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1.
城市活断层探测地球物理方法与危险性评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
城市活断层探测的地球物理方法主要包括人工地震测深、微重力测量、高精度磁测、电法勘探和天然地震观测等。城市活断层地球物理探测的目的是准确查明地表附近活动断层的空间分布,确定其深部延伸情况,探测可能存在的隐伏活动断层,揭示地下介质的特性和深部构造环境,为活断层的地震危险性评价提供依据。 相似文献
2.
中国东部新生代岩石圈构造滑脱、岩浆活动和地震 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在岩浆活动比较发育的中国东部地区,通过研究岩浆起源深度来大致判断岩石圈底部和内部是否存在局部构造滑脱面是一种可行的研究方法。华北期（始新世-渐新世）的构造滑脱主要局限在岩石圈底面与先存的NW或E-W向与NNE向岩石圈断裂的交点附近。喜马拉雅期（中新世-早更新世）在先存的NNE和NE向3条岩石圈断裂（太行山断裂,郯庐断裂和东南沿海断裂）与岩石圈底面相交部位发生较强烈的滑脱。根据地震资料分析,新构造期（中更新世以来）的构造滑脱主要发生在莫霍面和中地壳附近,局部呈面状分布,但华南地区则不发育构造滑脱。现代的重力梯度带就是大陆岩石圈地幔与大洋岩石圈地幔的分界线,也是岩浆作用强烈与微弱区的分界,此界线从白垩纪到现代最大向东移动了大约200 km。作者认为,主干断层是造成岩石圈内构造滑脱的主导因素。中国东部新生代岩石圈内部不同圈层之间的构造滑脱作用与断层控制了板内岩浆活动和地震的性质、强度及空间分布。研究结果不支持在中国东部新生代岩石圈深部存在广泛的地幔羽和热地幔上隆作用,也不支持中国东部在新生代发生大规模的岩石圈拉张减薄作用的假说。 相似文献
3.
黑山峡大柳树坝址区断裂构造格局与工程抗断问题研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
青藏高原是全球陆内地震活动最为集中而强烈的分布区带之一，位于高原块体东北缘的祁连山逆冲推覆型活动山链又是其中最强烈的现代活动构造带之一。大柳树坝址区即位于该活动山链的北祁连山前主边界逆冲断裂活动带向东延伸的分支断裂，即古浪-中卫-同心弧形逆冲走滑活动断裂带内的东段，中卫-同心弧形逆冲走滑活动断裂带的香山-天景山逆冲推覆构造带内。逆冲带内的主干活动断裂F201的规模及活动强度是影响坝址稳定的主要因素。本文通过分析大柳树坝址区基本断裂构造格局，阐述了F201断层活动对坝区内另一条主干断层F7（8）以及位于坝址上分支断层F39、F40的控制牵动效应。通过室内有限元数值模拟，定量分析了断层F201的活动对分支断层F39、F40的牵动程度。 相似文献
4.
近年来,太原盆地内尽管没有强震发生,小震却异常活跃,而研究太原盆地构造应力场的分布和演化规律的工作比较少.采用有限元数值方法,综合考虑区域地质构造差异、主要活动断裂带、地形起伏和岩石圈分层结构,引入深部速度结构,建立包含太原盆地在内的山西地区三维粘弹性模型.以GPS观测值和最大主压应力方向测量值为约束条件,重建研究区现今构造背景应力场.在此基础上,依次模拟了自公元512年以来太原盆地6级以上和山西地震带7级以上历史强震序列.计算结果显示,太原盆地内的3次6级以上历史地震均落在应力场增加值大于0.01 MPa的区域,盆地近年来小震空间分布与现今应力增加值大于0.01 MPa的区域有较好的对应关系.研究表明:山西地震带内历史强震序列和长期构造加载对太原盆地内3次历史强震均有促进作用,太原盆地的地震活动性明显受区域当前应力水平的控制. 相似文献
5.
S.I. Sherman E.A.Gorbunova 《地学前缘》2008,15(3):337-347
已有的地质和地球物理方法无法对年、月、旬等现今时间尺度上的断层活动变化进行有效预测。运用基于地震活动定量指数运算程序的地理信息技术可以解决这个问题。这种方法被应用于贝加尔裂谷系(BRS)及邻区的研究当中。研究发现,断层活动变化发生在以几年为周期的时间尺度上,这无法用区域应力场的变化进行合理解释。沿着穿越贝加尔裂谷系的剖面编制了活动断层图以及地震活动定量指数曲线。提出的这种方法可以根据地震活动定量指数对活动断层进行仔细的分类,从而为解决地震中期预报相关问题开辟了重要途径。这种方法还被用来研究断层现今活动的时空变化和形成机制。研究发现,在实时尺度上断层活动具有高频发生的特征,这种现象可能是由于脆性岩石圈板内和块体内部运动产生的慢变形波的干扰导致的。利用变形波的通过速度可以对活动断层进行分组,各组具有不同的地质和地球物理特征参数,同时还可以对变形波波前的方向以及某一区域内主要断层在实时间隔内(地质上的瞬间)的活动情况进行预测。 相似文献
6.
During the evolution of continents, compressive tectonic phases can leave certain tectonic patterns in the lithosphere to be observed by reflection seismology. Also, in the area of the trans-European suture zone (TESZ) in the Baltic Sea, several relatively short, but occasionally strong, compressive phases have left their marks in the lithosphere in form of characteristic fault and thrust zones in the rigid parts of crust and mantle, especially clear and well investigated in some sediment troughs. At depth, interwedging processes seem to be generated by colliding tectonic units with different rheology, creating bi-vergent fault structures, possibly—but not necessarily—initiated by a previous subduction of intervening oceanic lithosphere. Near the surface, reactivation and inversion of previous faults are very selective. Transpressional processes and the reduced friction inside the faults are suggested to play a major role. It is assumed that the transfer of plate boundary stressed over long distances is performed mainly through the thick and rigid mantle lid, not through the thin, rigid, and heterogeneous upper crust. This assumption involves mechanisms of a vertical transfer of stresses from the mantle into the inversion area, and some signs of such a process are seen around the Tornquist Zone (TZ). Several examples of compressive transfer of stresses are shown. 相似文献
7.
《Geodinamica Acta》1999,12(2):71-80
In the Maghreb, the southern border of the Kabylie (Algeria) mountains is considered as an aseismic region. The detailed study of the historical seismicity of this region shows moderate seismic activity (M1 = 5.0) which is not coherent with the observed tectonic deformations. However, an analysis of the morphology on Landsat image, aerial photos and the topography shows Quaternary deformations in the southern side of the “Kabylie massifs” (Algeria). These deformations are interpreted as reactivation of Miocene thrust faults. The tectonic Quaternary scarps are more spectacular in the Bouira and Tazmalt region and might be associated with successive strong earthquakes (M = 7.0). Therefore, this major active thrust fault observed in this region, as in many intraplate regions, poses the problem of the long return period of seismic activity in this zone. © Elsevier, Paris 相似文献
8.
Results are presented from a seismic refraction survey (P-S waves) carried out in different years on recent faults of North Sakhalin. Structural features of the near-surface zone of active faults with different types of tectonic motions and their imaging in seismic fields are demonstrated. Criteria for estimating the activity of the studied tectonic disruption are proposed. 相似文献
9.
沂沭断裂带及其近区的地震成因岩石新认识 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
将沂沭断裂带及其附近地区的地震成因岩石划分为四种类型,它们是具有地震成因构造的震积岩、震断层构造岩、震火山岩及隐爆地震角砾岩.前两类是构造地震的记录,而后两类是火山地震及隐爆火山地震的记录.由于震断层构造岩沿长期活动性断层分布,大多遭受了若干期强地震活动的改造,所以不易确定其最初的形成时期.因此,笔者重点对分布于沂沭断裂地震带及附近的其它三类地震成因岩石(包括震积岩、震火山岩和隐爆地震角砾岩)作了研究,论述了三类地震成因岩石的特征、时空分布、反映的地震作用机理及意义.认为:地震成因岩石不仅是强地震事件和激烈构造活动的记录;而且,因为由强地震形成的不同等级断层和裂隙构成了一个高渗透性的能够沟通不同深度石油和成矿流体的网络,所以深入研究地震成因岩石有助于完善大断裂地震带及近区的石油聚集与成矿理论. 相似文献
10.
Structure of the lithosphere beneath the Eastern Alps (southern sector of the TRANSALP transect) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alberto Castellarin Rinaldo Nicolich Roberto Fantoni Luigi Cantelli Mattia Sella Luigi Selli 《Tectonophysics》2006,414(1-4):259
The interpretation of the seismic Vibroseis and explosive TRANSALP profiles has examined the upper crustal structures according to the near-surface geological evidences and reconstructions which were extrapolated to depth. Only the southern sector of the TRANSALP transect has been discussed in details, but its relationship with the whole explored chain has been considered as well. The seismic images indicate that pre-collision and deep collision structures of the Alps are not easily recognizable. Conversely, good records of the Neo-Alpine to present architecture were provided by the seismic sections.Two general interpretation models (“Crocodile” and “Extrusion”) have been sketched by the TRANSALP Working Group [2002]. Both illustrate the continental collision producing strong mechanical interaction of the facing European and African margins, as documented by giant lithosphere wedging processes. Arguments consistent with the “Extrusion” model and with the indentation of Adriatic (Southalpine) lithosphere underneath the Tauern Window (TW) are:
- – According to the previous DSS reconstructions, the Bouguer anomalies and the Receiver Functions seismological data, the European Moho descends regularly attaining a zone south of the Periadriatic Lineament (PL). The Moho boundary and its geometry appear to be rather convincing from images of the seismic profile;
- – the Tauern Window intense uplift and exhumation is coherent with the strong compression regime, which acted at depth, thus originating the upward and lateral displacement of the mobile and ductile Penninic masses according to the “Extrusion” model;
- – the indentation of the Penninic mobile masses within the colder and more rigid Adriatic crust cannot be easily sustained. Wedging of the Adriatic stiffened lower crust, under high stresses and into the weaker Penninic domain, can be a more suitable hypothesis. Furthermore, the intrusion of the European Penninic crustal wedge underneath the Dolomites upper crust is not supported by any significant uplifting of the Dolomites. The total average uplift of the Dolomites during the Neogene appears to be 6−7 times smaller than that recognized in the TW. Markedly the northward dip of the PL, reaching a depth of approximately 20 km, is proposed in our interpretation;
- – finally, the Adriatic upper crustal evolution points to the late post-collision change in the tectonic grow-up of the Eastern Alps orogenic chain. The tectonic accretion of the northern frontal zone of the Eastern and Central Alps was interrupted from the Late Miocene (Serravallian–Tortonian) onward, as documented by the Molasse basin evolution. On the contrary, the structural nucleation along the S-vergent tectonic belt of the eastern Southern Alps (Montello–Friuli thrust belt) severely continued during the Messinian and the Plio–Pleistocene. This structural evolution can be considered to be consistent with the deep under-thrusting and wedge indentation of the Adriatic lithosphere underneath the southern side of the Eastern Alps thrust-and-fold belt.
11.
Vladimir A.SANKOV Anna V.PARFEEVETS Andrey I.MIROSHNITCHENKO Aleksey V.SANKOV Amgalan BAYASGALAN Sodnomsambuu DEMBEREL 《地学前缘》2022,29(1):245-265
阿穆尔板块西部边界在蒙古境内的空间位置尚不清楚,并且活动断层构造及其沿线地壳的应力状态研究较少。本文在沿此边界的三个区域——杭爱—肯特构造鞍部、布尔古特地块(鄂尔浑—土拉交汇处)和色楞格地块(包括色楞格凹陷和布伦—努鲁隆起),利用空间图像解译、地形起伏度分析、地质构造资料以及构造压裂和沿裂缝位移资料重建构造古应力,对活动断层进行研究。研究表明,活动断裂继承了古生代和中生代古构造的非均质性。这些断层沿着板块边界并不是单一的带,而是成簇的。它们的运动取决于走向:亚纬向断层是具有一定逆分量的左旋走滑断层,北西向断层是逆断层或逆冲断层,通常具有右旋走滑分量,海底断层是右旋走滑断层,北东向断层是正断层。位于色楞格凹陷和杭爱东部的断裂构造的活动始于上新世。逆断层和走滑断层与上新世情况不符,但多与更新世地貌相符,表明其活动年代较晚,为更新世时期。利用构造断裂和沿断裂的位移,重建活动断裂带变形末阶段的应力应变状态,结果表明断裂在最大挤压轴的北北东和北东方向上以压缩和走滑为主。只有在色楞格凹陷内,以扩张和走滑类型的应力张量为主,且在最小挤压轴的北西走向尤为显著。在南部,杭爱东部(鄂尔浑地堑)内有1个以扩张机制为主的局部区域,说明蒙古中部断裂在更新世—全新世阶段的活动以及现代地震活动主要受与印度斯坦和欧亚大陆汇聚过程相关的东北方向的附加水平挤压的控制。使研究区地壳产生走滑变形、贝加尔湖裂谷发散活动以及阿穆尔板块东南运动的另一个因素是东南方向软流圈流动对岩石圈底部的影响。阿穆尔板块和蒙古地块之间的边界在构造结构上是零碎的,代表了覆盖整个蒙古西部变形带的边缘部分。 相似文献
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13.
基于长江经济带地区活动断裂资料的收集整理和总结,结合新的遥感解译与地表调查结果,初步归纳了该区的活动构造基本特征,梳理出直接或间接威胁重要城市群、国家级新区和区域重要交通过江通道地壳稳定性的主要活动断裂及应对建议或对策,并进一步重点指出长江中下游成都-上海沿江地区的32条重要活动断裂带及其穿越或影响到的主要城市群和重大工程。在活动断裂梳理结果基础上,总结提出长江经济带西部的强烈地壳变形与地震活动主要由印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞作用下在青藏高原东南缘地区形成的“川滇弧形旋扭活动构造体系”所控制,而中-东部地区属于印度板块与西太平洋板块共同作用下区域性挤压-剪切变形导致的具有共轭走滑断裂系统特征的“棋盘格子式”活动构造体系格局,其中需要特别关注7条典型活动断裂带的活动性及其对城市群地壳稳定性的影响。根据区域的活动构造体系、活动断裂与历史地震活动性等特点,初步归纳了该区的未来地震危险性问题及应重点关注的潜在强震危险区段,指出了典型的区域古地震地质遗迹特征及开展古地震调查研究的重要性。同时,依据长江经济带地区初步的区域地壳稳定性评价结果,认为次不稳定区和不稳定区主要集中在西部地区,而中-东部地区以次稳定区与相对稳定区为主,仅郯庐断裂带及其周边存在较明显的次不稳定区。最后,指出了长江经济带活动构造与区域地壳稳定性调查评价工作在活动断裂地质调查研究和城市活断层鉴别与地震危险性评价中面临的主要问题与挑战。 相似文献
14.
B. Dehandschutter E. Vysotsky D. Delvaux J. Klerkx M. M. Buslov V. S. Seleznev M. De Batist 《Tectonophysics》2002,351(1-2)
Lake Teletskoye in the northeastern part of the Altai mountain range has attracted the attention of geo-scientists for a long time, because it fills an impressive tectonic depression. The lake is 77 km long and 4 km wide, and it has a maximum water depth of 325 m. The vertical offset of the basement surface is up to 3000 m. A multidisciplinary study of the Teletsk graben was carried out during the last few years, including satellite image and air photo analysis, bathymetric-, structural- and geomorphological mapping, high-resolution seismic profiling and seismic refraction. The structural study revealed that reactivation of preexisting weak basement zones is important in controlling the basin formation. These zones separate different tectonic terranes at the contact of which the Teletsk graben developed.This study identifies the significance of the basin in the regional neotectonic context. It shows that the major vertical movements are restricted to the basin itself, but do not characterize the whole region. Outside of the basin, recent tectonic structures have the same pattern as adjacent areas of Northeast Altai and West-Sayan. Quaternary glaciations have had no major influence on the basin formation.Two stages of faulting are identified. First, transpressive movements restricted to discrete (reactivated) fault zones controlled the opening of the basin. In the second stage, normal faulting is dominant and is responsible for the modern basin outline.An echo-sounding survey led to the recognition of several morphological characteristics of the lake bottom. In the southern part, the uppermost sediments seem slightly disturbed, whereas further north, transverse ridges and slope breaks are increasingly common. The deepest part of the lake is located in a highly disturbed zone of normal fault-bounded blocks. The structural difference between the southern and northern subbasins is supported by the interpretation of a deep seismic refraction profile which indicates a substantial increase of basement isochores in the area where the reactivated Teletsk (Paleozoic) shear zone crosses the lake.Correlation of high-resolution seismic profiles suggests that the Teletsk graben started to evolve during the Pleistocene, and that its present shape was formed in two stages. The first stage was responsible for the opening of the southern basin. It probably started in the Middle Pleistocene. A second kinematic stage induced by a sinistral reactivation of the NE striking West-Sayan fault initiated the opening of the different segments of the northern subbasin due to opposite movements between the reactivated Teletsk and West-Sayan faults. This second stage was active after the end of Late Pleistocene glaciations and during the Holocene. The recent lateral extension and the related N–S-trending normal faults result from a change in tectonic regime, with related extensional movements along the main reactivated fault zones. These recent movements result in the lateral escape of the lake borders and the collapse of the area between them. 相似文献
15.
Pliocene to recent uplift and shortening in the southern Rhinegraben is documented by deformation of Pliocene fluvial gravels, deposited on a nearly planar surface, as well as by progressive deflection and capture of rivers. This deformation is suggested to result from thick-skinned tectonic movements as evidenced by observations on seismic records, which demonstrate a spatial coincidence between en-échelon anticlines at the surface and faults located in the crystalline basement. These findings contradict the often invoked thin-skinned tectonism in the recent tectonic history of the Rhinegraben. In particular the transfer zone between the Rhinegraben and the Bressegraben is very suitable for reactivation under the present day stress field. Thick-skinned reactivation of faults in the basement is also expressed by focal plane mechanisms of recent earthquakes showing strike-slip- rather than reverse faulting characteristics. This is of importance for the densely populated and industrialised southern Rhinegraben, previously affected by large earthquakes in historical times (e.g. Basel 1356). 相似文献
16.
This paper focuses on the recent tectonic evolution of the Bay of Naples with the aim of exploring the connection between local tectonics and volcanism. We reprocessed the seismic reflection dataset acquired in the area in the late 1973. The new processing was highly successful in obtaining a decisive strong reduction of random noise, removal of coherent noise and reduction of spatial aliasing. Classical interpretative schemes and complex attributes of seismic traces were used to reconstruct fault kinematics and reflector patterns. The results show that the faults affecting the Bay of Naples exhibit prevailing NE structural strikes, with the exception of the Pozzuoli Caldera where NW patterns are also common. Many faults are subvertical and show seismic evidence of volcanic activity along them. A main alignment of conjugate NE–SW faults, named here as “Magnaghi–Sebeto line”, intersects several submarine volcanic banks and separates the bay into two sectors, characterized by important geological, geophysical and petrochemical differences. The structural configuration of the bay may reflect the occurrence of either oblique extension or a transfer zone of the NW–SE fault system, along which, in the Campanian–Lucanian Apennine chain, great vertical displacements occur. 相似文献
17.
To assess the possibility that the North Atlantic Ocean may subduct at Scotian basin east of Canada, we investigate the present compensation state of this deep basin. A Fourier domain analysis of the bathymetry, depth to basement and observed gravity anomalies over the oceanic area east of Nova Scotia indicates that the basin is not isostatically compensated. Moreover, the analysis emphasizes that in addition to the sediments, density perturbations exist beneath the basin. The load produced by the sediments and these density perturbations must have been supported by the lithosphere. We simulate the flexure of the lithosphere under this load by that of a thin elastic plate overlying an inviscid interior. It is shown that a plate with a uniform rigidity does not adequately represent the lithosphere beneath the basin as well as the oceanic lithosphere far from the basin, rather the rigidity of the lithosphere directly beneath the basin is about one to two orders of magnitude smaller than elsewhere. We relate this weakening to the thermal blanketing effects of the thick sediments and the fact that the lithosphere has a temperature-dependent rheology. We suggest that this weak zone would have a controlling effect on the reactivation of normal faults at the hinge zone of the basin, that were formed during the break-up of Africa and North America and were locked in the early stages after the break-up. The weak zone would facilitate reactivation of the faults if tensional stresses were produced by possible reorientation of the spreading direction of the North Atlantic Ocean in the future. The reactivation of the faults would create a free boundary condition at the hinge zone, allowing further bending of the lithosphere beneath the basin and juxtaposition of this lithosphere to the mantle beneath the continent. This may provide a favorable situation for initiation of slow subduction due to subsequent compressional forces. 相似文献
18.
The Vado di Corno Fault Zone (VCFZ) is an active extensional fault cutting through carbonates in the Italian Central Apennines. The fault zone was exhumed from ∼2 km depth and accommodated a normal throw of ∼2 km since Early-Pleistocene. In the studied area, the master fault of the VCFZ dips N210/54° and juxtaposes Quaternary colluvial deposits in the hangingwall with cataclastic dolostones in the footwall. Detailed mapping of the fault zone rocks within the ∼300 m thick footwall-block evidenced the presence of five main structural units (Low Strain Damage Zone, High Strain Damage Zone, Breccia Unit, Cataclastic Unit 1 and Cataclastic Unit 2). The Breccia Unit results from the Pleistocene extensional reactivation of a pre-existing Pliocene thrust. The Cataclastic Unit 1 forms a ∼40 m thick band lining the master fault and recording in-situ shattering due to the propagation of multiple seismic ruptures. Seismic faulting is suggested also by the occurrence of mirror-like slip surfaces, highly localized sheared calcite-bearing veins and fluidized cataclasites. The VCFZ architecture compares well with seismological studies of the L'Aquila 2009 seismic sequence (mainshock MW 6.1), which imaged the reactivation of shallow-seated low-angle normal faults (Breccia Unit) cut by major high-angle normal faults (Cataclastic Units). 相似文献
19.
在系统总结活动断裂遥感影像解译标志的基础上,利用Landsat ETM、Google Earth及ASTER GDEM等影像资料,结合前人研究成果,重点分析了龙门山构造带南段主要活动断裂的空间展布及几何学与运动学特征。研究结果表明,龙门山构造带在向南延伸过程中发生了明显的断裂分散现象,整个断裂带逐渐展宽,主要包括5条断裂带且其中包含多条次级断裂,至最南端被北西向鲜水河左旋走滑断裂带阻挡。其中活动性较为明显的断裂自西向东主要有4条:泸定断裂、天全断裂、芦山断裂和大邑-名山断裂,前两者是北川-映秀断裂的南延分支,而后两者是安县-灌县断裂的南延部分。由于龙门山构造带南段的构造变形被分解至多条次级断裂上,导致单条断裂错断地表的活动迹象明显变弱,因此单条断裂的潜在发震频率和强度也将相应变小,但潜在震源区会更为分散。结合已有的地震地质资料认为,未来应注意泸定和雅安2个地区的地壳稳定性及未来强震危险性问题。 相似文献
20.
运用丰富的三维地震资料,在断裂体系的静态描述基础上,通过断层活动速率计算和平衡剖面分析,并结合残留地
层展布特征,恢复了新生代盆地垂向演化与叠合过程,探讨盆地发育与转型的动力学机制。珠一坳陷新生代经历了裂陷早
期、裂陷晚期、裂后拗陷和构造活动期四大演化阶段。裂陷期（E2w-E2e）,印支地块旋转挤出和古南海俯冲,区域拉张应
力场由NW 向顺时针转变为近SN 向,导致了裂陷早期NE、NEE 向断裂控盆向裂陷晚期近EW 向、NWW 向断裂控盆转变,
岩石圈伸展作用由宽裂谷方式向窄裂谷方式转变,导致盆地格局由彼此孤立的半地堑或窄地堑系趋于相互扩展连通;裂后
拗陷期（E3z-N1z-N1h）,岩石圈伸展中心迁移至南海扩张中心,南海北部地区整体处于裂后热沉降阶段,构造活动微弱;构
造活化期（N1y-N2w-Q）,菲律宾海板块NWW 向仰冲-碰撞联合作用下产生NNE 向拉张,同时派生近EW 向和NW 向的共
轭剪切作用,导致了先存NWW 向和近EW 断裂的活化,以及隆起区NWW 向张性断裂和近EW 向、NW 向走滑断裂带的形
成。该研究所揭示的盆地发育演化过程不仅对该区油气勘探提供指导,也对被动大陆边缘演化的研究有着一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献