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1.
湿地景观格局变化研究进展 总被引：45，自引：1，他引：44
湿地是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观,具有重要的生态功能。湿地景观格局是各种生态过程综合作用的结果,具有高度的景观异质性,对景观的功能和过程有着显著的影响。湿地生态系统是世界上受威胁最为严重的生态系统之一,在自然因素和人类活动的影响下发生了大面积的转化或丧失。本文从湿地景观格局研究方法、面积变化、景观类型转化、驱动力以及动态模型、湿地景观格局指数以及湿地景观格局与气候变化之间的关系等方面综述了湿地景观格局变化的研究进展,指出湿地景观格局变化及其生态效应和高原湿地景观格局变化与气候变化之间的关系是未来研究的重点领域。 相似文献
2.
城市景观及其格局的生态效应研究进展 总被引：29，自引：3，他引：26
城市景观是深受人类活动影响的景观类型,同时城市生态系统也深深地刻上了人类影响的烙印。随着人类社会日益城市化,未来的景观将越来越强烈地受到人类经济、社会活动的改造。人类活动一方面可以直接作用于城市生态系统,另一方面,更广泛而深远的影响却是通过城市景观格局和土地利用方式改变区域物质能量流,进而影响区域生态过程,这种城市景观通过空间格局对生态系统特征和过程造成的影响,可以称之为城市景观的生态效应。本文考察了中外学者近年来就城市景观的生态效应所作的理论和实证研究,包括景观要素与格局及土地利用/土地覆被对城市动植物群落、气候、水文、土壤等造成的影响。作者通过评述近年来城市景观及其格局的生态效应研究进展,认为尽管目前对景观格局及其生态过程的结合尚未完善,但已经有越来越多的研究者注意到这个问题,并通过在不同尺度、不同切入点的实证研究,为建立城市景观格局与生态过程的有机结合提供基础。这些研究的结论及其所揭示的规律将作为城市空间规划与管理的依据,推动城市和人类-自然系统的可持续发展。 相似文献
3.
Andrew Sluyter 《Geographical review》2006,96(3):361-381
ABSTRACT. While in New Spain from 1803 to 1804, Alexander von Humboldt interacted with some of its landscapes and the texts that represented them. Analysis of those interactions regarding the Basin of Mexico and the Gulf lowlands demonstrates what purely text‐based studies of the production of places cannot: The contrasting landscape elements and patterns that had emerged over millennia during precolonial times in those two places, their relative degrees of depopulation during the colonial era, and the relative degrees of rigor Humboldt applied to interacting with the resulting landscapes and the texts that represented them greatly affected his representations of those places in his 1811 Essai politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle‐Espagne. His representations of the precolonial Basin of Mexico as productively developed and of the precolonial Gulf lowlands as pristine have influenced the transformations of those places in the two centuries after New Spain became the Mexican republic through its wars of independence (1810–1821). 相似文献
4.
By studying landscape form and patterns, we can study processes at multiple scales and determine how collectively those processes inform us about function(s). Integrating landscape ecology from a biogeographical perspective with geographic information science (GIScience) practices offers new ways to study how landscapes change over time and space, including how they can be measured, analyzed, and modeled for management needs. This article presents methodologies and selected results of analyzing spatial patterns from field data across multiple scales by examining standing dead tree (snag) processes across wildfire‐disturbed landscapes in Arizona. Our primary motivation was to illustrate a particular type of work benefiting from the coalescing of landscape ecology and GIScience, functioning at the methodological and practical overlap of these two contributing fields. Our management goals were to (1) describe spatial patterns and characteristics of snags in pairs of burned and unburned ponderosa pine forests of Arizona in four recent (within the past ten years) wildfires, (2) document bird response to wildfires by combining landscape ecology and GIScience methods, and (3) link these patterns to snag monitoring plots and cavity‐nesting bird use to predict the probability of snag use by birds and cavity nesters based on snag characteristics (snag use model). The methods and results demonstrate how integration of landscape ecology with both GIS and GIScience improves the ways to study landscapes and land management issues, in this case offering guidelines for retention of snags that provide habitat for wildlife. 相似文献
5.
Landscape memory: the imprint of the past on contemporary landscape forms and processes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Gary John Brierley 《Area》2010,42(1):76-85
The imprint of the past upon contemporary landscape forms and processes is differentiated in terms of geologic, climatic and anthropogenic memory. Geologic memory refers to controls exerted upon relief, erodibility, erosivity and accommodation space (areas in landscapes where sediments are stored and reworked). These factors set the imposed boundary conditions within which contemporary landscape-forming processes operate. Climatic memory refers to the influence of past climatic conditions upon contemporary landscape forms and processes. Climatic controls exert a primary influence upon the nature of geomorphic processes, while the influence of climate upon ground cover affects the effectiveness of these processes. Climate change may induce profound alterations to the flux boundary conditions under which contemporary landscapes operate. This is exemplified by the variable imprint of glacial/interglacial cycles in differing parts of the world. Anthropogenic memory refers to the imprint of past human activities on contemporary landscapes, whereby human disturbance in the past altered landscape forms, processes and associated flow/sediment fluxes in a manner that continues to affect the way the contemporary landscape works. Contrasting examples from a tectonically stable landscape (Australia) and a tectonically uplifting landscape (New Zealand) are used to highlight the variable influence of geologic, climatic and anthropogenic memory upon the persistence and erasure of landscape forms and resulting implications for sediment flux in differing settings. 相似文献
6.
过程与格局的关系及其在区域景观生态规划中的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
景观生态学基本原理被广泛应用于景观设计和区域生态规划中,生态过程与生态格局之间的关系是区域生态规划面对的重要问题。在回顾景观生态学生态过程与生态格局关系认识过程的基础上,提出二者之间"过程为体,格局为用"的哲学关系。"体"即根本和内在的东西,"用"为"体"的外在表现。面对具体的规划区域时,分析问题的切入点和解决问题的着眼点都是"格局",但是规划的根本出发点和目的都是"过程"。围绕二者关系主线,建立了一个基于生态过程的区域景观生态格局规划方法框架,主要包括3个阶段的研究工作:分析区域历史景观格局演变过程,确定面向生态过程需求的生态格局以及制定提升生态系统功能的对策措施。 相似文献
7.
Jane Southworth Graeme S. Cumming Matt Marsik Michael W. Binford 《The Professional geographer》2006,58(4):406-420
Anthropogenic, ecological, and land‐surface processes interact in landscapes at multiple spatial and temporal scales to create characteristic patterns. The relationships between temporally and spatially varying processes and patterns are poorly understood because of the lack of spatiotemporal observations of real landscapes over significant stretches of time. We report a new method for observing joint spatiotemporal landscape variation over large areas by analyzing multitemporal Landsat data. We calculate the spatiotemporal variation of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the area covered by one Landsat scene footprint in north central Florida, over spatial windows of 104–108 m2 and time steps of two to sixteen years. The correlations, slopes, and intercepts of spatial versus temporal regressions in the real landscape all differ significantly from results obtained using a null model of a randomized landscape. Spatial variances calculated within windows of 105–107 m2 had the strongest relationships with temporal variances (regressions with both larger and smaller windows had lower coefficients of determination), and the relationships were stronger with longer time steps. Slopes and y‐intercepts increased with window size and decreased with increased time step. The spatial and temporal scales at which NDVI signals are most strongly related may be the characteristic scales of the processes that most strongly determine landscape patterns. For example, the important time and space windows correspond with areas and timing of fires and tree plantation harvests. Observations of landscape dynamics will be most effective if conducted at the characteristic scales of the processes, and our approach may provide a tool for determining those scales. 相似文献
8.
《自然地理学》2013,34(4):383-402
Analysis of landscape patterns, as an important means of studying landscape ecological functions and processes, is a key part of landscape ecology. The traditional patch-corridor-matrix paradigm, ignoring the differences between real three-dimensional (3-D) landscapes and two-dimensional (2-D) landscape maps, quantifies and describes 2-D landscape maps using landscape pattern metrics. Such simplification of the real landscape will lead to differences between 2-D landscape pattern metrics and real values, especially in mountainous areas. This study seeks to examine whether these differences are significant in natural landscape patterns. Fourteen small watersheds in a mountainous area were selected as sample landscape units. Two metrics at the patch level, five metrics at the class level, and four metrics at the landscape level were chosen as representative metrics. The results indicated that there were significant differences between the 2-D and 3-D landscape pattern metrics at the patch level, landscape level, and class level. We interpret the differences as errors in the 2-D metrics. The errors depend on the metric and the landscape type, and the errors for different landscape types were inconsistent. Whether these errors affect further interpretation of the role of pattern in landscape ecology remains uncertain. 相似文献
9.
城市湿地景观格局演变及湿地恢复重建研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
城市湿地景观格局演变的驱动力及生态效应研究具有重要的意义,目前研究主要集中在城市湿地景观格局及其组分的动态变化,在驱动力和恢复重建等方面的研究则是案例较多、归纳总结和机制研究相对薄弱。本文分析了形成当前研究现状的原因并提出了今后研究的方向,包括发展能够反映生态过程的景观格局指数、归纳城市湿地景观演变的驱动机制、总结湿地恢复与重建的目的与目标、建立完善的湿地恢复成效评估标准、加强城市湿地景观规划设计研究及城市湿地景观结构设计机理研究。 相似文献
10.
旅游景区三维可视化场景构建 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
针对旅游景区的三维建模方法进行研究,着重探讨自然景观、人文景观的三维表现,包括地面三维信息与地下三维体、物质与非物质文化景观的三维显示;提出三维数据采集的质量控制方法及建模规范,并以浙江省温州市江心屿景区为例,实现了该旅游景区的三维场景构建。 相似文献
11.
ABSTRACT. Landscape interpretation, or “reading” the landscape, is one of cultural geography's standard practices. Relatively little attention, however, has been paid to reading landscapes transformed by insurgency movements or civil wars. Those landscapes can tell us a great deal about past and present political and social relationships as well as continuing power struggles. Guatemala presents a complicated postwar landscape “text” in which the struggle for power continues by many means and media, including how the war is portrayed on memorials, and in which the Catholic Church and the military/state are the two main competing powers. This essay explores some of the images and the text presented in Guatemala's postconflict landscape through contrasting landmarks and memorials associated with the country's thirty‐six‐year‐long civil war that formally ended in 1996. 相似文献
12.
Cristian Echeverría Adrian NewtonLaura Nahuelhual David CoomesJosé María Rey-Benayas 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2012,32(2):822-831
A comprehensive understanding of the patterns that occur as human processes transform landscapes is necessary for sustainable development. We provide new evidence on how landscapes change by analysing the spatial patterns of human processes in three forest landscapes in southern Chile at different states of alteration (40%-90% of old-growth forest loss). Three phases of landscape alteration are distinguished. In Phase I (40%-65% of old-growth forest loss), deforestation rates are < 1% yr−1, forests are increasingly degraded, and clearance for pastureland is concentrated on deeper soils. In Phase II (65%-80%), deforestation reaches its maximum rate of 1-1.5% yr−1, with clearance for pastureland being the main human process, creating a landscape dominated by disturbed forest and shrubland. In this phase, clearance for pastureland is the primary driver of change, with pastures expanding onto poorer soils in more spatially aggregated patterns. In Phase III (80%-90%), deforestation rates are again relatively low (<1% yr−1) and forest regrowth is observed on marginal lands. During this phase, clearance is the dominant process and pastureland is the main land cover. As a forest landscape is transformed, the extent and intensity of human processes vary according to the existing state of landscape alteration, resulting in distinctive landscape patterns in each phase. A relationship between spatial patterns of land cover and human-related processes has been identified along the gradient of landscape alteration. This integrative framework can potentially provide insights into the patterns and processes of dynamic landscapes in other areas subjected to intensifying human use. 相似文献
13.
GIS 与RS 技术支持下的 北京西北地区景观格局优化 总被引：35，自引：1，他引：34
在区域尺度上以城市化过程为特征的土地利用活动对景观功能的稳定和景观结构的差异性有着深刻的影响。选择北京西北地区为研究区域, 应用RS 与GIS 技术, 对1989 年、1996 年、2005 年三期LANDSAT TM 图像进行解译判读, 深入分析研究区景观格局时空变化特征, 发现城市扩展造成了生态绿地破碎化、景观连通性降低及景观单一等一系列问题。在此基础上, 本研究以景观流运行受距离、障碍等因素影响原理作为出发点, 采用累积耗费距离模型, 结合景观组分的生态系统服务功能价值和空间作用, 研究了北京西北地区景观结构紧密性和生态功能空间差异, 进而构建源地、生态廊道和生态节点等景观组分来加强生态网络的空间联系, 最后提出本研究区域的景观格局优化方案。该研究方法及结果对北京地区景观生态规划和建设具有重要的理论依据和和参考价值。 相似文献
14.
Hong S. He Stephen J. Ventura David J. Mladenoff 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(1):93-109
Spatial aggregations of raster data based on the majority rule have been typically used in landscape ecological studies. It is generally acknowledged that (1) dominant classes increase in abundance while minor classes decrease in abundance or even disappear through aggregation processes; and (2) spatial patterns also change with aggregations. In this paper, we examined an alternative, random rule-based aggregation and its effects on cover type abundance and landscape patterns, in comparison with the majority rule-based aggregation. We aggregated a classified TM imagery (about 1.5 million ha) from 30m (4231 × 3717 pixels) incrementally to 990m resolution (132 pixels × 116 pixels). Cover type proportion, mean patch size ratio, aggregation index (AI), and fractal dimension (FD) were used to assess the effects of aggregation. To compare landscapes under different resolutions, we assumed that the landscapes were least distorted if (1) the cover type proportions and mean patch size ratios among classes were maintained, and (2) all cover types responded in the same way for a given index as aggregation levels increased. For example, distortion is introduced by aggregation if some cover types increase their AI values with increasing aggregation levels while other cover types decrease. Our study indicated that the two spatial aggregation techniques led to different results in cover type proportions and they altered spatial pattern in opposite ways. The majority rule-based aggregations caused distortions of cover type proportions and spatial patterns. Generally, the majority rule-based aggregation filtered out minor classes and produced clumped landscapes. Such landscape representations are relatively easy for interpreting and, therefore, are suitable for land managers to conceptualize spatial patterns of a study region. By contrast, the random rule-based aggregations maintained cover type proportions accurately, but tended to make spatial patterns change toward disaggregation. Overall, the measurements of landscape indices used in this study indicated that 相似文献
15.
整合景观生态学的理论基础 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
整合景观生态学的核心概念是"整体人类生态系统",是全球生态各个阶层协同进化的最高水平,由生物圈景观和石油燃料驱动的技术圈景观组成,整合景观生态学致力于将两者从结构和功能上整合为一个和谐、可持续的生态圈。文章在讨论整合景观生态学产生的历史背景和发展意义的基础上,初步论述了整合景观生态学的理论基础,包括整合景观生态学的系统论基础、控制论和可持续发展理论基础、自组织理论基础、协同进化理论基础、等级理论基础、相互作用系统理论基础和隐含次序理论基础,目的是使整合景观生态(经济和自然景观)和其他跨学科一起,共同促进当今自然与人类社会的"共生"过程。 相似文献
16.
Grete Stokstad Svein Olav Krøgli Wenche E. Dramstad 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2020,74(2):111-122
ABSTRACT Efficiency in agricultural food production has long been in focus and this has affected the spatial structure of agricultural land use. One outcome has been extensive criticism based on a wide range of negative consequences, such as for biodiversity, accessibility, cultural heritage, and aesthetics. In line with the European Landscape Convention (ELC), management of people’s everyday landscapes is important. In Norway, agricultural landscapes are the ‘everyday landscape’ for a large proportion of the population. The aim of the article is to contribute to the understanding of landscape changes perceived as positive or negative by the inhabitants. The authors focused on grain-crop dominated landscapes and the impact of smaller non-crop elements on people’s landscape preferences. They administered a photo-based questionnaire using manipulated photos to assess preferences for different agricultural landscapes. Additionally, people’s perceived objectives for the agricultural sector and agriculture’s primary functions were assessed. The results documented positive perceptions of added landscape elements and that people were both aware of and agreed on the multifunctional role of agriculture. The authors conclude that if the public’s preferences are to be taken into consideration, such as during policymaking, it is important to maintain various landscape elements in the large-scale grain field landscapes of Norway. 相似文献
17.
基于景观孤岛化分析的传统地域文化景观保护模式——以江苏苏州市甪直镇为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在城镇化、现代化和商业化快速发展的今天,传统文化景观的破碎化已成为传统地域文化景观的重要空间特征和现象,破碎化直接催生了传统文化景观空间的孤岛化现象,直接影响着传统地域文化景观的整体性,成为传统文化景观整体性保护的重要障碍。本文以苏州市甪直镇为例,在分析区域特征及对当地居民进行问卷调查的基础上,通过构造孤岛化评价指数,评价甪直古镇传统文化景观的格局的综合特征和景观孤岛化现象、特征及形成过程。在传统文化景观孤岛化评价的基础上,通过确定保护圈层、构建文化景观遗产廊道和景观生态网络格局,实现传统文化景观空间的拓展、连接和传统文化景观与缓冲空间的有机复合,成为传统地域文化景观区域性整体保护的空间模式。 相似文献
18.
基于景观生态学的城市化背景下洪灾风险评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以秦淮河流域为例,构建HEC-HMS模型,采用统计学分析方法,在两期历史景观分布情况下,研究洪水特征值（洪量、洪峰）与不同景观的景观格局指数间的响应关系,提出并构建基于景观格局的洪水生态风险（洪水—景观生态风险）指数,结合空间分析方法,进行全流域风险的时空变化分析和特征子流域间的对比分析。结果表明：不同类型景观的景观格局与洪水特征值间均具有一定程度的响应关系,景观类型不同,其响应指标与程度不同;2003—2017年,研究区风险程度有所增加,空间差异明显;景观格局对区域洪水影响显著,避免景观的大面积聚集发展,增加各类景观周边的景观丰富度,提高景观间的接触面积,有助于减弱城市化进程中建设用地景观面积增加带来的洪水危害,发挥景观的生态正效应。 相似文献
19.
在对乌蒙山区社会经济、扶贫现状、自然环境及区域地质背景和岩溶地质特征进行分析和研究的基础上,首先系统探讨了其岩溶景观的类型、发育和分布特征,然后从资源潜力、开发适宜性、区位特性、开发条件、市场潜力等方面探讨和分析其岩溶景观旅游扶贫潜力的大小及其与岩溶特征间的关系,认为：1）乌蒙山区拥有118处不同级别优势（78处省级、32处国家级、8处世界级）的岩溶景观单体或景观区,是全球高原岩溶景观的典型集中发育区和杰出范例,形成并表现出明显的类型、区域优势和特色;2）总体上,随着岩溶景观分布密度的依次降低,以及可溶性特征的减弱和景观区级别的降低,贵州、云南、四川三大岩溶片区以及各县域岩溶区、各类岩溶景观单体或景观区资源的优势性、聚集性、规模性及知名性依次降低,旅游扶贫潜力依次下降;3）观光体验和休闲度假,是乌蒙山区各岩溶区最适宜,且最具优势和开发潜力的旅游产品;4）乌蒙山区的区位特性、开发条件和市场潜力等则明显逊色于其他相似的岩溶地区。最后,在上述分析的基础上提出了观光休闲旅游、生态旅游、科学旅游、文化旅游、探险科考等5种乌蒙山区岩溶旅游扶贫模式,并从政府、基础设施、区域旅游发展、区域协作、发展理念等方面探讨了岩溶旅游扶贫的保障机制。 相似文献
20.