West Bengal, India. The application rates were field rate (FR); 2FR and 10FR. The incubation study was carried out at 30 °C and 60% of maximum water holding capacity of both the soils. Degradation of novaluron in both the soils followed first order reaction kinetics at all application rates under non-sterile and sterile conditions. The half-lives of novaluron in non-sterilized soils ranged from 17.0–17.8 days (alluvial soil) and 11.4–12.7 days (coastal saline soil), while the values in case of the sterilized soils were 53.7–59.0 days (alluvial soil) and 28.9–29.8 days (coastal saline soil) respectively. The novaluron degradation patterns were found to be highly influenced by soil types, application rates, and biotic abiotic factors. Abiotic factors strongly influenced novaluron degradation in both the soils. Biotic degradation was higher in alluvial soil compared to the coastal saline soil.  相似文献   

9.
攀枝花地区昔格达土的土壤层环境地球化学特征   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
攀枝花地区昔格达土系粉砂壤土和粉砂土，土壤中原生矿物主要为石英和长石，次生矿物主要为蒙脱石，伊利石和高岭石。昔格达土不同层痊稀土元素分布特征相似，稀土元素在成土过程中没有明显的地球化学迁移，对母岩具有一定的继承性。昔格达土各层位Ti、V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Cd等元素具有较高的地球化学背景，在地表水和地下水的作用下容易释放进入环境，造成环境污染。  相似文献   

10.
For determination of atrazine isotherms in agricultural soils of Fars Province, composite soil samples from 0 to 5 cm depth with textures of silty clay loam, clay loam and loam were collected. In order to form the atrazine isotherms, 10, 50 and 100 µg atrazine g?1 soil was added to the soil samples. Soluble atrazine in water:soil ratios of 10:1, 50:1 and 200:1 was measured after 3-h shaking. Finally, for each cases of applied atrazine, water extractable atrazine was determined and quantified using gas chromatography instrument. The results indicated that there was a linear relationship between the logarithms of water extractable atrazine and added atrazine for different water:soil ratios. A general equation of WEA = K(WS) α (AA) β is obtained experimentally between water extractable atrazine, µg g?1(WEA), and added atrazine, µg g?1 (AA), where K, α and β are absorption constants; WS is the water:soil ratio, g g?1. For the loam, silty clay loam and clay loam soil textures, the α were 0.49, 0.23 and 0.13, respectively, the β were 0.55, 0.806 and 0.21, respectively, and the K were 1.44, 0.78 and 25.38, respectively.  相似文献   

11.
Soil secondary minerals are important scavengers of rare earth elements (REEs) in soils and thus affect geochemical behavior and occurrence of REEs. The fractionation of REEs is a common geochemical phenomenon in soils but has received little attention, especially fractionation induced by secondary minerals. In this study, REEs (La to Lu and Y) associated with soil-abundant secondary minerals Fe-, Al-, and Mn-oxides in 196 soil samples were investigated to explore the fractionation and anomalies of REEs related to the minerals. The results show right-inclined chondrite-normalized REE patterns for La–Lu in soils subjected to total soil digestion and partial soil extraction. Light REEs (LREEs) enrichment features were negatively correlated with a Eu anomaly and positively correlated with a Ce anomaly. The fractionation between LREEs and heavy REEs (HREEs) was attributed to the high adsorption affinity of LREEs to secondary minerals and the preferred activation/leaching of HREEs. The substantial fractions of REEs in soils extracted by oxalate and Dithionite-Citrate-Bicarbonate buffer solutions were labile (10 %–30 %), which were similar to the mass fraction of Fe (10 %–20 %). Furthermore, Eu was found to be more mobile than the other REEs in the soils, whereas Ce was less mobile. These results add to our understanding of the distribution and geochemical behavior of REEs in soils, and also help to deduce the conditions of soil formation from REE fractionation.  相似文献   

12.
ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＬａｒｇｅａｒｅａｓｏｆａｒｉｄａｎｄｓｅｍｉａｒｉｄｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄａｒｅａｆ ｆｅｃｔｅｄｂｙｗｉｎｄｅｒｏｓｉｏｎ .Ａｐｐｒｏｘｉｍａｔｅｌｙ 2 8.4%ｏｆｔｈｉｓａｒｅａａｒｅａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄｂｙｓｅｖｅｒｅａｎｄｖｅｒｙｓｅｖｅｒｅｗｉｎｄｅｒｏｓｉｏｎ (Ｋａｔｅｓｅｔａｌ.,1977) .ＩｎＩｒａｑ ,ｔｈｅａｒｉｄａｎｄｓｅｍｉａｒｉｄｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｎｅａｒｌｙ 75%ｏｆｔｈｅｔｏｔａｌｌａｎｄ .5 0 %ｏｆｔｈｉｓｌａｎｄｉｓｓｕｂｊｅｃ…  相似文献   

13.
Pleistocene red soil horizons were exposed in different areas of the Barind Tract in north-west Bangladesh. X-ray diffractions of twenty seven samples from different depths of these soil horizons revealed that the soil horizons consisted of kaolinite, illite and chrysotile with significant amount of opal-CT. Samples from Maddhapara, Bogra, and Nachole contain kaolinite, illite, quartz and opal-CT, and the samples from Kantabari contain chrysotile instead of kaolinite. Clay mineral compositions of different soil horizons indicated two different types of clay assemblages, viz. (a) illitekaolinite and (b) illite-chrysotile. In the village of Kantabari, illite-chrysotile clay mineral assemblage indicate that soil horizons were formed under low temperatures with alkaline and reducing conditions. However, other soil horizons of illite-kaolinite clay mineral assemblage indicate that soils were possibly formed under humid, temperate and welldrained conditions. These two soil horizons were formed under different geochemical, geomorphological and climatic conditions from different parent materials. Scanning Electron Microscopy photographs showing the presence of glass shards and no opal-A were found using XRD, suggesting that the opal-A might not be a precursor to opal-CT in the red soil horizon of the study area. This opal-CT along with the general lack of fossils and presence of glass shards was indicative of a volcanogenic rather than biogenic origin for the Opal-CT in the study area, and X-ray fluorescence data reveals higher percentages of silica which is comparable to the Toba Ash of Toba Caldera, Indonesia of about 75,000 B.P.  相似文献   

14.
The Turpan–Hami basin, covering an area of approximately 50,000 km2 in NW China, contains concealed sandstone-type U deposits in a Jurassic sequence of sandstone, mudstone and coal beds. Sampling of soil profiles over the Shihongtan concealed U deposit in this basin shows that fine-grained soil collected from the clay-rich horizon contains U concentrations three times higher than similar soils at background areas. Selective leaching studies of these soils show that U is mainly associated with clay minerals, which comprise from 17.9% to 40% (average 30.4%) of the total mineral content. This may indicate that U is converted to uranyl ions [UO2]2+ under oxidizing conditions and is sorbed on clay minerals to accumulate in anomalous concentrations. Fine-grained soil (<120 mesh, <0.125 mm) from the clay-rich horizon, generally occurring at a depth of 0–40 cm, is shown to be an effective sampling medium for deep-penetrating geochemical surveys. A wide-spaced geochemical survey at a density of approximately 1 site per 100 km2 was carried out throughout the whole basin using this sampling medium. Samples were analyzed for 30 elements by ICP-MS following a 4-acid extraction. Three large-scale geochemical anomalies of U and Mo were delineated over the whole basin. One of the anomalies is consistent with the known U deposit at Shihongtan in the western part of the basin. A new potential target in the eastern part of the basin was selected for a follow-up survey at a density of 1 sample per 4 km2. A drilling exploration programme at the center of the geochemical anomaly delineated by this follow-up survey discovered a new U deposit.  相似文献   

15.
蒋家沟砾石土的特性及其对斜坡失稳的意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
王志兵  汪稔  胡明鉴  陈中学 《岩土力学》2010,31(Z2):206-211
云南蒋家沟是世界上著名的由降雨导致泥石流、浅层滑坡频发的沟谷之一。组成蒋家沟斜坡表层的砾石土具有孔隙度高、级配宽、不均匀系数大等特点,级配曲线为上凹型或双峰型,为内在不稳定性土。X射线衍射分析表明,粒径小于1 mm 的细粒部分主要由绿泥石和伊利石等黏土矿物及次生石英组成,黏土矿物会影响砾石土的物理力学性质。在环境电镜扫描中观测了砾石土的微观结构,发现一种特殊的“桥式”胶结结构,并在遇水条件下发生断裂,不仅降低了微弱黏聚力,而且土颗粒容易分离成粒径为数十微米的散微粒。这与砾石土中黏性部分具有高分散性有关。此外这些散微粒在自滤过程中会能发生运移,并在孔喉等处积聚而堵塞孔隙,会降低砾石土的渗透性以及有利于斜坡中暂态上层滞水的积聚。  相似文献   

16.
成土过程中不同形态镉(Cd)迁移转化的影响因素研究对于了解Cd的地球化学行为具有非常重要的意义。以四川省成都平原区农田生态系统水稻土剖面中不同形态Cd分布特征为例,探讨成土过程中不同形态Cd的迁移转化影响因素及其生态危害性。结果表明:总量Cd、离子交换态Cd和碳酸盐Cd均表现出表层富集,深层含量稳定的特征;岷江流域和沱江流域水稻土Cd含量的背景值分别为0.147,0.215mg·kg-1。外源输入耕层土壤中Cd主要为活动态,其增加量占Cd总量增加量的60.71%~90.52%,向下垂向迁移能力非常弱。成土过程随着土壤中Cd总量增加,稳定态Cd含量显著增加,而活动态Cd含量明显降低。土壤的pH值主要对碳酸盐态Cd含量有影响,pH值越大,其含量越高;随着土壤成熟度增高,粉粒和粘粒含量增加的同时,残渣态Cd含量显著降低,而有机结合态Cd含量显著增高。耕层土壤中Cd的生物有效性系数高达0.59~0.65,已经严重地影响到农作物安全。  相似文献   

17.
Results of a systematic testing program showed that the cyclic behavior of silt–clay mixtures is greatly influenced by the dominant clay minerals in the mixture. In particular, it was demonstrated that given the same amount of clay/clay mineral and/or same value of plasticity index, the montmorillonitic soils have the highest cyclic strength, followed by the illitic soils, and then by the kaolinitic soils. Moreover, the rate of increase in cyclic strength with increasing % clay mineral and PI is again the highest in the montmorillonitic soil, lowest in the kaolinitic soil and intermediate in the illitic soil. Therefore, without considering clay mineralogy, the % clay fraction, % clay mineral and plasticity index are unreliable indicators of the liquefaction susceptibility of fine-grained soils. The differing adhesive bond strength each clay mineral develops with the silt particles is deemed to largely explain the observed differences in the response of the three different soil mixtures to cyclic loading.  相似文献   

18.
Minnesota forested soils have evolved without the presence of earthworms since the last glacial retreat. When exotic earthworms arrive, enhanced soil bioturbation often results in dramatic morphological and chemical changes in soils with negative implications for the forests’ sustainability. However, the impacts of earthworm invasion on geochemical processes in soils are not well understood. This study attempts to quantify the role of earthworm invasion in mineral chemical weathering and nutrient dynamics along an earthworm invasion chronosequence in a sugar maple forest in Northern Minnesota. Depth and rates of soil mixing can be tracked with atmospherically derived short lived radioisotopes 210Pb and 137Cs. Their radioactivities increase in the lower A horizon at the expense of the peak activities near the soil surface, which indicate that soil mixing rate and its depth reach have been enhanced by earthworms. Enhanced soil mixing by earthworms is consistent with the ways that the vertical profiles of elemental and mineralogical compositions were affected by earthworm invasion. Biologically cycled Ca and P have peak concentrations near the soil surface prior to earthworm invasion. However, these peak abundances significantly declined in the earthworm invaded soils presumably due to enhanced soil mixing. It is clear that enhanced soil mixing due to earthworms also profoundly altered the vertical distribution of most mineral species within A horizons. Though the mechanisms are not clear yet, earthworm invasion appears to have contributed to net losses of clay mineral species and opal from the A horizons. As much as earthworms vertically relocated minerals and elements, they also intensify the contacts between organic matter and cations as shown in the increased amount of Ca and Fe in organically complexed and in exchangeable pools. With future studies on soil mixing rates and elemental leaching, this study will quantitatively and mechanically address the role of earthworms in geochemical evolution of soils and forests’ nutrient dynamics.  相似文献   

19.
中国黄土中古土壤的发生学研究   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4  
石元春 《第四纪研究》1989,9(2):113-122
应用形态学、微形态学、化学和矿物学研究了中国黄土中古土壤的发生学性状和成土过程。离石黄土(中更新世)中古土壤为发育程度(碳酸盐淋溶和粘化)不同的褐土型土壤。马兰黄土(晚更新世)中为生草过程强和粘化过程稍弱的灰褐土型土壤。全新世黄土中为碳酸盐淋溶和粘化过程均弱的弱度发育的碳酸盐灰褐土型土壤。午城黄土(早更新世)中可能是棕褐土。本文还探讨了黄土中古土壤在时间和空间上的演替和分类问题。  相似文献   

20.
为研究兴蒙造山带-华北克拉通地球化学走廊带区域地球化学组成及其横向空间变化,统计分析不同地理单元和五万图幅单元的REE含量并绘制其空间分布折线图.内蒙古半干旱草原土壤中稀土含量较低,与其草原沙土的粘土矿物较少有关;江苏北部冲积平原区的土壤中稀土含量较高,与降雨量存在良好空间对应关系.内蒙古红格尔到河北张家口,土壤与岩石∑REE的比值绝大多数小于1,REE发生贫化;山东章丘到江苏连云港,比值基本大于1,REE发生富集.华北克拉通内蒙地块土壤稀土特征与兴蒙造山带相似,可能受其草原沙土景观的影响.在不同构造单元之间,LREE与HREE亏损与富集的空间分布存在细微差异.结果表明:地理景观,特别是黏土矿物是影响土壤REE含量的重要因素,降雨量与REE存在良好空间对应关系,REE自身的地球化学性质的差异在土壤形成过程中对轻重稀土元素分异具有重要影响.   相似文献   

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