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发生于公元946年的长白山天池火山千年大喷发（Millennium Eruption,ME）形成的火山碎屑堆积物体积高达100~172km3,并可分为大规模的ME-Ⅰ和小规模的ME-Ⅱ两个喷发阶段。通过对围绕长白山天池火山53个典型露头剖面进行火山地质测量（单元构成、垂向堆积序列和堆积特征）,结合筛析法粒度分析、偏光显微镜成分分析,刻画了长白山千年大喷发火山碎屑流堆积物特征,探讨了相和亚相划分,并建立了火山碎屑流搬运和堆积模式。根据火山碎屑的堆积特征,将长白山千年大喷发火山碎屑流堆积分为峡谷充填火山碎屑流相（包括块状峡谷充填亚相和层状峡谷充填亚相）和火山碎屑流冲击扇相（包括扇头亚相和扇体亚相）等两相四亚相。峡谷充填火山碎屑流相主要发育在天池火山锥体周缘距离喷发中心8~23km左右范围内（坡度在15°~60°之间）的火山U型谷中;火山碎屑流冲积扇相主要发育在距离喷发中心23~45km左右范围内,地形相对平缓的熔岩台地处（坡度在5°~15°之间）,火山碎屑流的搬运不受地形限制,一般形成较大纵横比扇状堆积。块状峡谷充填亚相和扇体亚相以块状混杂堆积为主要特征,而层状峡谷充填亚相和扇头亚相则以多火山碎屑流单元垂向叠加为主要特征。多单元叠加现象是由搬运过程中火山碎屑流单元发生分离增生作用形成。根据火山碎屑流的最大分布范围和厚度,如果再次发生与长白山千年大喷发类似规模的普林尼式喷发,至少距长白山天池火山喷发中心45km范围内具有巨大的火山碎屑流灾害风险。该研究有利于进一步深入认识长白山千年大喷发火山碎屑流堆积物的空间分布特征和相变规律,对火山碎屑喷发灾害的预防具有指导作用。 相似文献
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笔者对滦平地区火山碎屑流冷却单元进行了深入的研究，划分出１２个冷却单元，每个单元自下而上可分为涌流堆积，碎屑流堆积及灰云堆积。火山喷发柱外缘陷落形成涌流堆积，喷发柱中间部分供给形成碎屑流堆积，碎屑流顶部的出和细的物质在流体通过后，从大气中沉积到表面形成灰云堆积。 相似文献
3.
以松辽盆地东南缘营城组二段两类火山碎屑岩(沉凝灰岩、凝灰质砂岩)为研究对象, 进行了火山碎屑粒度特征、碎屑组成和火山碎屑岩相研究.结果显示, 火山碎屑搬运除受火山作用激发控制外, 还受牵引流、重力流以及牵引流和重力流的双重机制影响.火山碎屑微观特征、成因分析和岩相分析认为, 本区火山碎屑堆积主体为热基浪堆积和热碎屑流堆积, 部分为空落堆积.火山碎屑组成特征为晶屑含量多, 玻屑和岩屑含量少, 且岩屑仅在较粗粒级颗粒组成中存在.研究认为, 本区发育的火山碎屑为沉积环境中的再搬运火山碎屑, 共识别出4种火山碎屑岩相, 河流故道上的热基浪, 河流故道上的热碎屑流, 冲积平原上的热基浪和空落相.建立了松辽盆地东南缘露头区营城组二段河流-冲积平原沉积环境的再搬运火山碎屑岩相模式. 相似文献
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以松辽盆地东南缘营城组二段两类火山碎屑岩(沉凝灰岩、凝灰质砂岩)为研究对象,进行了火山碎屑粒度特征、碎屑组成和火山碎屑岩相研究.结果显示,火山碎屑搬运除受火山作用激发控制外,还受牵引流、重力流以及牵引流和重力流的双重机制影响.火山碎屑微观特征、成因分析和岩相分析认为,本区火山碎屑堆积主体为热基浪堆积和热碎屑流堆积,部分为空落堆积.火山碎屑组成特征为晶屑含量多,玻屑和岩屑含量少,且岩屑仅在较粗粒级颗粒组成中存在.研究认为,本区发育的火山碎屑为沉积环境中的再搬运火山碎屑,共识别出4种火山碎屑岩相,河流故道上的热基浪,河流故道上的热碎屑流,冲积平原上的热基浪和空落相.建立了松辽盆地东南缘露头区营城组二段河流-冲积平原沉积环境的再搬运火山碎屑岩相模式. 相似文献
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长白山火山历史上最大火山爆发火山碎屑物层序与分布 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
刘祥 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2006,36(3):313-318
长白山火山历史时期规模最大的火山喷发发生在1199~1200年。这次大爆发分为两次普林尼（Plinian）式喷发:第一次（早期）喷发称赤峰期,第二次（晚期）喷发称园池期。赤峰期喷发模式为：普林尼式喷发柱（赤峰空落浮岩层）—火山碎屑流（长白火山碎屑流层）—火山泥流（二道白河火山泥流层）,主要由火山碎屑流诱发火山泥流;园池期火山喷发模式为：普林尼式喷发柱（园池空落浮岩火山灰层）—火山碎屑流（冰场火山碎屑流层）。两次普林尼式喷发空落火山碎屑物总量约120 km3,长白火山碎屑流层总量约8 km3,冰场火山碎屑流层总量约0.5 km3,火山泥流堆积总量约为2 km3。主要论述了这次大爆发的火山喷发碎屑堆积物的层序和分布。 相似文献
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库伦地区早白垩世义县组火山岩广泛分布 ,经 1∶ 5万区域地质填图及剖面详细研究 ,将义县组上段 ( K1 y2 )火山碎屑流相堆积物自下而上划分为三个亚相 ,即地涌流堆积亚相、碎屑流堆积亚相、灰云浪堆积亚相 ;在横向上据堆积物特点及其距火口远近程度划分出近源亚相、中源亚相和远源亚相。在此基础上 ,探讨了火山喷发类型——为普林尼型喷发柱式爆发 相似文献
7.
论火山碎屑流和涌浪堆积的特征和成因模式：以浙东南沿海地区为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
本文根据野外地质特征、岩相学特征以及岩石化学和地球化学特征,将火山碎屑流和涌浪堆积归纳为三种不同的岩相组分,即次火山型熔结凝灰岩组合、涌浪型熔结凝灰岩组合和灰流型熔结凝灰岩组合。对这三种不同的岩相组合,特别是其中的熔结凝灰岩的各类特征分别进行了详细论述和相互对比,并在此基础上提出了一个火山碎屑流和涌浪堆积的综合成因模式。 相似文献
8.
简要列举了近年来全新世火山地质领域的研究进展,主要涉及新确定的全新世火山、精细喷发序列与喷发频率、高分辨率火山机构多维框架研究、火山碎屑物粒度分布、形貌特征与成因、火山碎屑流、涌流和火山泥石流堆积、降落堆积成因亚类、火山活动与新构造和火山地质遗迹资源、环境及火山灾害。 相似文献
9.
火山地层具有如下显著特征:建造短暂和剥蚀长久的时间属性,受喷发方式和古地形控制的空间属性,地层产状变化规律与喷出口相关。尝试以地层界面反映时间属性、岩石组合和几何外形反映空间属性,结合产状变化规律对火山地层单位进行了厘定,从常用的地层单位中选用术语,从小到大依次是层、堆积单元、火山机构、段、组和群。本文详细介绍前三类单位的分类和识别标志:层是根据颜色、化学成分和岩石组构的差异划分;堆积单元依据喷发方式和就位环境划分为熔岩流/火山碎屑流/再搬运火山碎屑流3类,单元内地层产状变化连续,单元之间常以喷发不整合/整合界面分隔;火山机构是堆积单元有序叠置的产物,火山地层沿喷发口向四周倾斜、向边缘过渡时地层倾角逐渐变缓,火山机构间常以喷发间断不整合界面分隔。指出盆地火山地层格架的建立需要突出地层的空间属性、火山地层埋藏史应该基于火山机构的中心和远源两个区域来分析,基于重新厘定的火山地层单位建立的地层格架更有利于对储层分布规律的认识。 相似文献
10.
火山碎屑密度流是一种危险的火山活动现象,也是一种重要的盆地物源供给方式,对其沉积机制的研究具有灾害预防和油气勘探的双重意义。松辽盆地东南隆起区九台营城煤矿地区白垩系营城组古火山机构保存良好,发育有典型的火山碎屑密度流沉积物。本文在精细刻画火山碎屑岩的岩石结构、沉积构造的基础上,运用薄片观察和沉积物粒度统计的方法,从物质来源、搬运机制和就位方式角度系统地分析了火山碎屑密度流的整个沉积过程,并结合国内外火山学、沉积学的研究进展探讨了不同浓度火山碎屑密度流的沉积机制。研究区内的火山碎屑密度流沉积物可以划分为五种微相:①块状熔结角砾凝灰岩微相;②无序含集块凝灰角砾岩微相;③逆粒序或双粒序角砾凝灰岩微相;④正粒序角砾凝灰岩微相;⑤韵律层理凝灰岩微相。第一种微相具有熔结结构,可能形成于高挥发分岩浆喷发柱的垮塌,火山碎屑密度流的就位温度较高;后四种微相具有正常火山碎屑岩结构,可能形成于火山口的侧向爆炸,火山碎屑密度流的就位温度中等。沉积块状熔结角砾凝灰岩微相的火山碎屑密度流具有黏性碎屑流的流体特征,沉积物整体冻结就位;沉积无序含集块凝灰角砾岩微相和逆粒序或双粒序角砾凝灰岩微相的火山碎屑密度流具有颗粒流的流体特征,沉积物整体冻结就位;沉积正粒序角砾凝灰岩微相和韵律层理凝灰岩微相的火山碎屑密度流具有湍流的流体特征,沉积物连续加积就位。火山碎屑密度流的颗粒浓度是一个连续变量,但流体性质可能会发生突变,稀释的火山碎屑密度流的沉积机制符合下部流动边界模型,稠密的火山碎屑密度流的沉积机制符合层流(碎屑流或颗粒流)模型。 相似文献
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Pierfrancesco Dellino Fabio Dioguardi Domenico M. Doronzo Daniela Mele 《Sedimentology》2019,66(1):129-145
Large‐scale experiments generating ground‐hugging multiphase flows were carried out with the aim of modelling the rate of sedimentation, of pyroclastic density currents. The current was initiated by the impact on the ground of a dense gas‐particle fountain issuing from a vertical conduit. On impact, a thick massive deposit was formed. The grain size of the massive deposit was almost identical to that of the mixture feeding the fountain, suggesting that similar layers formed at the impact of a natural volcanic fountain should be representative of the parent grain‐size distribution of the eruption. The flow evolved laterally into a turbulent suspension current that sedimented a thin, tractive layer. A good correlation was found between the ratio of transported/sedimented load and the normalized Rouse number of the turbulent current. A model of the sedimentation rate was developed, which shows a relationship between grain size and flow runout. A current fed with coarser particles has a higher sedimentation rate, a larger grain‐size selectivity and runs shorter than a current fed with finer particles. Application of the model to pyroclastic deposits of Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei of Southern Italy resulted in sedimentation rates falling inside the range of experiments and allowed definition of the duration of pyroclastic density currents which add important information on the hazard of such dangerous flows. The model could possibly be extended, in the future, to other geological density currents as, for example, turbidity currents. 相似文献
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Guilhem Amin Douillet Benjamin Bernard Mlanie Bouysson Quentin Chaffaut Donald Bruce Dingwell Lukas Gegg Inga Hoelscher Ulrich Kueppers Clia Mato Vanille Ariane Ritz Fritz Schlunegger Patrick Witting 《Sedimentology》2019,66(5):1531-1559
Pyroclastic currents are catastrophic flows of gas and particles triggered by explosive volcanic eruptions. For much of their dynamics, they behave as particulate density currents and share similarities with turbidity currents. Pyroclastic currents occasionally deposit dune bedforms with peculiar lamination patterns, from what is thought to represent the dilute low concentration and fluid‐turbulence supported end member of the pyroclastic currents. This article presents a high resolution dataset of sediment plates (lacquer peels) with several closely spaced lateral profiles representing sections through single pyroclastic bedforms from the August 2006 eruption of Tungurahua (Ecuador). Most of the sedimentary features contain backset bedding and preferential stoss‐face deposition. From the ripple scale (a few centimetres) to the largest dune bedform scale (several metres in length), similar patterns of erosive‐based backset beds are evidenced. Recurrent trains of sub‐vertical truncations on the stoss side of structures reshape and steepen the bedforms. In contrast, sporadic coarse‐grained lenses and lensoidal layers flatten bedforms by filling troughs. The coarsest (clasts up to 10 cm), least sorted and massive structures still exhibit lineation patterns that follow the general backset bedding trend. The stratal architecture exhibits strong lateral variations within tens of centimetres, with very local truncations both in flow‐perpendicular and flow‐parallel directions. This study infers that the sedimentary patterns of bedforms result from four formation mechanisms: (i) differential draping; (ii) slope‐influenced saltation; (iii) truncative bursts; and (iv) granular‐based events. Whereas most of the literature makes a straightforward link between backset bedding and Froude‐supercritical flows, this interpretation is reconsidered here. Indeed, features that would be diagnostic of subcritical dunes, antidunes and ‘chute and pools’ can be found on the same horizon and in a single bedform, only laterally separated by short distances (tens of centimetres). These data stress the influence of the pulsating and highly turbulent nature of the currents and the possible role of coherent flow structures such as Görtler vortices. Backset bedding is interpreted here as a consequence of a very high sedimentation environment of weak and waning currents that interact with the pre‐existing morphology. Quantification of near‐bed flow velocities is made via comparison with wind tunnel experiments. It is estimated that shear velocities of ca 0·30 m.s?1 (equivalent to pure wind velocity of 6 to 8 m.s?1 at 10 cm above the bed) could emplace the constructive bedsets, whereas the truncative phases would result from bursts with impacting wind velocities of at least 30 to 40 m.s?1. 相似文献
14.
Geological and volcanological studies were performed in the Herculaneum excavations, 7 km west of Vesuvius, Italy, to reconstruct the main features of the pyroclastic density currents and the temporal sequence of the ad 79 eruptive events that destroyed and buried the town. The identification of two distinctive marker beds allows correlation of these deposits with the better‐known sequences to the south of Vesuvius, along the dispersal axis of the Plinian fall deposit. Detailed observations from stratigraphic sections show that the pyroclastic density current deposits are characterized by several sedimentary facies, each recording different depositional and emplacement mechanisms. Facies analysis reveals both lateral and vertical variations from massive to stratified deposits, which can be related to the combined effects of flow dynamics and local irregularities of the substratum at centimetre or metre scales. These topographic irregularities enhanced turbulence and allowed rapid transition from non‐turbulent to turbulent transport within the flow. Fabric data from these deposits, both from roof tile orientations and anisotropy magnetic susceptibility (AMS) analyses carried out on some of the pyroclastic deposits, suggest that the pyroclastic density currents were strongly affected by the presence of buildings. These obstacles probably caused deflection and separation of flows into multiple lobes that moved in different directions. 相似文献
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The complexity of flow and wide variety of depositional processes operating in subaqueous density flows, combined with post‐depositional consolidation and soft‐sediment deformation, often make it difficult to interpret the characteristics of the original flow from the sedimentary record. This has led to considerable confusion of nomenclature in the literature. This paper attempts to clarify this situation by presenting a simple classification of sedimentary density flows, based on physical flow properties and grain‐support mechanisms, and briefly discusses the likely characteristics of the deposited sediments. Cohesive flows are commonly referred to as debris flows and mud flows and defined on the basis of sediment characteristics. The boundary between cohesive and non‐cohesive density flows (frictional flows) is poorly constrained, but dimensionless numbers may be of use to define flow thresholds. Frictional flows include a continuous series from sediment slides to turbidity currents. Subdivision of these flows is made on the basis of the dominant particle‐support mechanisms, which include matrix strength (in cohesive flows), buoyancy, pore pressure, grain‐to‐grain interaction (causing dispersive pressure), Reynolds stresses (turbulence) and bed support (particles moved on the stationary bed). The dominant particle‐support mechanism depends upon flow conditions, particle concentration, grain‐size distribution and particle type. In hyperconcentrated density flows, very high sediment concentrations (>25 volume%) make particle interactions of major importance. The difference between hyperconcentrated density flows and cohesive flows is that the former are friction dominated. With decreasing sediment concentration, vertical particle sorting can result from differential settling, and flows in which this can occur are termed concentrated density flows. The boundary between hyperconcentrated and concentrated density flows is defined by a change in particle behaviour, such that denser or larger grains are no longer fully supported by grain interaction, thus allowing coarse‐grain tail (or dense‐grain tail) normal grading. The concentration at which this change occurs depends on particle size, sorting, composition and relative density, so that a single threshold concentration cannot be defined. Concentrated density flows may be highly erosive and subsequently deposit complete or incomplete Lowe and Bouma sequences. Conversely, hydroplaning at the base of debris flows, and possibly also in some hyperconcentrated flows, may reduce the fluid drag, thus allowing high flow velocities while preventing large‐scale erosion. Flows with concentrations <9% by volume are true turbidity flows (sensu 4 ), in which fluid turbulence is the main particle‐support mechanism. Turbidity flows and concentrated density flows can be subdivided on the basis of flow duration into instantaneous surges, longer duration surge‐like flows and quasi‐steady currents. Flow duration is shown to control the nature of the resulting deposits. Surge‐like turbidity currents tend to produce classical Bouma sequences, whose nature at any one site depends on factors such as flow size, sediment type and proximity to source. In contrast, quasi‐steady turbidity currents, generated by hyperpycnal river effluent, can deposit coarsening‐up units capped by fining‐up units (because of waxing and waning conditions respectively) and may also include thick units of uniform character (resulting from prolonged periods of near‐steady conditions). Any flow type may progressively change character along the transport path, with transformation primarily resulting from reductions in sediment concentration through progressive entrainment of surrounding fluid and/or sediment deposition. The rate of fluid entrainment, and consequently flow transformation, is dependent on factors including slope gradient, lateral confinement, bed roughness, flow thickness and water depth. Flows with high and low sediment concentrations may co‐exist in one transport event because of downflow transformations, flow stratification or shear layer development of the mixing interface with the overlying water (mixing cloud formation). Deposits of an individual flow event at one site may therefore form from a succession of different flow types, and this introduces considerable complexity into classifying the flow event or component flow types from the deposits. 相似文献
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ROBERTO SULPIZIO DANIELA MELE PIERFRANCESCO DELLINO LUIGI LA VOLPE 《Sedimentology》2007,54(3):607-635
Small-scale pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) associated with the AD 472 (Pollena) eruption of Somma-Vesuvius, Italy, were generated by both magmatic and phreatomagmatic explosive fragmentation. The resulting deposits were emplaced under flow boundary conditions dominated by varying combinations of grain interaction, fluid escape and traction processes. Stratigraphic and lithofacies analysis of these PDCs offers a new perspective on the en masse versus progressive aggradation debate for PDC deposition. In particular, the analyses indicate that PDCs were density stratified with a basal underflow dominated by grain interactions. The underflows comprised trains of self-organized granular pulses of variable thickness and magnitude, depending on the overall particle concentration and fluid turbulence. A change in gradient between the upper and lower slopes of the volcano promoted deposition and the different pulses aggraded sequentially (stepwise). In this model each pulse stops en masse and the whole deposit aggrades progressively. Particle concentration, density, mean velocity, and flow height were assessed for the studied PDCs using differaent methods for massive and stratified deposits. The calculated mobility of the flows was 0·2 to 0·3, in the expected range for small-scale PDCs. 相似文献
17.
Behaviour of particle-laden flows into the ocean: experimental simulation and geological implications 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The behaviour of subaerial particle-laden gravity currents (e.g. pyroclastic flows, lahars, debris flows, sediment-bearing floods and jökulhlaups) flowing into the sea has been simulated with analogue experiments. Flows of either saline solution, simple suspensions of silicon carbide (SiC) in water or complex suspensions of SiC and plastic particles in methanol were released down a slope into a tank of water. The excess momentum between subaerial and subaqueous flow is dissipated by a surface wave. At relatively low density contrasts between the tank water and the saline or simple suspensions, the flow mixture enters the water and forms a turbulent cloud involving extensive entrainment of water. The cloud then collapses gravitationally to form an underwater gravity current, which progresses along the tank floor. At higher density contrasts, the subaerial flow develops directly into a subaqueous flow. The flow slows and thickens in response to the reduced density contrast, which is driving motion, and then continues in the typical gravity current manner. Complex suspensions become dense flows along the tank floor or buoyant flows along the water surface, if the mixtures are sufficiently denser or lighter than water respectively. Flows of initially intermediate density are strongly influenced by the internal stratification of the subaerial flow. Material from the particulate-depleted upper sections of the subaerial flow becomes a buoyant gravity current along the water surface, whereas material from the particulate-enriched lower sections forms a dense flow along the tank floor. Sedimentation from the dense flow results in a reduction in bulk density until the mixture attains buoyancy, lifts off and becomes a secondary buoyant flow along the water surface. Jökulhlaups, lahars and debris flows are typically much denser than seawater and, thus, will usually form dense flows along the seabed. After sufficient sedimentation, the freshwater particulate mixture can lift off to form a buoyant flow at the sea surface, leading to a decoupling of the fine and coarse particles. Flood waters with low particulate concentrations (<2%) may form buoyant flows immediately upon entering the ocean. Subaerial pyroclastic flows develop a pronounced internal stratification during subaerial run-out and, thus, a flow-splitting behaviour is probable, which agrees with evidence for sea surface and underwater flows from historic eruptions of Krakatau and Mont Pelée. A pyroclastic flow with a bulk density closer to that of sea water may form a turbulent cloud, resulting in the deposition of much of the pyroclasts close to the shore. Dense subaqueous pyroclastic flows will eventually lift off and form secondary buoyant flows, either before or after the transformation to a water-supported nature. 相似文献
18.
Domenico Maria Doronzo 《Natural Hazards》2010,55(2):177-179
Particle-laden turbulent flows, called dilute pyroclastic density currents, can be generated during explosive volcanic eruptions.
They are the most hazardous events of interaction with buildings and human environments in volcanic areas. A qualitative comparison
with the dusty turbulent shear currents generated after the Twin Towers collapse on September 11, 2001 shows that turbulent,
multiphase flow-building interaction causes flow separation and recirculation around the buildings. This simple idea could
be applied to dilute pyroclastic density currents, and improved in future by adhoc numerical simulations of flow-building
interaction. 相似文献
19.
Sedimentation and welding processes of the high temperature dilute pyroclastic density currents and fallout erupted at 7.3 ka from the Kikai caldera are discussed based on the stratigraphy, texture, lithofacies characteristics, and components of the resulting deposits. The welded eruptive deposits, Unit B, were produced during the column collapse phase, following a large plinian eruption and preceding an ignimbrite eruption, and can be divided into two subunits, Units Bl and Bu. Unit Bl is primarily deposited in topographic depressions on proximal islands, and consists of multiple thin (< 1 m) flow units with stratified and cross-stratified facies with various degrees of welding. Each thin unit appears as a single aggradational unit, composed of a lower lithic-rich layer or pod and an upper welded pumice-rich layer. Lithic-rich parts are fines-depleted and are composed of altered country rock, fresh andesite lava, obsidian clasts with chilled margins, and boulders. The overlying Unit Bu shows densely welded stratified facies, composed of alternating lithic-rich and pumice-rich layers. The layers mantle lower units and are sometimes viscously deformed by ballistics. The sedimentary characteristics of Unit Bl such as welded stratified or cross-stratified facies indicate that high temperature dilute pyroclastic density currents were repeatedly generated from limited magma-water interactions. It is thought that dense brittle particles were segregated in a turbulent current and were immediately buried by deposition of hot, lighter pumice-rich particles, and that this process repeated many times. It is also suggested that the depositional temperature of eruptive materials was high and the eruptive style changed from a normal plinian eruption, through surge-generating explosions (Unit Bl), into an agglutinate-dominated fallout eruption (Unit Bu). On the basis of field data, welded pyroclastic surge deposits could be produced only under specific conditions, such as (1) rapid accumulation of pyroclastic particles sufficiently hot to weld instantaneously upon deposition, and (2) elastic particles' interactions with substrate deformation. These physical conditions may be achieved within high temperature and highly energetic pyroclastic density currents produced by large-scale explosive eruptions. 相似文献